Kinematics motion without forces Kinetics Effect of forces in the body

Two type of motion

1. Translation: 2. Rotation: Osteokinematics: Straight line All parts move same direction and distance. Circular path All parts move at an angle Motion of bones Relative to cardinal planes

Axis is perpendicular to plane of motion Degree of freedom (DOF): -Numbers of motions at a joint, Sagital plane (X-axis): Flexion/ Extension Doris-flexion/Planter Flexion Forward/ backward bending Addiction/ Abduction Ulnar/ radial deviation Everson/ Inversion

Frontal Plane (Z-axis): -

Horizontal plane (Y-axis): - Internal/External Rotation Kinetic Chain Open Chain: - Without resistance Not fixed to an object Close: With resistance fixed to an object

Arthro-kinematics: - Motion that occurs between articular surfaces. When the convex move on concave point at a joint it rolls (Clockwise) and slide to an opposite direction. When a concave moves an convex direction it rolls ( counter clockwise and slide) in the same direction. Max congruency tight ligaments Minimal Accessory motion Slack ligaments Increase accessory Motion

Close packed position: Loose packed position: -

Stress: -

Internal resistance (eg): Thera-band

Higher stress gives more resistance Strain: Ratio of tissue deformation

Viscoelastic tissues: Creep Creep is the gradual deformity on tissue when force is applied. Only on viscoelastic tissue

Forces
Internal (Muscles): External (Gravitational): Scalars (magnitude): Vectors Active & Passive Gravity & External load. Speed

Active forces:

Only in muscles (Skeletal cardiac smooth)

Passive forces All other tissue ligament Muscles can provide both forces Center of mass where all mass is concentrated on. Joint Reaction - Opposite in muscle movement Torques T = force X moment arm Forces: Translation in Rotation

Moment Arm: Distance between axis of Rotation and force Disadvantage of a shorter movement arm of the biceps muscle that the moments arms of the forearm is that the force of the muscle has to be greater than the forearm. Muscle Contraction Isometric: - Equal length Concentric: - Shortening of muscle Eccentric: - Elongation of muscle

Muscle Action Agonist: Does the motion Antagonist: - Opposite action of against Synergist: - Cooperate to execute the motion.

Levers
1st Class: 2nd Class: 3rd Class: Advantages: Forces on both sides Axis is in the middle Internal moment arm is larger than the external moment arm. External moment arm is longer than the external moment arm. ROM Speed

Disadvantage: -More force on External force

Mechanical Advantage
Rotation of the internal moment arm to the external moment arm 1st Class: 2nd Class: 3rd Class: Synarthrosis: Amphiarthrosis: Diarthrosis: 1, <1, >1 >1 <1 Dense connective tissue litter or no movement. (eg) Sutures Fibro-ar hyaline Cartilage restrain movement (eg) spinal joint Synovial joint

Labrum & menisci: - Provides stability and Shock absorption Tendon: Protects the bone Prevent excessive movement/force Fibers of tendon are aligned with muscle fibers. Skin: - Prevent motion in all direction Bursa: - is a fluid

Synovial Joints
Hinge: Pivot: Ellipsoid: Humeroulnar/ elbow Prox radio ulnar Radio carpal Glen-humeral/Shoulder/Hip

Ball and socket: Plane: Saddle: -

Intercarpal Intertarsal (wrist) Sterno clavicler 1st Carpomentacapal

Condyloid: - Metacarpophalangeal

Collagen Fibers
Elastic Fibers: High stress: has a greater amount of stress. A heavy load hitting the joint reaching failure tolerance zone Constant repetitive moderate stress this lowers the

Repetitive Moderate Stress: failure tolerance zone

Muscle shorten is called active insufficiency When acting and myosin overlaps the muscle is able to generate force Muscle at its resting length is at its strongest can pull a lot of force Isometric contraction: No Changes in length Joint constrained where contracting of two different muscle group. (eg) Elbow Flexion 90% bicep contract and triceps contract results in no movement. Torque is rotation of force. Hip abductors are strongest at 10o to 10o Torque goes up because the internal moment is increases. Torque goes up when muscle fibers shortens.

Newton 1st law If body is moving with high velocity inertia is higher. COM Center of Mass : Anterior of 2nd Sacral bone. F=mxa M=mxv I=Fxt
F = force m = mass, a = acceleration, M = momentum, v = velocity, I = impulse, t = time

Power is the rate of work. W=Fxd W = power Newton 2nd law Acceleration is proportional to force and inversely proportional to mass. Anthropometry: measure of human dimension

Joint reaction force: - Force development in joint. Component of muscle force changes when the angle of insertion has changed.

Shoulder
Sternum: Manubrium clavicular/ costal facets Body- costal facets Xiphoid process Link between shoulder and truck Inferior/superior lateral angles Medial/Lateral borders Supra/Infra Fossae Spine Acronion Glenoid

Clavicle: Scapula: -

Humorous: - Head (135o), from neck. The shaft of the humorous and the neck is 135o

Shoulder Joint
Sternoclavicular Acronmionclavicular Gleno-humeral Scapula-thoracic

A function joint comprise of soft tissue and two bones. (eg) Scapula thoracic Synovial Joint: Sternoclavicular Acromonclavicular Gleno-humeral

SC Joint
Saddle Joint Close package SC joint 45o Convex on concave Convex head rolls superiorly slides inferiorly. Frontal plane Z-axis 10o Convex on concave Frontal place Z-axis 15-30o in each direction Transverse plane Y-axis Concave on convex

Elevation: -

Depression: -

Protraction & Retraction: -

Protraction: The head of the clavicle is concave and roll and slide anteriorly. Retraction: The head rolls and slides posteriorly. 40-50o Shoulder Abduction Shoulder Flexion Transverse plane Y-axis Retraction Tall Protraction - Slack Retraction - Slack Protraction Tall Elevation Slack Depression Tall Elevation Tall Depression - Slack

Rotation: -

Ligaments Anterior ligament (front): Posterior ligament (back): Inter Claviclar ligament (ICL): Costal Claviclar ligament (CCL): -

ST Joint
A functional Joint Motion in ST joint is equal to SC and AC joints The total amount of Rotation 60% in ST from Ac and SC joints Upper traps, levalar, Rhombids Lower traps, latissimus Duris, Pec minor, Subilarius Serrartus Anterior Mid Traps, Rhomboid, Lower trap Elevation in AC & SC Joint Transverse Transverse Y-Axis Y-Axis

1). Elevation

2). Depressions

3). Protractors 4). Retraction

5). Up & Down Rotation

Frontal

Z- Axis

AC Joint
Flat articular surface A gliding Joint Close packed position 3- degree of freedom 15-30 Frontal Plane (Z-Axis)

Upward and downward rotation:

Ligaments 1) Superior and Inferior ligaments 2) Articular Disc 3) Coracoclavicular: Between coracoids process and clavicle 4) Prevent superior translation of the joint.

GH Joint
Abduction: Adduction: Loose pack Position Convex on concave Scapular plane Mid deltoids Supraspinatus Frontal Frontal Z-axis Z-axis

Roll and slide along joints longitudinal diameter Longhead of biceps goes into abduction only in shoulder Coracobrachialis: once it moves above the axis point it provides abduction Subscapularis Infraspinatus Horizontal Horizontal Y-Axis Y-Axis

Internal Rotation: External Rotation: Flexion: Extension:

Roll and Slide along joints transverse diameter Anterior Deltoids Posterior Deltoids Sagital Sagital X-Axis X-Axis

Spin between humeral head and glenoid fossa

RTC Muscles
S - Supraspinatus I - Intraspinatus T - teresminor S Subscapulars Supraspinatus: Infraspinatus: Teresminor Subscapulars: Infraspinatus Teresminor Compress humerus Head into glenoid Fossa External rotation of humeral head Inferior glide of humeral head

The main abductor of the GH joints The strongest addiction of the GH joint The strongest external rotator The strongest inter rotator The strongest flexor GH The strongest extensor GH

Supraspinatus/ mid deltoids Pectoris major and Lats Intraspinatus Subscapulars Anterior Deltoids Posterior Deltoids