Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination

Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification
IEC 60071-1
Fachgebiet Hochspannungstechnik
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2
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Classification Classification of of real real stress stress
"Continuous (power-frequency) voltage"
Power-frequency voltage, considered having constant r.m.s. value, continuously applied to any pair of terminals of an insulation configuration f = 50 Hz or 60 Hz T1 3 600 s Any power-frequency voltage lasting for 1 h or more is considered a continuous voltage! Conversion into
Standard Standard voltage voltage
"Standard power-frequency voltage"
A sinusoidal voltage with frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz T1 to be specified by the apparatus committees T1 up to 2 years! see next slides
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Example: Example: Cable tests at power-frequency voltage
Lifetime characteristic:
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Example: Example: Cable tests at power-frequency voltage
11.4 years
Source: Brugg Cables
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"Temporary overvoltage"
Power-frequency overvoltage of relatively long duration. The overvoltage may be damped or undamped. In some cases its frequency may be several times smaller or higher than power frequency. 10 Hz < f < 500 Hz 3 600 s T1 0.02 s Highest values by following main reasons: phase-to-earth earth faults and load rejection phase-to-phase load rejection longitudinal phase opposition during synchronization of two grids Conversion into
Example [THI-01]
"Standard short-duration power-frequency voltage"
A sinusoidal voltage with frequency between 48 Hz and 62 Hz T1 = 60 s

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"Transient overvoltage"
Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Slow-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional 5000 s Tp > 20 s T2 20 ms Main reasons: line faults, switching Conversion into

An impulse voltage of Tp = 250 s T2 = 2 500 s
"Standard switching impulse"
Example [THI-01]
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Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Fast-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional 20 s T1 > 0.1 s T2 300 s Main reasons: lightning strokes, switching Conversion into

An impulse voltage of T1 = 1.2 s T2 = 50 s
"Standard lightning impulse"
Example [THI-01] Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2 -7-

Short-duration overvoltage of few milliseconds or less, oscillatory or non-oscillatory, usually highly damped. May be followed by temporary overvoltages. In this case, both events are considered as separate events. "Very-fast-front overvoltage" Transient overvoltage, usually unidirectional Tf < 100 ns (Tt 3 ms) basic oscillation (1st harmonics) 30 kHz < f < 300 kHz superimposed oscillations 300 kHz < f < 100 MHz Main reasons: switching of disconnectors in GIS Conversion into

not standardized
Example [THI-01]
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"Combined (temporary, slow-front, fast-front, very-fast-front) overvoltage"
Consisting of two voltage components simultaneously applied between each of the two phase terminals of a phase-to-phase (or longitudinal) insulation and earth. It is classified by the component of the higher peak value. Conversion into
"Standard combined switching impulse"
Combined impulse voltage having two components of equal peak value and opposite polarity. The positive component is a standard switching impulse and the negative one is a switching impulse whose times to peak and half value should not be less than those of the positive impulse. Both impulses should reach their peak values at the same instant. The peak value of the combined voltage is, therefore, the sum of the peak values of the components.
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Temporary Overvoltages Earth Faults

Reasons for temporary overvoltages: earth faults load rejection resonance phenomena In case of earth faults the overvoltage amplitudes depend on neutral earthing fault location. Important parameter: Earth fault factor k
IEC 60071-1
... in other "words": k =

U LE Ub / 3
ULE ... phase-to-earth voltage of sound phase during fault Ub ... phase-to-phase voltage at same location before fault
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The earth fault factor depends on the ratio of the complex impedances Z1 and Z0 of the positive and zero sequence systems (German: "Mitsystem", "Nullsystem"). In case of neglecting the resistances (possible in high-voltage systems) it depends on the ratio of the reactances X0 and X1:
k = 3 1 + X 0 / X1 + ( X 0 / X1 ) 2 + X 0 / X1
2
solidly earthed neutral
resonant earthed not for neutral, practical use! isolated neutral
resonant earthed neutral, isolated neutral
a ratio of X0/X1 = -2 must be avoided!
according to [BAL-04]
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Treatment of neutral in Germany (VDEW, 1998):
treatment of neutral isolated resonant earthed solidly earthed 10 kV 8.6% 77.8% 13.6% 20 kV < 0.1% 92.8% 2.2% 110 kV 0.0% 80.9% 19.1% 380 kV 0.0% 0.7% 99.3%
Pictures: VATech
Earthing reactor (Petersen coil): fixed or switchable type

Earthing reactor (Petersen coil): variable core type
Caused Caused by by several several recent recent blackouts blackouts it it has has been been considered considered internationally internationally to to increasingly increasingly operate operate sub-transmission sub-transmission systems 170 kV) in the resonant systems ( (U Us s 170 kV) in the resonant earthed earthed mode mode in in order order to to increase increase reliability reliability of of power power supply. supply. [Information [Information from from a a Cigr Cigr meeting meeting in in Frankfurt, Frankfurt, October October 2005] 2005]
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Drive
Lead screw (the core is actually in 100% position) core movement
Fixed part of the core
Active part of a high-voltage reactor with variable core

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Earth fault in case of isolated neutral system:
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fault
according to [BAL-04] - 15 -

fault clearing
k = 2 due to capacitances of zero sequence system, charged to a direct voltage

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Intermitting earth fault in case of isolated neutral system: new fault after initial fault clearing
voltage of faulty phase


Intermitting earth fault in case of isolated neutral system: new fault after initial fault clearing
voltage of sound phase


Intermitting earth fault in case of isolated neutral system:
voltage of the zero sequence system


k 3 ... 2
k 1.4
1.4 < k < 1.8
k 3 ...1.85
IEC 60071-1
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Temporary Overvoltages Load Rejection (Example 1)

Increase Increase in in generator generator voltage voltage of of 120% 120% voltage voltage increase increase on on highhighvoltage voltage side side of of generator generator transformer: transformer: from from 380 380 kV kV 460 460 kV kV for for 1.4 1.4 s s duration! duration!
Example according to [ETG-93]

Increase Increase in in frequency frequency leads leads to to repeated repeated phase phase oppositions oppositions at at the the open open circuit circuit breaker breaker for for several several minutes, minutes, see see next next slide slide
Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination / Chapter 2 - 21 -

Phase Phase opposition opposition between between open open circuit circuit breaker breaker terminals terminals stress stress of of longitudinal longitudinal insulation insulation
Example according to [ETG-93]

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Voltage Voltage increase increase by by factor factor of of 1.35; 1.35; decrease decrease to to factor factor of of 1.2 1.2 after after 2 2 s. s.
2: Constant excitation (manual regulation) 1: Excitation by rotating rectifiers
Example according to [DOR-81]

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TOV TOV at at the the end end of of a a long long transmission transmission line line caused by capacitive currents can be controlled by parallel compensation Ue ... voltage at end of line Ua ... voltage at line entrance 1 ... phase angle of the positive system 1 = a
Ua Ue = cos 1
v1
v1 ... phase velocity of the positive system v1 =
1 L1C1
Not Not an an issue issue for for "normal" "normal" length length transmission lines
[DOR-81]
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Temporary Overvoltages Load Rejection (Summary)

Temporary overvoltages caused by load rejection depend on the rejected load the system layout after disconnection the characteristics of the sources (short-circuit power, generator type and regulation) Extremes: Low values of temporary overvoltages in systems with relatively short lines and high values of the short-circuit power at the terminal stations. High values of temporary overvoltages in systems with long lines and low values of shortcircuit power at the generating side (= typical situation of extra-high voltage systems in their initial stage). Voltage Voltage increase increase factors factors due due to to load load rejection: rejection: moderately moderately extended extended systems: systems: < < 1.2 1.2 p.u. p.u. for for up up to to several several minutes minutes widely widely extended extended systems: systems: 1.5 1.5 p.u. p.u. for for some some seconds seconds close close to to turbo turbo generator: generator: 1.3 1.3 p.u. p.u. close close to to salient salient pole pole (German: (German: "Schenkelpol") "Schenkelpol") generator: generator: 1.5 1.5 p.u. p.u.
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Temporary Overvoltages Resonance Phenomena

Temporary overvoltages caused by resonance phenomena generally arise when circuits with large capacitive elements, such as lines cables series compensated lines and inductive elements having non-linear magnetizing characteristics, such as transformers shunt reactors are energized, or as result of load rejections.
Can easily be avoided by de-tuning the system from the resonance frequency!
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Temporary Overvoltages Resonance Phenomena (Example 1)

rd harmonics Energizing Energizing a a transformer transformer in in a a grid grid tuned tuned to to resonance resonance at at 3 3rd harmonics (150 (150 Hz) Hz)
[DOR-81]
Grid tuned to 150 Hz TOV of 1.9 p.u.

Grid tuned to (150 Hz 7%) TOV of 1.2 p.u.

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Temporary Overvoltages Resonance Phenomena (Example 2)

th harmonics Load Load rejection rejection with with transformer transformer in in a a grid grid tuned tuned to to resonance resonance at at 5 5th harmonics (250 (250 Hz) Hz)
[DOR-81]
length of line: a
Length of line: 174 km fr = 250 Hz 5th harmonics 33% TOV = 1.7 p.u.
Length of line: 116 km fr = 300 Hz 5th harmonics 10% TOV = 1. p.u.

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Temporary Overvoltages and Surge Arresters

Surge Surge arresters arresters cannot cannot limit limit TOV! TOV! Exception: Exception: resonance resonance effects effects may may be be suppressed suppressed or or even even avoided avoided by by MO MO arresters. arresters. Care Care has has then then to to be be taken taken not not to to thermally thermally overload overload the the arresters! arresters!
5
Possible voltages without arresters Magnitude of (over-)voltage / p.u.

4
Withstand voltage of equipment

3
region region of of impressed impressed current current voltage voltage develops develops according according to to U-IU-I-characteristics characteristics region region of of impressed impressed voltage voltage current current develops develops according according to to U-IU-I-characteristics characteristics
1,3 1,25
Voltages limited by arresters

k t ov = U / U r
0
Lightning overvoltages (Microseconds) Switching overvoltages (Milliseconds) Temporary overvoltages Highest voltage of equipment (Seconds) (Continuously)
1,2 1,15 1,1 1,05 1 0,95 0,9 0,85 0,8 0,1 1 10 100 1000
Time duration of (over-)voltage
t /s
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Overvoltage Protection and Insulation Coordination

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Voltage Stress in Power Systems - Classification