CHAPTER 4

USEFUL CIRCUIT
THEOREMS
EEEB113
Circuit Analysis I

Superposition theorem
Source transformation theorem
Thevenins theorem
Nortons theorem
Maximum power transfer theorem
NORTONS THEOREM
It states that a linear two-terminal circuit
can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
of a current source I
N
in parallel with a
resistor R
N
,

Where

I
N
is the short circuit current through
the terminals.

R
N
is the input or equivalent resistance
at the terminals when the independent
sources are turned off.


The Thevenins and Norton equivalent circuits are related
by a source transformation.
1. Pick a good breaking point in the circuit (cannot split a
dependent source and its control variable).
2. Compute the Thevenin equivalent resistance, R
Th
a)If there are only independent sources, then short circuit
all the voltage sources and open circuit the current
sources (just like superposition).
b)If there are only dependent sources, then must use a test
voltage or current source in order to calculate
R
Th
= V
Test
/I
test

a)If there are both independent and dependent sources,
then compute R
Th
from V
OC
/I
SC
.
3. Thevenin: Compute the open circuit voltage, V
OC
.
Norton: Compute the short circuit current, I
SC
.

For case 2(b) both V
OC
=0 and I
SC
=0 [so skip step 3]

NORTONS THEOREM
NORTONS THEOREM


4. Thevenin: Replace circuit with V
OC
in series with R
Th

Norton: Replace circuit with I
SC
in parallel with R
Th


Note: for 2(b) the equivalent network is merely R
Th ,
that is,
no voltage (or current) source.


Only steps 2 & 4 differ from Thevenin & Norton!

NORTONS THEOREM
EXAMPLE 1
Output terminals
What is the Norton current for the circuit? 17.9 mA
What is the Norton resistance for the circuit? 359 O
R
2
R
1
R
L
V
S
+
10 V
560 O
820 O
1.0 kO
The Norton circuit is shown on the following slide.
NORTONS THEOREM
EXAMPLE 1
R
N
I
N
17.9 mA 359 O
The Norton circuit (without the load) is:

Find the Norton equivalent
circuit of the circuit shown
below.
R
N
= 1O, I
N
= 10A.
2 O
(a)
6 O
2v
x

+
+
v
x


+
v
x


1V

+

i
x

i
2 O
(b)
6 O
10 A
2v
x

+
+
v
x


I
sc

NORTONS THEOREM
EXAMPLE 2
NORTONS THEOREM
EXAMPLE 3
Find the Nortons equivalent of the circuit below.
Solution:
NORTONS THEOREM
EXAMPLE 3
NORTONS THEOREM
EXAMPLE 3
NORTONS THEOREM
EXERCISE 1
Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit shown.
NORTONS THEOREM
EXERCISE 2
Using Nortons theorem, find I
N
and R
N
.
R
N
=5; I
N
=7A
NORTONS THEOREM
EXERCISE 3
Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the portion of the network
to the left of a-b in Figure given below
O = = 4 . 2 R A; 6.25
N N
I
Practically, a circuit is designed to provide power to a load.
Certain application, e. g., communication desire to maximize the power
delivered to a load.
Thevenin equivalent useful in finding the maximum power a linear circuit
can deliver to a load.
By assuming that the load resistance, RL can be adjusted, the power
delivered to the load is:
L
L Th
Th
L
R
R R
V
R i p
2
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= =
Where VTh and RTh are fixed
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
Maximum power transfer is extremely important for maximum efficiency of
a transmission and distribution network of an electric utility.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

Maximum power is transferred to the load when the load resistance equals the
Thevenin resistance as seen from the load (R
L
= R
Th
).
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
EXAMPLE 1
a) Find the value of R
L
for maximum power transfer to R
L
.
b) Calculate the maximum power that can be delivered to R
L
.
c) What percentage of the power delivered by the 360 V source reaches R
L
?



150
V = (360) = 300V
Th
180
(150)(30)
R = = 25
Th
150 + 30
R = 25
L
( )
2
300
2
p = i R = (25)
L
50
p = 900W
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
EXAMPLE 1
V = 150V
ab
360 - 150
I = = 7A
source
30
p = -I (360) = -2520W
s s
Percentage of source power delivered to the load

900
100% = 35.71%
2520
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
EXERCISE 1
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit. Find the
maximum power.
MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
EXERCISE 2
Determine the value of R
L
that will draw the maximum power
from the rest of the circuit shown below. Calculate the maximum
power.
R
L
= 4.22O, P
m
= 2.901W
END OF CHAPTER 4
Q & A???