8

SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS
The method of symmetrical components was first developed by C. L. Fortescue, in 1918. It is a technique for analyzing unbalanced three-phase systems. It is a linear transformation from phase components to a new set of components called symmetrical components. The equivalent circuits obtained for the symmetrical components are called sequence networks

They are uncoupled, and Constitutes balanced three-phase networks

Sequence networks make the analysis of unbalanced three-phase systems relatively easy.

8.1

DEFINITION OF SYMMETRICAL COMPONENTS

Assume that a set of three-phase voltages designated Va , Vb , and Vc is given. In accordance with Fortescue, these phase voltage are resolved into following three sets of sequence components: 1. 2. Zero-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes and with zero phase displacement. Positive-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes, 120 phase displacement, and positive sequence. Negative-sequence components, consisting of three phasors with equal magnitudes, 120 phase displacement, and negative sequence.

3.

Vc1
Va0 Vb0 Vc0 = V0
Vb 2

Va 2 = V2

Va1 = V1

Zero-sequence components

Vb1

Vc 2
Positive-sequence components Negative-sequence components

Va
Va 2

Vc1
Vb 0
Vc 2

Va0

Va1

Vb
Vb 2
Vb1
Phase b

Vc

Vc 0
Phase c

Phase a

We will work only with the zero-, positive-, and negative- sequence components of phase a, which are

Va0 , Va1 , and Va2

respectively.

For simplicity, we drop subscript a and denote these sequence components as

V0 , V1 , and V2
Therefore the three-phase voltages Va , Vb , and Vc are defined by the following transformation:

Va 1 1 V = 1 a 2 b Vc 1 a

1 V0 V a 1 a2 V2

(8.1.1)

Va 1 1 V = 1 a 2 b Vc 1 a
where

1 V0 V a 1 a2 V2

(8.1.1)

1 3 a = 1120 = + j 2 2

(8.1.2)

Writing (8.1.1) as three separate equations:

Va = V0 + V1 + V2 Vb = V0 + a 2V1 + aV2 Vc = V0 + aV1 + a 2V2

When any phasor is multiplied by a, that phasor rotates by 120 (counterclockwise)

(8.1.3) (8.1.4) (8.1.5)

Common identities involving a = 1120

a 4 = a = 1120 a 2 = 1 240 a 3 = 1 0 1 + a + a2 = 0 1 a = 3 30

a 2 a = 3 270 ja = 1 210 1 + a = a 2 = 1 60 1 + a 2 = a = 1 60 a + a 2 = 1 = 1180

1 a 2 = 3 +30

Va Vp = V b Vc
V0 Vs = V 1 V2

Va 1 1 V = 1 a 2 b Vc 1 a

1 V0 V a 1 2 a V2
(8.1.6)

Column vector of phase voltages

Column vector of sequence voltages

(8.1.7)

1 1 2 A= a 1 1 a

1 a 2 a

3x3 transformation matrix

(8.1.8)

V p = AVs

(8.1.9)

The inverse of the A matrix is

1 1 1 1 A = 1 a 3 2 a 1

1 a2 a

(8.1.10)

Equation (8.1.10) can be verified by showing that the product AA-1 is the unit matrix. Also, premultiplying (8.1.9) by A-1 gives

Vs = A1V p
V0 1 1 V = 1 1 a 1 3 2 1 V a 2 1 Va V a2 b a Vc

(8.1.11)

Using (8.1.6), (8.1.7), and (8.1.10), then (8.1.11) becomes

(8.1.12)

Writing (8.1.12) as three separate equations,

1 V0 = (Va + Vb + Vc ) 3 1 V1 = (Va + aVb + a 2Vc ) 3 1 V2 = (Va + a 2Vb + aVc ) 3

(8.1.13) (8.1.14) (8.1.15)

Eq. 8.1.13 shows that there is no zero sequence voltage in a balanced threephase system because the sum of three balanced phasors is zero. In an unbalanced three-phase system, line-to-neutral voltages may have a zero-sequence component. However, line-to-line voltages never have a zero-sequence component, since by KVL their sum is always zero.

The symmetrical component transformation can also be applied to currents, as follows. Let

I p = AI s
where IP is a vector of phase currents,

(8.1.16)

Ia Ip = I b Ic

vector of phase currents

(8.1.17)

I0 vector of sequence currents Is = I 1 I2

(8.1.18)

Also,

I s = A1I p

(8.1.19)

Equations (8.1.16) and (8.1.19) can be written as separate equations as follows. The phase currents are

I a = I 0 + I1 + I 2 I b = I 0 + a 2 I1 + aI 2 I c = I 0 + aI1 + a 2 I 2

(8.1.20) (8.1.21) (8.1.22)

and the sequence currents are

1 I0 = ( I a + Ib + Ic ) 3 1 I1 = ( I a + aI b + a 2 I c ) 3 1 I 2 = ( I a + a 2 I b + aI c ) 3
(8.1.23) (8.1.24) (8.1.25)

In a three-phase Y-connected system, the neutral current In is the sum of the line currents:

I n = I a + Ib + Ic
Comparing (8.1.26) and (8.1.23)

(8.1.26)

I n = 3I 0

(8.1.27)

The neutral current equals three times the zero-sequence current. In a balanced Y-connected three-phase system, line currents have no zerosequence component, since the neutral current is zero. Also in any three-phase system with no neutral path, such as a connected system or a three-wire Y-connected system with ungrounded neutral, line currents have no zero-sequence components.

EXAMPLE 8.1 Sequence components: balanced line-to-neutral voltages Calculate the sequence components of the following balanced line-to-neutral voltages with abc sequence:
Van 277 0 V = 277 120 Vp = bn Vcn 277 120

volts

SOLUTION Using (8.1.13)-(8.1.15):

1 + + + =0 V0 = 277 0 277 120 277 120 3 1 V1 = 277 0 277 ( 120 120 ) 277 (120 240 ) + + + + 3 = 277 0 volts =Van 1 V2 = + + + + 277 0 277 ( 120 240 ) 277 (120 120 ) 3 1 = + + =0 277 0 277 120 277 240 3

EXAMPLE 8.2 Sequence components: balanced acb currents A Y-connected load has balanced currents with acb sequence given by Calculate the sequence currents.
SOLUTION: Using (8.1.23)(8.1.25):
I a 10 0 = 10 +120 Ip = I b Ic 10 120

1 10 0 10 120 10 120 I0 = + + + =0 3 1 I1 = + + + + 10 0 10 (120 120 ) 10 ( 120 240 ) 3 1 = + + 10 0 10 240 10 120 =0 3 1 I2 = + + + + 10 0 10 (120 240 ) 10 ( 120 120 ) 3 = 10 0 A = I a

EXAMPLE 8.1 Sequence components: unbalanced currents

A three-phase line feeding a balanced-Y load has one of its phases (phase b) open. The load neutral is grounded, and the unbalanced line currents are
I a 10 0 I = 0 Ip = b A Ic 10 120

I a = 100 a c I c = 10120 ZY ZY In

Calculate the sequence currents and the neutral current.

ZY Ib = 0 b

SOLUTION: Using (8.1.23)-(8.1.25):

1 + + = 10 0 0 10 120 3.333 60 A I0 = 3 1 = 6.667 0 A + + + 10 0 0 10 (120 240 ) I1 = 3 1 = 3.333 60 A + + + I2 = 10 0 0 10 (120 120 ) 3

Using (8.1.26) the neutral current is

I n = (10 0 + 0 + 10 120 ) = 10 60 A = 3I 0

8.2

SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF IMPEDANCE LOADS

Ia

a c Ic ZY ZY N Vag Vcg Ib Vbg g ZY Zn In

Note from Figure 8.3 that the line-to-ground voltage Vag is

Vag = ZY I a + Z n I n Vag = ZY I a + Z n ( I a + I b + I c ) Vag = ( ZY + Z n ) I a + Z n I b + Z n I c

Similar equation can be written for Vbg and Vcg : (8.2.1)

Vbg = Z n I a + ( ZY + Z n ) I b + Z n I c Vcg = Z n I a + Z n I b + ( ZY + Z n ) I c
Equation (8.2.1)-(8.2.3) can be rewritten in matrix format:

(8.2.2) (8.2.3)

Vag ( ZY + Z n ) Zn Zn Ia I = + V Z ( Z Z ) Z n Y n n bg b Vcg Zn ( ZY + Z n ) Ic Zn

(8.2.4)

Equation (8.2.4)is written more compactly as

Vp = Z p I p
Vp is the vector of line-to-ground voltages (or phase voltages) Ip is the vector of line currents (or phase currents) Zp is the 3x3 phase impedance matrix.

(8.2.5)

Equations (8.1.9) and (8.1.16) can now be used in (8.2.5) to determine the relationship between the sequence voltages and currents, as follows:

AVs = Z p AI s
Premultiplying both sides of (8.2.6) of A-1 gives or where

(8.2.6)

Vs = ( A1Z p A) I s

(8.2.7) (8.2.8) (8.2.9) Zs is called sequence impedance matrix

Vs = Z s I s

Zs = A Z p A

1 1 1 Zs = 1 a 3 2 1 a

1 ( ZY + Z n ) Zn Z n 1 1 Z 1 a 2 a2 Z Z Z ( ) + n Y n n Zn 1 a ( ZY + Z n ) a Zn

1 a 2 a

(8.2.10)

Performing the indicated matrix multiplications in (8.2.10), and using the identity (1+a+a2)=0,
1 1 1 Zs = 1 a 3 2 1 a 1 ( Z Y + 3Z n ) Z Y ( Z + 3Z ) a 2 Z a2 n Y Y a ( ZY + 3Z n ) aZY ZY ( ZY + 3Z n ) 0 aZY = ZY 0 a 2 ZY 0 0 0 0 (8.2.11) ZY

V0 ( ZY + 3Z n ) 0 V = 0 ZY 1 0 0 V2

0 I0 I 0 1 ZY I2

(8.2.12)

Rewriting (8.2.12) as three separate equations,

V0 = ( ZY + 3Z n ) I 0 = Z 0 I 0 V1 = ZY I1 = Z1 I1 V2 = ZY I 2 = Z 2 I 2
V0

I0 ZY
n

Z0=ZY+3Zn 3Zn

Zero-sequence network

I1 V1 Positive-sequence network ZY Z1=ZY

Sequence networks of a balanced-Y load

V2

I2

ZY Z2=Z1=ZY

Negative-sequence network

I0 ZY

Open neutral

V0

Z0=infinite

Zero-sequence network

I1 V1 Positive-sequence network ZY Z1=ZY

V2

I2

ZY Z2=Z1=ZY

Negative-sequence network

I0 ZY

Solidly grounded neutral

V0

Z0=ZY

Zero-sequence network

I1 V1 Positive-sequence network ZY Z1=ZY

V2

I2

ZY Z2=Z1=ZY

Negative-sequence network

I0 V0
n

Z 3

Z0 =

Zero-sequence network

I1 V1 Positive-sequence network

Z 3

Z1 =

Z 3

Sequence networks for an equivalent Y representation of a balanced- load

V2

I2

Z 3

Z 2 = Z1 =

Z 3

Negative-sequence network

EXAMPLE 8.4 Sequence networks: balanced-Y and balanced- loads A balanced-Y load is in parallel with a balanced--connected capacitor bank. The Yload has an impedance ZY=(3+j4) per phase, and its neutral is grounded through an inductive reactance Xn=2 . The capacitor bank has a reactance Xc=30 per phase. Draw the sequence networks for this load and calculate the load-sequence impedances.

I0 V0 n

j4

j
3

30 3
Z0=3+j10

Z0 = ZY + 3Zn = 3 + j4 + 3( j2) = 3 + j10 Z1 = ZY //(Z / 3) = (3 + j4)( j30 / 3) 3 + j4 j(30 / 3)

3(j2)

Zero-sequence network

(5 53.13 )(10 90 ) Z1 = = 7.454 26.57 6.708 63.43

j4
j

I1 V1

Z2 = Z1 = 7.454 26.57
30 3
= 7.454 26.57

3 Positive-sequence network

Z1 = (3 + j4) //( j10)

I2 V2

j4 3

30 3

Negative-sequence network

Z2 = Z1 = 7.454 26.57

Ia

c
Ic
Ib

Three-phase impedance load b

Could represents a balanced Y or load or An unbalanced load

Z ab Z bb Z bc Z ac I a I Z bc b Z cc Ic
(8.2.16)

Vag Vcg Vbg

Vag Z aa Vbg = Z ab Vcg Z ac

or

Vp = Z p I p

(8.2.17) (8.2.18) (8.2.19)

Vs = Z s I s
Z s = A1Z p A

 Z0 Zs = Z10 Z 20
Z0 Z 10 Z 20 Z 01 Z1 Z 21

Z 01 Z1 Z 21

Z 02 Z12 Z2
1 Z aa Z a2 ab a Z ac Z ab Z bb Z bc Z ac 1 1 1 a 2 Z bc Z cc 1 a 1 a 2 a

(8.2.20)

Z 02 1 1 1 Z12 = 3 1 a 2 Z2 1 a

(8.2.21)

Diagonal sequence impedances

1 Z 0 = ( Z aa + Z bb + Z cc + 2Z ab + 2Z ac + 2 Z bc ) 3 1 Z1 = Z 2 = ( Z aa + Z bb + Z cc Z ab Z ac Z bc ) 3

(8.2.22) (8.2.23)

Off-diagonal sequence impedances

Z 01 = Z 20 = Z 02 = Z 10 Z 12 = Z 21 1 ( Z aa + a 2 Z bb + aZ cc aZ ab a 2 Z ac Z bc ) 3 1 = ( Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc a 2 Z ab aZ ac Z bc ) 3

(8.2.24) (8.2.25) (8.2.26) (8.2.27)

1 ( Z aa + a 2 Z bb + aZ cc + 2 aZ ab + 2 a 2 Z ac + 2 Z bc ) 3 1 = ( Z aa + aZ bb + a 2 Z cc + 2 a 2 Z ab + 2 aZ ac + 2 Z bc ) 3

A symmetrical load is defined as a load whose sequence impedance matrix is diagonal

All mutual impedances in (8.2.24)-(8.2.27) are zero

and then

Z aa = Z bb = Z cc Z ab = Z ac = Z bc

Conditions for a symmetrical load

(8.2.28) (8.2.29) (8.2.30) (8.2.31) (8.2.32)

Z 01 = Z10 = Z 02 = Z 20 = Z12 = Z 21 = 0 Z 0 = Z aa + 2 Z ab Z1 = Z 2 = Z aa Z ab

I0 V0 Z0=Zaa+2Zab

Zero-sequence network

I1 V1 Z1=Zaa- Zab

Positive-sequence network

I2 V2 Z2=Z1=Zaa- Zab

Negative-sequence network

Sequence networks of a three-phase symmetrical impedance load (linear, bilateral network, nonrotating equipment)

8.3 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF SERIES IMPEDANCES

a Van c Ic Ia Vaa' a' Zaa Vcc' Zcc Vcn b Ib Vbb' Zbb Vbn Vb'n Vc'n b' Va'n c'

Van Van Vaa Z aa V V = V = Z bn bn bb ab Vcn Vcn Vcc Z ac

Z ab Z bb Z bc

Z ac I a I Z bc b Z cc Ic

(8.3.1)

Vp Vp ' = Z p I p
where

(8.3.2) (8.3.3) (8.3.4)

Vs Vs = Z s I s

Zs = A1Z p A

From the result of section 8.2 this sequence impedance Zs matrix is diagonal under the following conditions:

and

Z aa = Z bb = Z cc Z ab = Z ac = Z bc

Conditions for a symmetrical series impedances

(8.3.5)

When the phase impedance matrix Zp of (8.3.1) has both equal self-impedances and equal mutual impedances, then (8.3.4) becomes

Z0 Zs = 0 0

0 Z1 0

0 0 Z2

(8.3.6)

where and

Z 0 = Z aa + 2Z ab
Z1 = Z 2 = Z aa Z ab
V0 V0 = Z 0 I 0 V1 V1 = Z1 I1 V2 V2 = Z 2 I 2

(8.3.7) (8.3.8)

and (8.3.3) becomes three uncoupled equations, written as follows: (8.3.9) (8.3.10) (8.3.11)

8.4 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF THREE-PHASE LINES

Zs = A Z P A
Zs is the 3*3 series sequence impedance matrix whose elements are
1

(8.4.1)

Z0 Zs = Z10 Z20

Z01 Z1 Z21

Z02 Z12 /m Z2

(8.4.2)

In general Zs is not diagonal. However, if the line is completely transposed,

Z 0 = A 1Z A=0 Z s P 0

0 Z 0

0 0 Z 2

(8.4.3)

where, from (8.3.7) and (8.3.8)

=Z Z 0 aaeq + 2Zabeq =Z =Z Z 1 2 aaeq Zabeq

Equation (4.11.16) can be transformed to the sequence domain to obtain

(8.4.4) (8.4.5)

Ys = A 1YP A
where

(8.4.6) (8.4.7)

Ys = G s + j(2f )Cs
C0 Cs = C10 C20 C01 C02 C1 C12 F/ m C21 C2

(8.4.8)

In general, Cs is not diagonal. However, for the completely transposed line,

0 y = A 1Y A=0 Y s P 0

0 1 y 0

C 0 0 0 = j(2f ) 0 2 y 0

0 C

0 0 C 2

(8.4.9)

FIGURE 8.11

FIGURE 8.12

where

=C + 2C C 0 aa ab =C =C C C
1 2 aa

F/m
ab

(8.4.10) (8.4.11)

F/m

8.5 SEQUENCE NETWORKS OF ROTATING MACHINES

EXAMPLE 8.5

Currents in sequence networks

Draw the sequence networks for the circuit of Example 2.5 and calculate the sequence components of the line current. Assume that the generator neutral is grounded through an impedances are Zn=j10 , and that the generator sequence impedances are Zg0=j1 , Zg1=j15 , and Zg2=j3 . FIGURE 8.16

SOLUTION The sequence networks are shown in Figure 8.16. They are obtained by interconnecting the sequence networks for a balanced- load, for series-line impedances, and for a synchronous generator, which are given in Figures 8.5,8.10,and 8.14. It is clear from Figure 8.16 that I0=I2=0 since there are no sources in the zero and negative-sequence generator terminal voltage V1 equals the generator lineto-neutral terminal voltage. Therefore, from the positive-sequence network shown in the figure and from the results of Example 2.5,

V1 = 25.83 73.78 A = Ia I1 = 1 (ZLI + Z ) 3

Note that form (8.1.20),I1 equals the line current Ia , since I0=I2=0 EXAMPLE 8.6 Solving unbalanced three-phase networks using sequence components A Y-connected voltage source with the following unbalanced voltage is applied to the balanced line and load of Example 2.5

 Vag 277 0 V 260 120 = volts bg Vcg 295 +115

The source neutral is solid grounded. Using the method of symmetrical components, calculate the source currents Ia, Ib and Ic, FIGURE 8.17

SOLUTION Using (8.1.13)-(8.1.15), the sequence components of the source voltages are:
1 V0 = (277 0 + 260 120 + 295 115 ) 3 V0 = 7.4425 + j14.065 = 15.912 62.11 volts 1 V1 = (277 0 + 260 120 + 120 + 295 115 + 240 ) 3 1 V1 = (277 0 + 260 0 + 295 5 ) 3 V1 = 276.96 j8.5703 = 277.1 1.772 volts 1 V2 = (277 0 + 260 120 + 240 + 295 115 + 120 ) 3 1 V2 = (277 0 + 260 120 + 295 235 ) 3 V2 = 7.4017 j5.4944 = 9.218 216.59 volts

These sequences voltages are applied to the sequence networks of the line and load, as shown in Figure 8.17. The sequence networks of this figure are uncoupled, and the sequence components of the source currents are easily calculated as follows:

I0 = 0 277.1 1.772 I1 = = = 25.82 45.55 A Z 10.73 43.78 ZLI + 3 V2 9.218 216.59 I2 = = = 0.8591172.81 A Z 10.73 43.78 ZL2 + 3 Using (8.1.20)-(8.1.22), the source currents are: V1

Ia = (0 + 25.82 45.55 + 0.8591172.81 ) = 25.15 46.76 A I b = (0 + 25.82 45.55 + 240 + 0.8591172.81 + 120 ) = 25.71196.34 A Ic = (0 + 25.82 45.55 + 120 + 0.8591172.81 + 240 ) = 26.62 73.77 A

8.6 PER-UNIT SEQUENCE MODELS OF THREEPHASE TWO-WINDING TRANSFORMERS

FIGURE 8.18

EXAMPLE 8.7

Solving unbalanced three-phase networks with transformers using per-unit sequence components

A 75-kVA, 480-volt /208-volt Y transformer with a solidly grounded neutral is connected between the source and line of Example 8.6. The transformer leakage reactance is Xeq=0.10 per unit; winding resistances and exciting current are neglected. Using the transformer ratings as base quantities, draw the per-unit sequence networks and calculate the phase a source current Ia. SOLUTION The base quantities are Sbase1=75/3=25 kVA, VbaseHLN=480/3=277.1 volts, VbaseXLN=208/3=120.1 volts, and ZbaseX=(120.1)2/25.000=0.5770. The sequence components of the actual source voltages are given in Figure 8.17. In per-unit, these voltages are

15.91 62.11 = 0.05742 62.11 per unit V0 = 277.1

277.1 1.772 V1 = = 1.0 1.772 per unit 277.1 9.218 216.59 V2 = = 0.03327 216.59 per unit 277.1

The per-unit line and load impedances, which are located on the low-voltage side of the transformers, are

1 85 = 1.733 85 per unit ZL0 = ZL1 = ZL2 = 0.577 Z 10 40 Zload1 = Zload 2 = = = 17.33 40 per unit 3(0.577) 0.577
The per-unit sequence networks are shown in figure 8.20. Note that the per-unit line and load impedances, when referred to the high-voltage side of the phaseshifting transformers, do not change (see(3.1.26)). Therefore, from Figure 8.20, the sequence components of the source currents are

I0 = 0

V1 1.0 1.772 I1 = = jX eq + ZL1 + Zload1 j0.10 + 1.733 85 + 17.33 40 I1 = 0.05356 45.77 per unit V2 0.03327 216.59 I2 = = jX eq + ZL2 + Zload2 18.67 44.0 I 2 = 0.001782 172.59 per unit

The phase a source current is then, using (8.1.20),

Ia = I0 + I1 + I 2 Ia = 0 + 0.05356 45.77 + 0.001782 172.59 Ia = 0.05216 46.19 per unit 75.000 = 90.21A 480 3 Ia = (0.05216)(90.21) 46.19 = 4.705 46.19 A I baseH =

8.7

PER-UNIT SEQUENCE MODELS OF THREEPHASE THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMERS

For the general zero-sequence network, Figure 8.21(a), the connection between terminals H and H depends on how the high-voltage windings are connected, as follows: 1. Solidly grounded Y-Short H to H. 2. Grounded Y through ZN-Connect (3ZN) from H to H. 3. Ungrounded Y-Leave H-H open as shown. 4. -Short H to the reference bus. EXAMPLE 8.8 Three-winding three-phase transformer: per-unit sequence networks

Three transformers, each identical to that described in Example 3.9, are connected as a three-phase bank in order to feed power from a 99-MVA. 13.8-kV generator to a 345-kV transmission line and to a 34.5-kV distribution line. The transformer windings are connected as follows: 13.8-kV windings (X) : 199.2-kV windings (H): . To generator solidly grounded Y. to 345-kV line

19.92-kV windings (M) :

grounded Y through Zn=j0.10. to 34.5-kV line

The positive-sequence voltages and currents of the high and medium-voltage Y windings lead the corresponding quantities of the low-voltage winding by 30.Draw the per-unit sequence networks, using a three-phase base of 900 MVA and 13.8 kV for terminal X. SOLUTION The per-unit sequence networks are shown in Figure 8.22. Since VbaseX=13.8 kV is the rated line-to-line voltage of terminal X, VbaseM=3(19.92)=34.5 kV, which is the rated line-to-line voltage of terminal M. The base impedance of the medium-voltage terminal is then

ZbaseM

(34.5) 2 = = 1.3225 900

Therefore, the per-unit neutral impedance is

Zn =

j0.10 = j0.07561per unit 1.3225

8.8

POWER IN SEQUENCE NETWORKS

* * SP = Vag I* + V I + V I a bg b cg c

(8.8.1)

SP = Vag

Vbg

I* a * T * Vbg I = V IP b P I* c

(8.8.2)

where T denotes transpose and * denotes complex conjugate. Now, using (8.1.9) and (8.1.16),

SP = (AVs )T (AIs )* = VsT [A T A* ]I* s

(8.8.3)

Using the definition of A, which is (8.1.8), to calculate the term within the brackets of (8.8.3), and noting that a and a2 are conjugates

1 1 2 A T A* = 1 a 1 a 1 1 2 A T A* = 1 a 1 a 3 0 A T A* = 0 3 0 0

1 1 1 1 1 a 2 a a 2 2 a 1 a a 1 1 1 1 1 a a 2 a 2 2 a a 1 a 0 0 = 3U 3

(8.8.4)

Equation (8.8.4) can now be used in (8.8.3) to obtained

I* 0 * = + + SP = 3VsT I* 3 V V V [ 0 1 2 ] I1 s I* 2
* * SP = 3(V0 I* 0 +V 1I1 + V2 I 2 ) = 3Ss

(8.8.5)

(8.8.6)

EXAMPLE 8.9 Power in sequence networks Calculate SP and Ss delivered by the three-phase source in Example 8.6. Verify that SP=3Ss. SOLUTION Using (8.5.1),
SP = (227 0 )(25.15 +46.76 ) + (260 120 )(25.71 196.34 ) + (295 115 )(26.62 73.77 ) SP = 15.520 + j14.870 = 21.490 43.78 VA

In the sequence domain.

* * Ss = V0 I* 0 +V 1I1 + V2 I 2

Ss = 0 + (277.1 1.77 )(25.82 45.55 ) + (9.218 216.59 )(0.859 172.81 ) Ss = 5172 + j4958 = 7163 43.78 VA Also, 3Ss = 3(7163 43.78 ) = 21.490 43.78 = SP