o

WORLD REPORT

American colleges are

out any hope of finding hidden weapons.
"We may have signed on to an agreement
where it's impossible to get Saddam on a
violation," says David Kay, a former in-
spector. The very notion of allowing "dip-
lomatic nannies who want us to behave"
intruding on the inspection business of-
fends Kay, who argues that UNSCOM's
brashness is the key to its success.
• Will Iraq use some language in the
agreement with Annan as an excuse to
Weapons U.' for Iraq
No one tracks thousands of students
block UNSCOM's work? The agreement
calls for the U.N. to respect Iraq's "sover- from terrorism-sponsoring countries
eignty and dignity." Clinton administra-
tion officials dismiss that phrase as irrele- BY DOUGLAS PASTERNAK Moreover, the Immigration and Natu-
vant. But the Iraqis think otherwise. ralization Service readily admits it has no

I
• Will the United States be able to attack t's no wonder that Iraq has top-notch idea what schools these students attend,
Iraq swiftly if Saddam breaches the deal? scientists capable of developing chem- what they study, who finances their stud-
The United States wants the U.N. Securi- ical, biological, and nuclear weapons. ies, whether they have been involved in
ty Council to declare that an Iraqi viola- Many of them were trained here in the criminal activity, or even whether they
tion of the Annan deal will have "very se- United States. have overstayed their visas. One foreign
vere" consequences—diplomatic code for In fact, they keep coming: In the seven student who dropped off the radar screen
a military strike. But France, Russia, and years since the end of the gulf war in 1991, was a Jordanian named Eyad Ismoil. Is-
China oppose the use of force against moil had entered the United States
Iraq. So a fight is already brewing over in 1989 on a student visa, attended
whether an Iraqi violation automatically Wichita State University, and
triggers a military response. dropped out, remaining in the coun-
The White House is eager to have Butler try illegally. In 1992 he joined up
lead his team of inspectors back to Bagh- with a former high school friend
dad soon to test the Annan accord. In the named Ramzi Yousef, and the fol-
meantime, American military forces — lowing year they bombed the World
32,000 troops, 400 warplanes, two air- Trade Center in New York. Ismoil
craft carriers, and about 20 other ships- will be sentenced in April for his role
remain at the ready. This week, the admin- in the bombing.
istration will ask Congress for money to American know-how. Before the gulf
keep that force in the gulf for up to five war, Saddam Hussein sent hundreds
months. The buildup, without any shots of students abroad to study sciences
being fired, has already cost $600 million. related to biological, chemical, and
Losing patience. Clinton's critics pro- nuclear weapons. Samir Al-Araji, the
pose to break the cycle of showdown with head of Iraq's nuclear weapons pro-
Saddam Hussein by trying, once and for gram, received his doctorate in
all, to topple him. Sen. Robert Kerrey of nuclear engineering from Michigan
Nebraska, who may seek the Democratic State University, for instance. And at
presidential nomination in 2000, is call- least three Iranians involved in Teh-
ing for the administration to back the Ira- ran's nuclear program were also edu-
qi opposition. Sen. Arlen Specter, a Penn- cated in the United States, according
sylvania Republican, wants to brand to a recent report by the Washington
Saddam a war criminal. The administra- Institute for Near East Policy.
tion, too, is losing patience. "If it is clear Restrictions on study programs
that Saddam still is not complying, we are loose. Only Iraqi, Libyan, and
will look at our overall strategy," says a North Korean students (and Iranian
senior administration official, a hint that males ages 18 to 65) receive automat-
the administration might support more- nearly 11,000 visas have been issued to ic background checks. All students have
aggressive efforts to oust Saddam. The students from nations that sponsor ter- to declare an intended major, but none is
CIA is reportedly working on a plan to rorism—including 503 Iraqis, 5,154 Irani- specifically barred from pursuing nucle-
subvert Saddam's regime, but the presi- ans, 113 Libyans, 3,227 Syrians, 1,604 Su- ar, chemical, or biological studies. And
dent has not yet authorized it. And given danese, 103 Cubans, and 129 North Kore- because it lacks up-to-date data, the INS
Saddam's track record both for surviving ans. Although these states face tough would never even know if a student who
in power and causing the United States sanctions for their involvement with ter- was listed as an English major had
trouble, Captain Deppe, the skipper of the rorist groups—they are barred from re- switched to nuclear physics.
USS Normandy, should keep his sea bag ceiving any U.S. economic or military aid Investigators also suspect that terror-
packed. • and cannot purchase any technology that ists—including members of the Lebanese
might have military applications—current organization Hezbollah—have deliberate-
\\'ith Kevin \VJ\itelaw aboard the law does not disqualify them from send- ly used student visas to enter the United
I ~SS No rmundy ing students to the United States. States. One Lebanese student who had
 *BXBBHKN K K K I f X K K I I X K FIRM 20OO9
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1B75 CONNECTICUT FIVE NW
VRSHINGTON DC Ea009-57SB

THE CHRONICLE
of Higher Education, September 19, 1997 • £7.25
Volume XUV. Xiiinbct 1

Quote, CAMPUS BUILDING BOOM AHEAD

Unquote Cap Lifted on Tax-Exempt Bond Issues: A4i

News Summary: Page A7

"The blast that injured me was

a re-enactmeni of a far bigger one
a generation earlier, which
destroyed something basic
in this society that has yet
to be repaired."
David (Ultmtur, th« computer
•cl«ntl«t it we University who wit
• trirftt of tht tna Unibomber: A14

"We are very proud of what we do

here, which is to provide
information and high-tech skills to • '"Ocsn-,. ""Jrds i. ^-'"setvf. „-• 's abnu, rs derail
* 'fccj ***'>« in ' d°Csnof "'' I) ' or "Th? ((;("l
prepare disadvantaged people
for well-paying, career-
oriented positions."
The director of a proprietary school
In Inner-city Philadelphia: A34

"Tuition doesn't exist in

a vacuum. If we're not going
to keep up the quality, 'MIDDLEBROW CULTURE REMEDIATION IS BIG BUSINESS
then it's meaningless to have Studying the Book-of-the-Month Club: Al 7 Colleges Turn to Tutoring Companies: A44
cheap tuition."
The deputy executive director
of the Iowa Board of Regents: A40

"The I.N.S. was asked to assess

whether we had a foolproof system
for controlling foreign students.
The conclusion was we did not."
An official of the U.S. Immigration
and Naturalization Service: A49

"I welcome the advent of the

conservative voice in our
deliberations. It has gotten
us thinking again; our intellectual
juices are .lowing in ways they
haven't for at least a generation."
The president of the Johnson
Foundation: A64

"The secular version of the

university has been such a success
that its way of doing business
constitutes a new orthodoxy." WHO'S NO. 1? UNABOMBER VICTIM'S POLEMIC
A University Professor
at Boston University: B4 A Power Struggle in College Sports: A46 An Attack on Modern Culture: A14

SECTION 1 PAGES Al-64

Athletics
The Faculty

Government & Politics

Information Technology
International
Money & Management
Students

SECTION 2

Opinion, Letters, & Arts

Notes From Academe

The Chronicle on the Internet:

http ://chronlcle .com A CLOSE WATCH ON FOREIGN STUDENTS
U.S. Tests a New System That Critics Call 'Orwellian': A49
 Trial Ball „
or Trojan Horse?
For CIPRIS Pibt Schools
the Future Is Now
"^T A ^^^hen Shanghai native
^k I^L I Chen Xiuhua arrives at
% / %/ Atlanta's Hartsfield
^M ^M International Airport
w w this fall on her way to
Methodist College in Fayetteville, North
Carolina, she will carry a new bar-coded I-20P
form printed on special blue paper. The "p" is
for pilot.
The form was generated by Methodist's
Jane Wilkins Cherry, using a PC, new soft-
ware, and a laser printer—all loaned and
installed in her office by the INS on June 3. An
airport scanner will record Ms. Chen's I-20P,
within seconds relaying her date of entry and
institutional destination to the INS's newly
designed central data bank. The system will
match Chen's I-20P against data already
entered by Jane Cherry when she produced the
eligibility certificate electronically from her
desk.
After arriving on campus, the PRC student
will have 90 days in which to apply—through
her host's INS-supplied software—to the
Immigration and Naturalization Service for a
20
KYNA RUBIN
foreign student information card. Replete with
photo and a print from her right index finger,
the multilayered, hologrammed card will con-
tain machine-readable information taken
from Ms. Chen's I-20P. Over time, the coun-
terfeit-resistant card will also have imbedded
into it data reported to the INS by Jane Cherry,
via encrypted code on the Internet, about
modifications in Ms. Chen's plans while in the
United States. These notifications will include
incidents such as employment or practical
training, transfers, graduation, or failure to
carry a full courseload.
The new system is based on proven technol-
ogy that has been used by businesses for years.
Like credit card transactions, the information
reported is not on the card itself but in a cen-
tral data bank—in this case, at the INS. As
described by Catheryn Gotten of Duke
University, "if the account gets overdrawn or
the payments are overdue, the system knows,
puts a hold or a flag on the ID card, and INS
can take further action if necessary."
Cherry, who will help steer about a dozen
students like the fictitious Chen Xiuhua
Illustration by Christopher Cheetham
through the new process this September, rep-
resents one of 22 southern schools and
exchange programs voluntarily participating
in the CIPRIS pilot, or the Coordinated
Interagency Partnership Regulating Interna-
tional Students. The demonstration is born of
concern by the FBI and Congress that the U.S.
government does an inadequate job of track-
ing nonimmigrant foreigners. "The involve-
ment of former foreign students in the World
Trade Center bombing and the homicide out-
side CIA headquarters have caused foreign
students to have a higher profile within certain
law enforcement circles," wrote the INS's
Foreign Student Task Force in a handout dis-
tributed at NAFSA's June 1996 conference in
Phoenix. "No one is under the illusion that
improvements in the accuracy and availability
of student information is likely to make a sig-
nificant difference in our country's security.
Rather, the fact that former foreign students
have been involved in these incidents simply
highlights and reinforces the conclusion that
the Immigration Service does not currently
have accurate data on this population."
I N T E R N A T I O N A L E D U C A T O R
ffdUJ
 CONTROLS GOVERNING FOREIGN
STUDENTS: and Schools That Admit Them

Final Report by the Task Force

on Foreign Student Controls

U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service

December 22,1995
 United States Department of State
Deputy Assistant Secretary
for Visa Services

Washington, D.C. 20522-0113

February 5, 1999

UNCLASSIFIED
MEMORANDUM

TO: CA/EX - Frank Moss

FROM: CA/VO - Nancy Sa

SUBJECT: Systems Priorities - Coordinated Interagency

Partnership Regulating International Students
(CIPRIS}

Issue
CA/VO seeks CA/EX concurrence in i Bntifying CIPRIS* as a
priority datasharing project for planning and :esourc2
purposes. VO would like to help INS meet its joal o£ Beta
testing CIPRIS in one country by January 2001, and having
CIPRIS installed in five countries by January I, 2002.
CIPRIS may be a springboard for developing stand-alone
NIVs,

Background
For internal security purposes, section 641 of IIRIRA
requires that INS, in consultatioi with State, USIA and the
Department of Education, establish a reporting and tracking
system, preferably electronic, for collecting and
maintaining data and information on foreign students and
exchange visitors. Following consultations with interested
agencies, INS launched a pilot program in the summer of
1997 involving 21 educational institutions, the Atlanta
airport, INS (various levels), USIA and State (VO). Pilot
schools are using CIPRIS to electronically notify INS and
* Coordinated Interagency Partnership Regulating
International Students
 NONIMMIGRANT FOREIGN STUDENT PROGRAM
[AS ADMINISTERED BY INS]

OVERVIEW OF NONIMMIGRANT FOREIGN STUDENT PROGRAM

Since 1924, there have been special provisions admitting foreign students into the United
States for the purpose of pursuing their education at American institutions of learning. It has
been a longstanding practice of the U.S. Government to encourage and facilitate the educational
objectives of bona fide foreign students. This position has not changed, albeit there is an ever-
increasing concern about the security of the United States, particularly of late given recent
domestic and world events.

There are currently three classifications of nonimmigrant students, i.e., F, J, and M.

Section 101(a)(15)(F)(i) of the Immigralion and Nationality Act (INA) defines a foreign student
"as an alien having a residence in a foreign country which he has no intention of abandoning,
who is a bona fide student qualified to pursue a full course of study and who seeks to enter the
country temporarily and solely for the purpose of pursuing such a course of study at an
established college, university, seminary,conservatory, academic high school, elementary school,
or other academic institution or in a language program in the United States. . ."

The INA defines J nonimmigrant students as those coming to participate in a program

designated by the Director of the United States Information Agency (USIA) who is coming to
participate in a program under which he will receive graduate medical education or training.

The INA defines a M nonimmigrant student as alien coming solely for the purpose of a
full course of study at an established vocational or other recognized nonacademic institution,
other than a language training program.

The academic institutions attended by F and M students must have been individually
reviewed, approved, and authorized by INS to certify and issue Form I-20AB (Certificate of
Eligibility for Nonimmigrant F-l Academic Student Status) or Form I-20MN (Certificate of
Eligibility for M-l Vocational Student Status). The Act and regulation provide authority to
control the admission of aliens who pursue a U.S. education and to exercise control of schools
which may accept foreign students. In applying for INS approval, every school must submit
extensive documentary evidence that the school has been operating for a minimum of 2 years,
its official sanction to operate, accreditation, curriculum, qualifications of staff, facilities and
equipment, finances and ownership, the amount and degree of supervision over students, etc.
 Implementing the President's Immigration Initiative
2/98

Refine Border Management Strategy

The FY 1999 budget includes $225 million and 1,726 new positions for the Refine
Border Management Strategy initiative, which will continue to facilitate legal traffic
while preventing illegal crossings at ports of entry, and expand the INS' National
Border Control Strategy of "Prevention Through Deterrence." These funds will
maintain the aggressive hiring and training efforts begun in FY 1996 and continued in
FY 1997 and FY 1998, once again increasing the agency's growing force of Border Patrol
agents and other immigration officers.

The request for new Border Patrol agents and Inspectors is complemented by
requested increases in force-multiplying technological capabilities, which will enable
INS to consolidate and expand the achievements of the past several years. The goal of
the FY 1999 budget is to continue the expansion of INS' efforts to control the nation's
borders and facilitate lawful commerce while deterring and denying the illegal
movement of people and drugs.

Control Between the Ports of Entry - Border Patrol Agents

• A total of 1,000 additional Border Patrol Agents will join those already patrolling the
Southwest border in California, Arizona, New Mexico and Texas. The deployment
of these new agents will confirm the government's enduring commitment to the
National Border Control Strategy. At this point, the Border Patrol has proven that it
can control key border areas near San Diego County in California and El Paso,
Texas. Recent expansion of efforts into Tucson, Arizona, and the remainder of the
Texas sectors, will continue and grow. At the same time, INS will not neglect nor
abandon its successful regulation and enforcement operations in those border
sectors now under control. While the majority of the new agents will be deployed to
the Southwest border, the Border Patrol intends to deploy additional Border Patrol
Agents along the northern border, the Gulf Coast and maritime areas of South
Florida. ($103 million)
• The Border Patrol agents are assisted in the successful accomplishment of their
difficult and demanding mission by a vast array of state-of-the-art technology. The
FY 1999 budget provides continued funding for development and the future
' deployment of the an integrated electronic surveillance system (ISIS) that will create
an "electronic wall" along the border ($12.3 million). The ISIS system extends the
efficiency and effectiveness of the line-watch Border Patrol agents, especially in the
more remote and desolate regions, helping to deny these areas to illegal aliens and
drug smugglers. FY 1999 plans also call for the installation of more Forward-
Looking Infrared (FLIR) systems on Border Patrol aircraft, which will increase their
night vision capabilities ($307,000), and purchase and deployment of additional
infrared scopes and night-vision devices ($2.0 million). Total: ($14.6 million)

Prepared by the Office of Public Affairs • Immigration & Naturalization Service • (202) 514-2648
 The President's 1999 Immigration Budget Initiative
- 2/98(rev.)

Strengthening the Nation's Immigration System

The Fiscal Year 1999 budget request for the Immigration and Naturalization
Service totals $4.2 billion, a 10 percent increase over the Fiscal Year 1998 funding level.
With this budget proposal, the Administration will have asked for a 179 percent
increase in INS funding over FY 1993. The FY 1999 budget includes $413.4 million in
funding for new initiatives. The budget will add a total of 2,609 new staff positions,
which, if approved by Congress, will allow INS to grow to almost 31,600 positions by
the end of FY 1999—an 84 percent increase since 1993.

The INS budget for FY 1999 continues to support the immigration goals and
strategies that the Administration and the agency have pursued over the past several
years. Specifically, the thrust of INS' FY 1999 budget is to continue to improve our
control over our international borders by deterring illegal crossers while facilitating
legal commerce. INS intends to build on its successful multi-year strategy to: effectively
regulate the border, both at and between the ports of entry; deter illegal employment in
the interior of the United States; combat and punish smuggling as well as other
immigration-related crimes; and remove expeditiously ever-greater numbers of
criminal aliens and other deportable aliens. Included in this budget are requests for the
staff and other resources necessary to achieve these objectives while efficiently and
fairly enforcing the nation's immigration laws, as well as implementing the broad
legislative mandates that Congress enacted in 1996.

In addition to the expansion of INS' more visible law enforcement functions, new
funding will strengthen INS' ability to process benefits for legal immigrants and
prospective new citizens, and ensure that INS customers are supported by the most
comprehensive and modern technology available. These resources also will ensure that
the physical workplace of INS employees keeps pace with the impressive growth of the
agency's workforce.

While some have proposed separating the enforcement and benefit functions INS
now performs, the Administration has begun developing a plan to enhance immigration
law enforcement while improving the delivery of immigration services and benefits. The
plan will make INS more efficient and effective in carrying out these responsibilities by
separating enforcement and benefit/service operations—both at headquarters and in the
field—and strengthening accountability and lines of authority. In addition, the plan
recognizes that effective coordination between INS' two functions is necessary along
with greater collaboration among federal agencies involved in immigration. Together,
these reforms within INS and across the government will support and sustain the
Administration's progress over the last five years in enforcing our immigration laws and
fulfilling the nation's commitment to its immigration heritage.

(more)

Prepared by the Office of Public Affairs • Immigration & Naturalization Service • (202) 514-2648