Angle based Aggregation and Routing in WSN: Multi-Agent approach

Prashant Sangulagi1, A. V. Sutagundar1, S. S. Manvi2, B. S. Halakarnimath3

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Basaveshwar Engineering College, Bagalkot-587102, INDIA 2 Reva Institute of Technology and Management, Bangalore, INDIA. 3 S. G. Balekundri Institute of Technology, Belgaum, INDIA Email: (psangulgi, basaprabhu97)@gmail.com, (ashok_ec, agentsun_2002)@yahoo.com,
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AbstractEnergy, delay and bandwidth are the main issues in the sensor network as nodes are operated by battery power, utilizing the energy in the efficient way is challenging task. By making efficient routing and aggregating the information one can consume the less energy and bandwidth. Selection of optimal routing and aggregation technique is the challenging task in WSN. In this paper we are propose the zonal based data aggregation and routing in WSN. Proposed scheme gets the users interest and depending on that it sink manager agent finds the angle at which the sectors are to be created. Based on the number of nodes, SMA decides the number of zones in a sector. SMA triggers aggregation agent for data aggregation in the respective zones. To validate the proposed scheme, we have simulated the scheme for various performance parameters. Keywords: Information Aggregation, Mobile Agent, Routing, Static Agent, WSN, Energy, Angle. I. INTRODUCTION

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) consist of spatially distributed sensor nodes, which have the capability to sense the environment, process it and send the sensed information to the sink node or base station. WSN mainly consist of four units sensing unit, processing unit, transceiver unit and power unit [1]. The sensor network can be used in various applications like health monitoring, environmental parameter monitoring, battle field monitoring, and industrial application, tracking the parameters, home application and mainly military application. WSN are low cost, low power (operated by battery), multifunctional, small in size and communicate in a small distance. In WSN nodes can be deployed in a random manner or manually depends upon user requirements. Each node has a capability to communicate with the other node or directly to the sink node. The characteristics of WSN are explained in [2]. WSN can be used for scalar applications and multimedia application, scalar data like temperature, humidity, pressure, fire detection etc. multimedia data like image capturing, video recording and audio. Routing is WSN is challenging thing as nodes are operated by battery power and have lower bandwidth. Routing approaches for ad-hoc networks proved not to be suitable to sensors networks. This is due to different routing requirements for ad-hoc and sensor networks in several aspects. For instance, communication in sensor networks is from multiple

sources to a single sink, which is not the case in ad-hoc networks [16]. Routing the data is one of the challenging tasks in WSN. Energy required transmitting the data from one point to another is equal to square of the distance so efficient routing is must in sensor network because sensor nodes have low energy and bandwidth. Mainly routing protocols in WSN are divided in three types flat based routing [3]; hierarchical-based routing [4, 5] and location based routing [3]. Data aggregation has been put forward as an essential paradigm for wireless routing in sensor networks. The idea is to combine the data coming from different sources enroute eliminating redundancy, minimizing the number of transmissions and thus saving energy. This paradigm shifts the focus from the traditional address-centric approaches for networking (finding short routes between pairs of addressable end-nodes) to a more data-centric approach (finding routes from multiple sources to a single destination that allows innetwork consolidation of redundant data). There are many types of aggregation techniques in WSN namely centralized approach, In-network aggregation [6], Tree-based approach [7] and Cluster based approach [8] etc. Software agents are the suitable for data aggregation and routing in WSN. Software agents can used for the data aggregation for the following reasons. A) Software Agents Agent is a piece of software that can achieve a specific task in an autonomous way, in other words agents are autonomous program situated within an environment which sense the environment and act upon it to achieve the goals. The agents perform the following functions: (1) eliminating data redundancy among sensors by application context-aware local processing at the node level; (2) eliminating spatial redundancy among closely-located sensors by data aggregation at the task level; (3) reducing communication overhead by concatenating data at the combined task level. Agents have some special properties such as mandatory property and orthogonal property [11, 12]. Orthogonal properties provide strong notion of the agents such as: mobility, collaborative, learning. Mandatory properties such as: autonomy, decision-making, temporal continuity, goal oriented. Agents are classified into two type static agents and mobile agent [13]. Static agent is stationary in nature, which is usually used to find the path between the nodes and creating a routing table. On the other hand mobile agents which always migrate from one node to another node (Mobility

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Angle based Aggregation and Routing in WSN: Multi-Agent approach

characteristic) gets the information from it and again jumps to another node till it reaches the destination. Agent-based approaches have been a source of technologies to a number of research areas, both theoretical and applied [9].An agent is anything that can be viewed as perceiving its environment through sensors and acting upon that environment through effectors [10]. Advantages of mobile agents explained in [14]. Agents can be written in Java, Tcl, Perl and XML languages. By using mobile agents in WSN we can consume nodes energy as it takes very less amount of energy for computation and transportation. B) Our Contributions 1. User specified area is selected by using Semi Definite Program. 2. In-network aggregation and cluster based aggregation techniques are used to eliminate redundancy in the data. 3. Using Multi-Agents to aggregate the sensed data from the different sensor nodes. 4. Different routing techniques for different applications (Sink driven, Time driven and Emergency information driven). In this paper we propose angle based aggregation and routing in WSN (A2RWSN) using multi-agent system that provides better energy efficiency, reduced delay, increases network lifetime. The organization of paper is as follows: section II presents proposed work and section III depicts Simulation and Results. II. PROPOSED WORK This section provides the complete model of the proposed work. It starts with the representation of the system environment and then describes different mathematical models. Then different agencies with their models and interactions are presented. A. System environment The system environment mainly consists of sensor nodes and Sink Node (SN). Sink Node is fixed and its position is also prefixed. Scalar sensor nodes are deployed in the given network randomly. Depends upon user interest SN creates angle through user prescribed direction by using agent technology. Once the angle is created next step is to create zones and subzones (subzones are created when user/controller requested area is large). Zones are created in such way that more number of nodes should be covered in it. Zone Head (ZH) is elected depends upon its residual energy and distance from sink node. ZH exchanges message between all its zonal members telling that Im the ZH of this zone and updates its data base that is ZBB (Zone Black Board). Upon receiving request from controller, SN) sends mobile agent into the zone called as Aggregator Agent (AA). System environment is as shown below figure1. B. Agencies In this section, the sink agency, zone agency and node agency used in this proposes schemes are discussed. 1) Sink Node Agency The sink agency comprises of Sink Black Board (SBB), Sink Manager Agent (SMA), Angle Construction Agent (ACA) and Aggregator Agent (AA). Sink node agency is as shown below figure2.

Figure1. System Environment Sink Black Board (SBB): SBB is a sink nodes knowledge base which can be read and it is updated by SMA which is static agent. It stores all information about the present node and all its members, like its node id, GPS location information (x, y), battery left, status, signal strength, previously sensed data with time, and presently sensed data with time.

Figure2: Sink Node Agency Sink Manager Agent (SMA): SMA is a static agent and it manages whole sensor node activity. SMA monitors and updates SBB continuously. SMA creates mainly two agents, ACA and AA both are mobile agents. When SN receives interest from the user/controller, SMA generates ACA which constructs angle depends upon user required area. After the selection of area, zones are created in it. Now SMA creates AA (in both time driven and sink driven) which is going to migrate into the zones and collects data, aggregates them and at last comes back to the SN with aggregated high quality information about the environment. Angle Construction Agent (ACA): ACA is a mobile agent generated by SMA. ACA is mainly used to construct the angle depending upon user interested area. In case of time driven sink node simply draw the angle which is prefixed. When SN receives the interest or when the time stamp completes SMA draws the angle in a required direction and constructed angle and is updated to SBB. Angle is constructed in such a manner that first node finds its next node which is located exactly or approximately to the given angle. Same process continues with the next nodes, if a node does not find any nodes in given

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Angle based Aggregation and Routing in WSN: Multi-Agent approach

angle then that node acts as a final node. Formulae used for constructing angle is = tan-1 ((y2-y1) / (x2-x1)); (x1, y1)= node 1st position (x2, y2)= node 2nd position Aggregator Agent (AA): AA is a mobile agent generated by SMA [15]. The AA is mainly used to aggregate the information from the nodes in the network or zones; AA reduces redundancy in the information and extract only required information from the sensed data. In both sink driven and time driven AA is used. 2) Zone Agency Zone agency comprises of static agent, mobile agents and Zone Black Board (ZBB). Static agent used in it are Zone Manager Agent (ZMA), Mobile agents used in it are Node Discovery Agent (NDA) and Aggregator Agent (AA). ZH is selected depends upon its residual energy and distance from SN. Zone agency block diagram as shown below figure3. updates ZBB and stores all their information in the section named as Zone members table. Once it finds all the members in the zone means NDA task completes and it dies. 3) Node Agency Node agency comprises of static agent, mobile agents and Node Black Board (NBB). Static agent is Node Manager Agent (NMA) and mobile agents are Emergency Information Agent (EIA) and Aggregator Agent (AA). Node agency is as shown in below figure4. Node Black Board (NBB): It is the database/ knowledge base of the normal sensor node. NBB usually updated by agents and if anyone want to fetch the information about the node they must have to contact NBB. NBB contains information about the node and its neighbors like node id, position, battery, power, status, signal strength, available bandwidth, previously sensed data with time, and present sensed data with time.

Figure 3: Zone Agency Zone Black Board (ZBB): ZBB is a Knowledge base of the ZH and which is always updated by agents. ZBB comprises of Node ID, its location, power in milliwatts, bandwidth in percentage, signal strength, previously aggregated data with time, presently aggregated data with time, status and it also contains nodes information which are comes under the zone like their id, location, signal strength, status and power in milliwatts. Zone Manager Agent (ZMA): ZMA is a static agent and which is responsible for creating ZBB and NDA. ZMA manages whole zone and continuously updates ZBB. ZMA is also used for aggregation purpose. Initially it receives the information from different nodes in the zone and aggregates them; aggregated data is transferred to the SN. In case of sink driven AA meets ZMA and access ZBB and collect latest information, if latest updated data is not available means AA just migrates to all the nodes in the Zone, collect and aggregates the information. Node Discovery Agent (NDA): Node Discovery Agent is a mobile agent generated by ZMA. After the creation of zone, ZH is selected depends upon its residual energy and distance from SN. Now ZMA creates NDA for finding the nodes in the zone. NDA migrates up to two hops and gets the information about neighbor nodes and at last comes back to the ZH and

Figure4. Node Agency Node Manager Agent (NMA): Node Manager Agent is a static agent and which is present in all the sensor nodes. NMA creates EA and NBB and is responsible for synchronizing the actions of the agents within themselves and outside world/agents. NMA is responsible for comparing the sensed information with the predefined information, if the sensed information is much greater than or less than threshold level then NMA create EIA. In non active mode NMA does not send any information to the ZH or SN. Emergency Information Agent (EIA): Emergency agent or Emergency Information Agent is mobile agent generated by NMA. This agent is used to transfer emergency data to sink node in a quick manner and updates NBB. This EIA uses more energy to transfer data to the sink node as the information is very critical and it has to be transferred in a short time; basically EIA will reach to the SN within two or three hops. C. Agent Interactions Agent interaction is mainly divided into three steps, 1) Sink Driven 2) Time Driven and 3) Emergency Data Driven. Agent interactions are as shown below figure5. 1) Sink Driven 1.1 In case of Sink driven user/controller send area of interest to the sink node, depends upon user request SN draws angle on the prescribed direction using mobile agent called ACA

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Angle based Aggregation and Routing in WSN: Multi-Agent approach

which is generated by SMA. After the construction of area, zones are created and ZH is elected. 1.2 Now SMA creates AA which migrates to all nodes in the zone. At first AA moves towards ZH of 1st zone, if latest information is available means it just gathers the information and migrate to next ZH. If latest information is not available means AA will meet all the nodes in the zone and gathers the information and also aggregate them. 1.3 AA will move forward from 1st zone to 2nd zone or subzone and gathers latest information from it. In 1.4 AA now moves forward and meets 3rd subzone and continues same operation. After aggregating the information from 3rd zone, AA moves to SN through 1st zone as it is very near to SN which was shown through 1.5. 1) Sink Agency Nomenclature: Tth= threshold level, Z=zone, a=area, AA= Aggregator Agent, SBB= Sink Black Board, PAD= Presently Aggregated Data, PaD= previously aggregated Data, Tot= Total Aggregated data, ACA= Angle Construction Agent, ZH= Zone Head, SN= Sink Node, SMA: Sink Manager Agent. Begin For automatic time driven basis 1. From SN draw 45degree angles thorough all directions. 2. Draw angle using ACA, which is generated by SMA If A is small Then create only one Z. Else Create more than one Z. 3. Now create AA using SMA 4. AA will migrate to ZH and collect the aggregated data. If (PAD > Tth) Get the data. Else Discard the data. 5. Move to another zone continue step 4. 6. Aggregate datas from different Zs using AA Tot = (Z1s data+Z2 data)/2 or (Z1s data, Z2s data) 7. Tot is passed to the SN using AA 8. Update SBB, goto step 13 For Sink driven basis 9. depends upon user interested area draw angle thorough that area using ACA. ACA is created by SMA. 10. The angles can be = 30, 45, 60, 90 degree. Depend upon users area of interest angle is selected and updates SBB. Angle limitation range => 30< <180 11. If ( <45) Create only one Z Else Create more than one Z. 12. Follow steps 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. 13. Stop End 2) Node Agency Algorithm Nomenclature: Sif= Sensed Information, Tth= predefined threshold level, NBB= Node Black Board, NMA= Node Manager Agent, EIA or EA= Emergency Agent, ZH=Zone Head, AA=Aggregator Agent. Begin 1. Sif is given to NMA and NMA updates NBB. 2. If (Sif > Tth) or (if (Sif > 40% of Tth)) Get the Sif with time and send it to the ZH, update NBB Else Dont send the Sif (if Sif is equal to Tth then no need to send the information), update NBB. 3. ZH receives all nodes information, aggregates them and waits for AA. Go to step 5. 4. If (Sif >> Tth) or (if (Sif > 60% of Tth)) Then that information considered as emergency information Now NMA creates EIA

Figure5. Agent Interaction 1.6 From 1st Zone total aggregated data is given to the SN using the same AA. AA updates SBB. 1.7 From SN the required/interested data is dispatched to the controller/ user side. 2) Time Driven 2.1 When given time stamp completes all the sensor nodes in the zone transmits their sensed data to the ZH. ZH aggregates all the informations. 2.2, 2.3 by using AA the aggregated data is transferred to the 1st ZH. 2.4 1st ZH now has three aggregated datas one its own, second and third are from 2nd and 3rd zone respectively. By using AA they all are aggregated and made them in a single data. Now the data is given to the SN using AA. 1.7 From SN the data is transferred to the controller. 3) Emergency Driven In some cases, if any unaccepted event occurs in the environment means the sensed node immediately send that information to the SN (information should reach SN within 2 or 3 hops). 3.1 At first NMA create EIA which is a mobile agent, sends the event occurred information with time to the nearest ZH. 3.2 From ZH the information is given to the SN without using any intermediate nodes as the information priority is very high. 1.7 From SN Emergency information is given to the controller/user. D. Algorithms

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Angle based Aggregation and Routing in WSN: Multi-Agent approach

EIA gets the information with time and send that information to the SN within 2 or 3 hops. Else Send the information with time to ZH. 5. Update NBB. 6. Stop End 3) Zone Agency Algorithm Nomenclature: Ergy= Nodes Energy, Epre= Nodes initial energy, SBB= Sink Black Board, ZBB= Zone Black Board, ZMA= Zone Manager Agent, AA=Aggregator Agent, Tth= Predefined threshold information, ZH= Zone Head, SN= Sink Node. Begin 1. Zones are created where more number of nodes present. 2. ZH is elected depends upon its residual energy and distance from SN. If (Ergy = 60% of Epre) Then goto next step Else Discard that node and search node which is near to it. 3. If (nodes distance from SN is small) Elect that node as ZH Else Discard that node and choose another node and follow up step 2. 4. If (ZH got request form SN) Then ZH allows AA to migrate into the Zone and gathers and aggregate the sensed information. Else if (Time stamp completes (in case of time driven)) All nodes in the zones send their data to ZH 5. ZMA now allows AA to aggregate all the information in the zone. Upon completion of aggregation AA goes back to SN using shortest path routing, updates ZBB. 6. Stop End IV. SIMULATION and RESULTS Our proposed work is simulated in Turbo C, by considering area as 100X100 meters, number of nodes is varying from 30 to 100, communication range is 15meters, and nodes predefined energy is 1joules. Nodes are deployed in random manner in the network; size of sensed data is 25bytes, type of aggregation used in this is Average. Angle varies from 30 to 180 degrees. Nodes are randomly deployed in the network and sink node is fixed at the center. Area is selected depending upon user request for sink driven application and in case of time driven angle is fixed which is 450 (450 each to all eight directions). The area covered by the angle is called sector and in the sector zones are created where number of nodes are more. ZH is elected depends upon its residual energy and distance from SN. Every node in the zone sends data to the ZH only (in all three sink driven, time driven and emergency driven applications). Performance parameters considered in the proposed scheme are average energy, energy consumption, network lifetime, delay Vs angle. 1. Energy: Each node consumes some energy for receiving/ transmitting, computation, zone formation, angle creation and for aggregation process. 2. Delay: Time to transmit data to ZH and from ZH to SN. Time also consumes for creation of sector and zone. 3. Network lifetime: This metric gives the time of the first node running out of its energy. 4. Node Battery Usage: It is defined as the battery depleted with the usage of a node. 5. Data aggregation: instead of sending raw of data to the SN which consumes lot of energy, nodes compute data aggregation method in it to reduce redundancy in the data. For example if more than one node have same information means only one nodes data is considered and transferred to the SN, discarding other nodes data. The lifetime of the sensor node mainly depends on the Residual Energy of the node. Sensor nodes are in active mode whenever the nodes have the information otherwise node is in inactive (sleep mode). Node consumes more energy in transmitting data then receiving the data. Data aggregation consumes some amount of energy which is in terms of nanojoules. Data aggregation cost will increase linearly if number of nodes are increased. But aggregation process reduces overall energy consumption. If we increase the angle then number of nodes increases and overall energy consumption also increases. The following graphs shows how energy varies as there is an increase in number of nodes and for different angles in both Sink Driven and Time Driven applications. In figure6 depicts that as the number of nodes increases energy consumption also increases taking angle in the third quadrant. This result we have got through Sink Driven application. In Time driven (figure7)

Figure6. Energy consumption Vs Number of Nodes

Figure7. Energy consumption Vs Number of Nodes Instead of increasing angle we have increased its communication range because angle is fixed in case of time

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Angle based Aggregation and Routing in WSN: Multi-Agent approach

driven. The results shows as the communication range increases the energy consumption also increases. Next graph (figure8) is based on delay. As the number of nodes increases delay also increases because for more number of nodes more computation is needed and reaching time also increases. Due to aggregation process also delay increases. Following graph shows how delay is related to number of nodes. Next graph shows aggregation cost for one session. Figure10. Aggregation cost Vs Number of Nodes The network lifetime means, a metric which gives the time of the first node running out of its energy. Generally senor nodes lifetime is very less as nodes are operated by battery power. But by the use of agents one can easily prolong the sensor network lifetime. The network lifetime of our approach is as shown in below figure11. VII. CONCLUSION By using A2RWSN concept one can easily prolong network life time, because for different applications we have different routing methods with multi-agent system involved in it. Aggregation and routing the data is done by using agents only, so there is no wastage of nodes energy, hence nodes lives for long time. Creating the angle also plays an important role here, because only user directed areas nodes are in active mode at that time, rest all nodes are in non-active mode, hence lifetime of network increases.

Figure8. Delay Vs Number of Nodes Basically aggregation cost is very low which is in terms of nano-joules. Figure9 shows how aggregation cost varies in sink driven application. In case of sink driven aggregator agent have to meet all the members of the ZH, collect and aggregate the updated information from them and lastly comes back to SN with a single data which is high quality information about the environment. As the number of nodes increases the amount of aggregation increases hence energy requirement is slight high. In case of time driven, when the given time stamp completes all the nodes in the zone send their information to the ZH and ZH aggregates the all the data. Node use in-network aggregation for aggregation of data. The energy required for this process is slight lower then sink driven application as shown in figure10.

Figure11. Number of rounds Vs Number of Nodes Results shows that both sink driven and time driven saves energy, especially time driven application holds good as its delay is less, saves energy and aggregation cost is also very low. This A2RWSN holds good in all applications whether it may be static application or multimedia application. In our case we have done simulation considering static application. REFERENCES
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Figure9. Aggregation cost Vs Number of Nodes

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