EVEN11

C H A P T E R 11
Vector-Valued Functions
Section 11.1 Vector-Valued Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Section 11.2 Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions . . . 273
Section 11.3 Velocity and Acceleration
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
Section 11.4 Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Section 11.5 Arc Length and Curvature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Review Exercises
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
C H A P T E R 11
Section 11.1
Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

2. rt 4 t 2 i t 2j 6t k
4. rt sin t i 4 cos tj t k
Component functions: f t 4 t
Component functions: f t sin t
gt t 2
gt 4 cos t
ht 6t
ht t
Domain: 2, 2
Domain: ,
6. rt Ft Gt ln t i 5t j 3t 2k i 4t j 3t 2k

ln t 1i 5t 4tj 3t 2 3t 2k
ln t 1i t j
Domain: 0,
t
1
t1
3
8. rt Ft Gt t
3 t

t2
Domain: , 1, 1,
tt 2
10. rt cos t i 2 sin tj

(a) r0 i
(b) r
4
2
i 2 j
(c) r cos i 2 sin j cos i 2 sin j

(d) r
6 t r6 cos6 t i 2 sin6 t j cos6 i 2 sin 6 j
12. rt t i t3
2j et
4k
(a) r0 k
(b) r4 2i 8j e1k
(c) rc 2 c 2i c 23
2j ec2
4k
(d) r9 t r9 9 t i 9 t3
2j e9t
4k 3i 27j e9
4k
9 t 3i 9 t3
2 27j e9t
4 e9
4k
14.
rt t i 3t j 4t k
rt t 2 3t2 4t2
t 9t2 16t2 t1 25t
268
t
t3
3 t j
3 t k
i t 3t 2 t
t

t1
t1
Section 11.1
269
16. rt
ut 3 cos t4 sin t 2 sin t6 cos t t 2t 2 t 3 2t 2, a scalar.
The dot product is a scalar-valued function.
18. rt cos t i sin t j t 2k, 1 t 1
20. rt t i ln tj
2t
k, 0.1 t 5
3
x cos t, y sin t, z t 2

x t, y ln t, z
Thus, x2 y 2 1. Matches (c)
2t
3
Thus, z 3 x and y ln x. Matches (a)

22. rt ti tj 2k
x t, y t, z 2 x y
(a) 0, 0, 20
(c) 5, 5, 5
(b) 10, 0, 0
z
y
1
3
3
1
3
3
y
26. x t 2 t, y t 2 t
24. x 1 t, y t
y 1 x
x 2 cos t
28.
y 2 sin t
x2
Domain: t 0
y2 4
4
y
3
2
6
5
4
1
3
2
x
1
1
1
4 3 2 1
30. x 2 cos3 t, y 2 sin3 t
2x
2
3
2y
2
3
cos2 t sin2 t
1
34. x 3 cos t, y 4 sin t, z
32. x t
y 2t 5
y2
x2

1
9
16
y 3t
Line passing through the points:
x2
3 y2
3 22
3
0, 5, 0,
y
3
z
4
Elliptic helix
(0, 5, 0)
t
2
( 25 , 0, 152 )
52, 0, 152
z
2
2
2
2
4
x
2
4
4
6
4
x
t
2
270
Chapter 11
3
36. x t2, y 2t, z t
2
38. x cos t t sin t

y sin t t cos t
3
y2
x ,z y
4
4
zt
2
1
4
2
3
32
3
2
x2 y 2 1 t 2 1 z 2 or x2 y 2 z 2 1
zt
Helix along a hyperboloid of one sheet
z
4
z
3
4 3
2 1
2
1
1
2
3
5
x
40. rt t i
3
1
t 2 j t 2k
2
42. rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj 2 sin tk

z
Ellipse
Parabola
2
1
1
1
1
2
x
1
1
2
2
x
y
1
44. rt t i t2 j t3h
2
(a) ut r t 2j is a translation

2 units to the left along the y-axis.
z
z
1
(b) u t t2i t j t3k has the roles
2
of x and y interchanged. The graph
is a reflection in the plane x y.
5
5
3
2
1
1
1 2
3 4
5
2
3
2
y
4
3
1 2
3
2
y
2
4
4
1 2
3
4
5
x
(c) ut r t 4k is an upward

shift 4 units.
z
1
(d) u t ti t2 j t3k shrinks the
8
z-value by a factor of 4. The curve
rises more slowly.
(e) ut r t reverses the

orientation.
z
1
2
3
2
1 2
3 4
5
2
3
3
4
x
5
x
y
x
1 2
3
Section 11.1
48. y 4 x2
46. 2x 3y 5 0
Let x t, then y 4 t 2.
1
Let x t, then y 2t 5.
3
rt ti 4 t 2 j
1
rt ti 2t 5j
3
50. x 22 y2 4
52.
Let x 2 2 cos t, y 2 sin t.
x2
y2
1
16
9
Let x 4 cos t, y 3 sin t.
rt 2 2 cos ti 2 sin t j
rt 4 cos ti 3 sin tj
54. One possible answer is

rt 1.5 cos t i 1.5 sin tj
1
tk, 0 t 2

Note that r2 1.5i 2k.

56. r1t ti,
0 t 10 r10 0, r110 10i
r2t 10cos t i sin tj,
0 t
r3t 521 ti 521 tj,

4
r 0 10i, r 4 52i 52 j

2
0 t 1 r30 52i 52 j, r31 0
(Other answers possible)

58. r1t ti t j,
0 t 1 y x
r2t 1 ti 1 tj,
0 t 1 y x
(Other answers possible)

60. z x2 y 2, z 4
Therefore, x2 y2 4 or
x 2 cos t, y 2 sin t, z 4.
rt 2 cos ti 2sin tj 4k
2
62. 4x2 4y2 z2 16, x z2
z
4
1
If z t, then x t2 and y 16 4t4 t2.
2
t
1.3
1.2
1
1.2
1.69
1.44
1.44
0.85
1.25
1.66
1.66
1.25
1.3
1.2
1
1.2
1
rt t2i 16 4t4 t2j tk
2
2
4
x
271
272
Chapter 11
64. x2 y 2 z 2 10, x y 4
Let x 2 sin t, then y 2 sin t

2
z 21 sin2 t 2 cos t.

z

6

2
3
2
5
2
5
2
3
2

6
6
and
2
6
4
x
2
rt 2 sin ti 2 sin tj 2 cos tk

66. x2 y 2 z 2 16, xy 4 (first octant)
z
4
Let x t, then
y
4
t
x2 y 2 z2 t 2
and
16
z 2 16.
t2
1
z t 4 16t 2 16
t
8 43 t 8 43

t
8 43
1.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
8 43
1.0
1.5
2.5
3.0
3.5
3.9
3.9
2.7
1.6
1.3
1.1
1.0
2.6
2.8
2.7
2.3
1.6
4
1
rt ti j t 4 16t 2 16k
t
t
68. x2 y2 et cos t2 et sin t2 e2t z2
70. lim et i
t0
sin t
j et k i j k
t
since
160
120
lim
80
t0
40
40
120 80
40
72. lim t i
t1
80
120
(LHpitals Rule)
ln t
1
j 2t 2 k i j 2k
t2 1
2
1
t
74. lim et i j 2
k 0
t
t
t 1
since
since
lim
sin t
cos t
lim
1
t0 1
t
ln t
1
t 1
lim
. (LHpitals Rule)
1 t1 2t
2
t1 t 2
lim et 0, lim
t
t
1
t
0, and lim 2
0.
t t 1
t
Section 11.2
Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions

78. rt 2et, et, lnt 1
76. rt t i t 1 j
Continuous on t 1 > 0 or t > 1: 1, .
Continuous on 1,
3
t
80. rt 8, t,
82. No. The graph is the same because rt ut 2.
For example, if r0 is on the graph of r, then u2 is the
same point.
Continuous on 0,
84. A vector-valued function r is continuous at t a if
the limit of rt exists as t a and
lim rt ra.
ta
The function rt
ii jj
t 0
is not continuous at t 0.
t < 0
86. Let rt x1ti y1tj z1tk and ut x2ti y2tj z2tk. Then:
lim rt ut lim x1tx2t y1ty2t z1tz2t
t c
t c
lim x1t lim x2t lim y1t lim y2t lim z1t lim z2t
tc
tc
tc
tc
tc
tc
lim x1ti lim y1tj lim z1tk lim x2ti lim y2tj lim z2tk
tc
tc
lim rt lim ut

tc
tc
tc
tc
tc
tc
90. False. The graph of x y z t 3 represents a line.
88. Let
f t
1,1,
if t 0
if t < 0
and rt f ti. Then r is not continuous at c 0,

whereas, r 1 is continuous for all t.
Section 11.2
2. rt ti t 3 j, t0 1
xt t, yt t 3
1
4. rt t 2i j, t0 2
t
xt t 2, yt
y x3
r1 i j
x
rt i 3t 2j
rt0 is tangent to the curve.
y
4
3
4 3 2
1
2
4
2
3
4
1
y2
rt0 is tangent to the curve.
r'
(1, 1)
1
t
1
r2 4i j
2
1
rt 2t i 2 j
t
1
r2 4 i j
4
r1 i 3j
273
r'
x
8
1
274
Chapter 11
3
8. rt ti t 2 j k, t0 2
2
6. rt t i 4 t 2j
(a)
y x 2, z
r(1)
rt i 2tj
r(1.25)
r (1.25) r (1)
3
r2 2 i 4 j k
2
x
3
1
1
r2 i 4j
r1 i 3j
(b)
r1.25 1.25i 2.4375j
2
2
r1.25 r1 0.25i 0.5625j

rt i 2tj
(c)
3
2
4
2
2
x
r 1 i 2j
r'
6
r1.25 r1 0.25i 0.5625j

i 2.25j
1.25 1
0.25
This vector approximates r1.
t2
1
10. rt i 16tj k
t
2
1
rt 2 i 16j tk
t
14. rt sin t t cos t, cos t t sin t, t 2
rt t sin t, t cos t, 2t
18. rt t2 ti t2 tj

(a) rt 2t 1i 2t 1 j
r t 2 i 2j
(b) rt rt 2t 12 2t 12 8t
12. rt 4 t i t2 t j ln t2 k
rt
2
t
i 2t t
t2
2 t
j 2t k
16. rt arcsin t, arccos t, 0
rt
1 1 t , 1 1 t , 0
2
20. rt 8 cos ti 3 sin tj

(a) rt 8 sin ti 3 cos tj
r t 8 cos t i 3 sin tj
(b) rt rt 8 sin t8 cos t 3 cos t 3 sin t
55 sin t cos t
22. rt ti 2t 3j 3t 5k

(a) rt i 2j 3k
r t 0
(b) rt rt 0
24. rt et, t2, tant
(a) rt et, 2t, sec2 t
r t et, 2, 2 sec2 t tan t
(b) rt rt e2t 4t 2 sec4 t tan t
Section 11.2
rt t i t 2j e0.75t k, t0
26.
1
4
rt i 2tj 0.75e0.75t k

r
0.1875 k

1
r
4
( 1)
1
r'' ( 4 )
r'' 4
1
3
i j e316k
2
4
2
1
1
2
1
2
y
1
12
2
14 i 12 j 0.75e
2
( 1)
1
r' ( 4 )
r' 4
3
e316
4

2
275
20 9e
5
9
e38
4 16
4
38
1
r14

4i 2j 3e316k
r1 4 20 9e38
rt 2i
r
9 0.75t
e
k
16
14 2 i 169 e
316k
14 2 169 e
r
316
81
e
4 256
38
1024 81e38
16
r14
1

32j 9e316k
r14 1024 81e38
28.
rt
1
i 3tj
t1
rt
r sin i 1 cos j
30.
r 1 cos i sin j
1
i 3j
t 12
r2n 1
0, n any integer
Smooth on 2n 1
, 2n 1
Not continuous when t 1

Smooth on , 1, 1,
32. rt
rt
2t
2t2
i
j
3
8t
8 t3
34. rt et i et j 3tk
16 4t3
32t 2t 4
i 3
j
3
2
t 8
t 82
rt et i et j 3k 0
1
36. rt t i t 2 1 j tk
4
rt
r is smooth for all t: ,
rt 0 for any value of t.
1
1
i 2tj k 0
4
2 t
r is smooth for all t > 0: 0,
r is not continuous when t 2.

Smooth on , 2, 2, .
38. rt ti 2 sin tj 2 cos tk
1
ut i 2 sin tj 2 cos tk
t
(a) rt i 2 cos tj 2 sin tk
(b) rt 2 sin tj 2 cos tk
(c) rt ut 1 4 sin2 t 4 cos2 t 5
(d) 3rt ut 3t
Dtrt ut 0, t 0
CONTINUED
1
i 4 sin tj 4 cos tk
t
Dt3rt ut 3
1
i 4 cos tj 4 sin tk
t2
276
Chapter 11
38. CONTINUED
(e) rt ut
i
t
1t
j
k
2 sin t 2 cos t
2 sin t 2 cos t
2 cos t
1t tj 2 sin tt 1t k
Dtrt ut 2 sin t
1t t 2 cos t t1 1j
2
2 cos t t
1
1
2 sin t 1 2
t
t
k
(f) rt t2 4
1
t
Dtrt t 2 4122t
t 2 4
2
rt t 2 i tj
40.
1.0
rt 2t i j
rt rt 2t 3 t
rt t 4 t 2, rt 4t 2 1
cos
2t 3
0.5
t
t 4 t 2 4t 2 1
arccos
t 4
2t 3 t
t 2 4t 2 1
22.
0.340 19.47maximum at t 0.707

for any t.
2
42. rt lim
t0
lim
rt t rt

t
t t i t 3 t j 2t tk t i 3t j 2tk

t
t0
3
3

t t t
t t
t
lim
i
j 2k
t0
t
t
lim
t
lim
t0
t0
44.

t
t t t
i
3t
j 2k
t ttt
1
3
i
j 2k

t

tt
t t t
3
1
i 2 j 2k
t
2 t
8
4t 3 i 6tj 4 tk dt t 4 i 3t 2 j t 32 k C
3
46.

1
ln t i j k dt t ln t ti ln tj t k C
t
(Integration by parts)
48.
et i sin tj cos tk dt et i cos tj sin tk C
Section 11.2
50.
52.

1
3 t k dt
t i t 3j
54.
ti etj tetk dt
t2 i
1
t4 j
4
1
1
34t k
43
1
2 i e j t 1e k
t2
277
et
et
sin t cos ti
cos t sin t j C
2
2
et sin t i et cos t j dt
0
56. rt
2i e2 1j e2 1k

3t 2 j 6 tk dt t 3 j 4t 32 k C
r0 C i 2j
rt i 2 t 3j 4t32k
58. rt 4 cos ti 3 sin tk

rt 4 sin t i 3 cos tk C1
r0 3k 3k C1 C1 0
rt 4 cos t i 3 sin t k C2
r0 4i C2 4j C2 4j 4i
rt 4 cos t 4i 4 j 3 sin tk
60. rt
r1

1
1
1
1
i 2 j k dt arctan t i j ln t k C
1 t2
t
t
t
i j C 2i C 2
ij
4
4
rt 2
1
arctan t i 1 j ln tk
4
t
62. To find the integral of a vector-valued function, you

integrate each component function separately. The
constant of integration C is a constant vector.
64. The graph of ut does not change position relative to the
xy-plane.
66. Let rt x1ti y1tj z1tk and ut x2ti y2tj z2tk.
rt ut x1t x2ti y1t y2t j z1t z2t k
Dtrt ut x1t x2t i y1t y2t j z1t z2t k
x1ti y1tj z1tk x2ti y2tj z2tk
rt ut
68. Let rt x1ti y1tj z1tk and ut x2ti y2tj z2tk.
rt ut y1tz2t z1ty2t i x1tz2t z1tx2t j x1ty2t y1tx2t k
Dtrt ut y1tz2t y1tz2t z1ty2t z1ty2t i x1tz2t x1tz2t z1tx2t z1tx2t j
x1ty2t x1ty2t y1tx2t y1tx2t k

y1tz2t z1ty2ti x1tz2t z1tx2t j x1ty2t y1tx2tk
y1tz2t z1ty2ti x1tz2t z1tx2t j x1ty2t y1tx2t k

rt ut rt ut
278
Chapter 11
70. Let rt xti ytj ztk. Then rt xti ytj ztk.
rt rt ytzt ztyti xtzt ztxt j xtyt ytxtk
Dtrt rt ytzt ytzt ztyt ztyti xtzt xtzt ztxt ztxt j
xtyt xtyt ytxt ytxtk

ytzt ztyti xtzt ztxt j xtyt ytxtk rt rt
72. Let rt xti ytj ztk. If rt rt is constant,
then:
74. False
Dtrt ut rt ut rt ut
x2t y 2t z 2t C
(See Theorem 11.2, part 4)
Dtx2t y 2t z2t DtC

2xtxt 2ytyt 2ztzt 0
2xtxt ytyt ztzt 0
2rt rt 0
Therefore, rt rt 0.
Section 11.3
Velocity and Acceleration
2. rt 6 t i t j
4. rt t2i t3j
y
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
vt rt 2ti 3t2j
vt rt i j
at rt 0
at rt 2i 6tj
x 6 t, y t, y 6 x
(3, 3)
x y23
x t2, y t3
At 1, 1, t 1.
(1, 1)
x
v1 2i 3j
2 3 4 5 6 7
a1 2i 6j
y
8. rt et, et
6. rt 3 cos ti 2 sin tj

vt 3 sin ti 2 cos tj
vt rt et, et
at 3 cos ti 2 sin tj
at rt
et,
et
1
x 3 cos t, y 2 sin t,
x2 y2
1 Ellipse
9
4
At 3, 0, t 0.
v0 1, 1 i j
1
1
10. rt 4t i 4tj 2t k

vt 4i 4j 2k
st vt
16 16 4 6
a0 1, 1 i j
v
a
at 0
At 1, 1, t 0.
a0 3i
x
2
1
1
x et t, y et, y
e
x
v0 2j
v
(1, 1)
(3, 0)
x
1
Section 11.3
1
12. rt 3ti tj t2k
4
279
14. rt t 2 i tj 2t 32k

vt 2ti j 3
t k
1
vt 3i j tk
2
st
st
4t 2 1 9t
4t 2 9t 1
9 1 41t
10 41t
2
at 2i
3
k
2
t
1
at k
2
16. rt et cos t, et sin t, et
18. (a)
vt et cos t et sin ti et sin t et cos tj et k
rt t,
25 t 2,
25 t 2 , t0 3
rt 1,
st
e2tcos t sin t2 e2tcos t sin t2 e2t
t
3 3
r3 1, ,
4 4
et
3
at 2et sin ti 2et cos tj et k
t
25 t 2
25 t 2
3
x 3 t, y z 4 t
4
3
3
(b) r3 0.1 3 0.1, 4 0.1, 4 0.1
4
4
3.100, 3.925, 3.925
20. at 2i 3k
vt
22. at cos t i sin tj, v0 j k, r0 i
2i 3k dt 2ti 3tk C
vt
v0 C 4j vt 2ti 4j 3tk

rt
cos t i sin t j dt sin t i cos t j C
v0 j C j k C k
3
2ti 4j 3tk dt t2i 4tj t2k C
2
vt sin t i cos t j k

rt
3
r0 C 0 rt t2i 4tj t2k
2
sin t i cos tj k dt
cos ti sin tj tk C
r2 4i 8j 6k
r0 i C i C 0
rt cos t i sin tj tk
r2 cos 2i sin 2j 2k
24. (a) The speed is increasing.

(b) The speed is decreasing.
26. rt 900 cos 45 t i 3 900 sin 45 t 16t 2 j
450
2t i 3 450
2t 16t 2j
The maximum height occurs when yt 450
2 32t 0, which implies that t 225
2 16.
The maximum height reached by the projectile is
y 3 450
2
22516 2 1622516 2
50,649
6331.125 feet.
8
The range is determined by setting yt 3 450

2t 16t 2 0 which implies that
t
450
2
405,192
39.779 seconds.
32
Range: x 450
2
450
2
405,192
32
25,315.500 feet
280
Chapter 11
28. 50 mph
rt
220
ft/sec
3
220
cos 15 t i 5
sin 15 t 16t j
220
3
3
2
The ball is 90 feet from where it is thrown when

x
27
220
cos 15 t 90 t
1.2706 seconds.
3
22 cos 15
The height of the ball at this time is

y5
27
27
sin 15
16
220
3
22 cos 15
22 cos 15
3.286 feet.
30. y x 0.005x 2
From Exercise 34 we know that tan
is the coefficient of x. Therefore, tan
1,
4 rad 45 . Also
16
sec2
negative of coefficient of x 2
v02
16
2 0.005 or v0 80 ft/sec
v02
rt 40
2ti 40
2t 16t 2j. Position function.
When 40
2t 60,
t
60
3
2

4
40
2
vt 40
2i 40
2 32tj
v
3 4 2 40
2 i 40
2 24
2 j 8
25i 2j
Speed
v 3 4 2 8
32. Wind: 8 mph
2
25 4 8
58 ftsec
176
ftsec
15
rt 140cos 22 t
176
i 2.5 140 sin 22 t 16t2j
15
50
direction
450
0
When x 375, t 2.98 and y 16.7 feet.

Thus, the ball clears the 10-foot fence.
Section 11.3
281
34. h 7 feet,
35 , 30 yards 90 feet
rt v0 cos 35 ti 7 v0 sin 35 t 16t 2 j
(a) v0 cos 35 t 90 when 7 v0 sin 35 t 16t 2 4
t
7 v0 sin 35
v
90
90
16
v0 cos 35
0 cos 35
90
v0 cos 35
4
90 tan 35 3
v02
129,600
v02 cos2 35
129,600
cos2 35 90 tan 35 3
v0 54.088 feet per second

(c) xt 90 v0 cos 35 t 90
(b) The maximum height occurs when

yt v0 sin 35 32t 0.
t
90
2.0 seconds
54.088 cos 35
t
v0 sin 35
0.969 second
32
At this time, the height is y0.969 22.0 feet.

36. Place the origin directly below the plane. Then
0, v0 792 and
rt v0 cos

ti 30,000 v0 sin
t 16t2j
792ti 30,000 16t2j
30,000
vt 792i 32tj.
At time of impact, 30,000
16t2
0
t2
1875 t 43.3 seconds.
(0, 0)
34,295
r43.3 34,294.6i
v43.3 792i 1385.6j
v43.3 1596 ft sec 1088 mph
tan
30,000
0.8748 0.718741.18
34,294.6
38. From Exercise 37, the range is

x
v02
sin 2
.
32
Hence, x 150
v02
4800
sin24 v02
v0 108.6 ftsec.
32
sin 24
40. (a) rt tv0 cos

i tv0 sin
16t 2j
tv0 sin
16t 0 when t
Range:
x v0 cos
v0 sin
.
16
v 32sin
v32 sin 2
The range will be maximum when

dx
v2
0 2 cos 2
0
dt
32
or
2

,
rad.
2
4
(b) yt tv0 sin

16t 2
dy
v sin
v0 sin
32t 0 when t 0
.
dt
32
Maximum height:
y
v 32sin
v
0
sin2
v 2 sin2
v 2 sin2
16 0 2 0
32
32
64
Minimum height when sin

1, or

.
2
282
Chapter 11
42. rt v0 cos

t i h v0 sin
t 4.9t 2 j
v0 cos 8 t i v0 sin 8 t 4.9t 2 j
x 50 when v0 cos 8 t 50 t
v0 sin 8
v
50
. For this value of t, y 0:
v0 cos 8
50
50
4.9
v0 cos 8
0 cos 8
0
50 tan 8
4.92500
4.950
v02
1777.698
v02 cos2 8
tan 8 cos2 8
v0 42.2 msec
44. rt bt sin t i b1 cos t j

vt b1 cos t i sin tj
Speed vt
2b
1 cos t and has a maximum value of 2b when t , 3, . . . .
55 mph 80.67 ftsec 80.67 radsec since since b 1
Therefore, the maximum speed of a point on the tire is twice the speed of the car:
280.67 ftsec 110 mph
46. (a) Speed v
b22 sin2t b22 cos2t
(b)
10

b22sin2t cos2t b
10
10
10
The graphing utility draws the circle faster for greater

values of .
48. at b2 costi sintj b2
50. vt 30 mph 44 ftsec

605
vt
44

radsec
b
300
at b2
3000

44
3000
300
F mb
32
300
2
605 lb
Let n be normal to the road.

n cos
3000
n sin
605
Dividing the second equation by the first:
tan

605
3000
arctan
605
3000
11.4 .
52. h 6 feet, v0 45 feet per second,

42.5 . From Exercise 47,
t
45 sin 42.5
452 sin2 42.5 2326
2.08 seconds.
32
At this time, xt 69.02 feet.
Section 11.4
54. rt xti ytj
Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors
283
56. r1t xti ytj ztk
yt mxt b, m and b are constants.
r2t r12t
rt xti mxt b j
Velocity: r2t 2r12t
vt xti mxtj
Acceleration: r2t 4r12t
st xt2 mxt2 C, C is a constant.
In general, if r3t r1t, then:

Velocity: r3t r1t
C
Thus, xt
1 m2
Acceleration: r3t 2r1t
xt 0
at xti mxtj 0.
Section 11.4
2.
rt t3i 2t2j
4.
rt 3t2i 4tj
rt 6 sin ti 2 cos tj
rt 9t 16t

4
Tt
T1
rt 36 sin2 t 4 cos2 t
rt
1
3t2i 4tj

rt 9t4 16t2
1
9 16
Tt
3
4
3i 4j i j
5
5
4
6. rt t2i tj k
3
1
j

33i j
3 3633
43i 1
4
28
8. rt t, t, 4 t 2
rt 2ti j
rt 1, 1,
When t 1, rt r1 2i j

T1
rt
6 sin ti 2 cos tj

rt 36 sin2 t 4 cos2 t
4
t 1 at 1, 1,
3
When t 1, r1 1, 1,
r1
2i j 5

2i j

5
r1
5
T1
Direction numbers: a 2, b 1, c 0
4
Parametric equations: x 2t 1, y t 1, z
3
t
4 t 2
1
3
Parametric equations: x t 1, y t 1,
rt 2 cos t, 2 sin t, 8 sin t cos t
Direction numbers: a 1, b 1, c
10. rt 2 sin t, 2 cos t, 4 sin2 t

, r
3, 1, 23 ,
6
6
, t 1 at 1, 1, 3 .
21
r1
1

1, 1,
r1
7
3
z
When t
1
3
t 6 at 1, 3, 1.
6 rr
6
6 41 3, 1, 23

Parametric equations: x 3t 1, y t 3, z 23 t 1
1
3
t 3
284
Chapter 11
1
12. rt 3 cos ti 4 sin t j k
2
z
5
1
rt 3 sin t i 4 cos tj k
2
When t
T

1
, r
3i k,
2
2
2
4
3
t 2 at 0, 4, 4 .
1
1

r
2
2
1
1

3i k
6i k
2
r
2
2
37
37
5 4

Parametric equations: x 6t, y 4, z t

4
14. rt et i 2 cos tj 2 sin t k, t0 0

rt et i 2 sin t j 2 cos t k
r0 i 2j, r0 i 2k, r0 5
T0
r0
i 2k

r0
5
Parametric equations: xs 1 s, ys 2, zs 2s

rt0 0.1 r0 0.1 1 0.1, 2, 20.1
0.9, 2, 0.2
16. r0 0, 1, 0
u0 0, 1, 0
Hence the curves intersect.
rt 1, sin t, cos t, r0 1, 0, 1
us sin s cos s cos s, sin s cos s cos s,
1
1
cos 2s
2
2
u0 1, 0, 1
cos
18.
r0
u0

0
r0 u0
2
6
rt ti j, t 3
t
rt i
20.
rt
6
1
Tt
i 2j

rt 1 36
t4
t
t4 36
i t6 j
2
Tt
72t
Tt 4
i 4
j
t 363
2
t 363
2
T2
1
3i 2 j

T2
13
rt
sin t i 2 cos tj

rt sin2 t 4 cos2 t
The unit normal vector is perpendicular to this vector and

points toward the z-axis:
Nt
12t3
N2

4
rt sin t i 2 cos t j
6
j
t2
rt cos ti 2 sin tj k, t
2 cos ti sin tj
sin2 t 4 cos2 t
Section 11.4
22. rt 4t i 2tj
24. rt t 2 j k
vt 4i 2j
vt 2tj
at O
at 2j
Tt
1
vt

2i j
vt 5
Tt
Tt O
Nt
Tt
is undefined.
Tt
Nt
28. rt a costi b sintj
vt 2ti 2j, v1 2i 2j
vt a sinti b costj
at 2i, a1 2i
T1
v0 bj
vt
1
1
2ti 2j
ti j

t2 1
vt 4t2 4
1
2
i j
2
i
2
i
2
a0 a2i
v0
j
v0
Motion along rt is counterclockwise. Therefore,

N0 i.
aT a
T 0
1

i tj
t2 1
2
at a2 costi b2 sint j
T0
t
1
i 2
j
Tt
t2 13
2
t 13
2
Nt

Tt
1
t2 1
N1
Tt
is undefined.
Tt
The path is a line and the speed is variable.
rt t2i 2tj, t 1
Tt
2t j
vt

j
vt
2t
Tt O
The path is a line and the speed is constant.

26.
aN a
N a2
aT a
T 2
aN a
N 2
30. rt0 t0 sin t0i 1 cos t0j
vt0 1 cos t0i sin t0j
at0 2sin t0i cos t0j
T
1 cos t0i sin t0 j

v

v
21 cos t0
Motion along r is clockwise. Therefore, N

aT a
T
aN a
N
sin t0i 1 cos t0j

.
21 cos t0
2 sin t0
2
1 cos t0

21 cos t0
2
2
2
1 cos t0
32. Tt points in the direction that r is moving. Nt points in the direction that r is turning,
toward the concave side of the curve.
y
a
T
N
a
285
286
Chapter 11
34. If the angular velocity is halved,

aN a
2
a2
.
4
aN is changed by a factor of 14 .
rt 2 cos ti 2 sin t j, t0
36.

4
38. rt 4ti 4t j 2tk

vt 4i 4j 2k
x 2 cos t, y 2 sin t x 2 y 2 4
at 0
rt 2 sin ti 2 cos t j

1
Tt 2 sin ti 2 cos tj sin ti cos tj
2
Nt cos ti sin tj
r
40.
4 2i 2 j
4
2
4
2
2
2
i j
T
1
Tt
1
v
2i 2j k
v
3
Nt
T
is undefined.
T
aT, aN are not defined.
( 2, 2 )
N
x
1
1
i j
rt et sin t i et cos tj et k
rt ti 3t 2j
42.
vt et cos t et sin ti et sin t et cos tj et k
vt i 6tj tk
v0 i j k
v2 i 12j 2k
at 2et cos ti 2et sin tj et k
at 6 j k
a0 2i k
v
1
Tt
cos t sin ti sin t cos tj k

v 3
1
T0
i j k
3
Tt
T2
2
aT a
i
2
1
v

i 6tj tk
v 1 37t 2
1
149
i 12j 2k
1
37ti 6j k
1 37t 23
2
T

Nt
T
37
1 372
1
Nt
sin t cos ti cos t sin tj
2
N0
t2
k
2
T 3
aN a
N 2
N2
1
371 37t 2
1
37149
1
5513
74i 6j k
74i 6j k
aT a
T
aN a
N
74
149
37
5513
z
4
2
N
x
37ti 6j k
37
149
Section 11.4
287
46. If aT 0, then the speed is constant.
44. The unit tangent vector points in the direction of motion.

48. (a) rt cos t t sin t, sin t t cos t
vt sin t sin t 2t cos t, cos t cos t 2t sin t 2t cos t, 2t sin t
at 2 cos t 3t sin t, 2 sin t 3t cos t
Tt
vt
cos t, sin t
vt
aT a
T cos t 2 cos t 3t sin t sin t 2 sin t 3t cos t 2
aN a2 aT2 41 2t 2 4 3t
When t 1, aT 2, aN 3. When t 2, aT 2, aN 2 3.
(b) Since aT 2 > 0 for all values of t, the speed is increasing when t 1 and t 2.
50.
rt ti t 2 j
t3
k, t0 1
3
1
2
rt i 2tj t 2 k
Tt
1
1 4t 2 t 4
i 2t j t 2 k
1
2
T
1
2
1
2t t 3i 1 t 4j t 2t 3k
Nt
1 4t 2 t 41 t 2 t 4
( 1, 1, 31 )
1
r1 i j k
3
T1
N1
1
6
i 2j k
1
63
3i 3k
B1 T1 N1
2
i k
6
6
6
2
2
3
i
3
j
3
k
3
i j k
1
52. (a) rt v0 cos t i h v0 sin t gt2 j
2
(b)
60
100 cos 30t i 5 100 sin 30t 16t 2 j

503t i 5 50t 16t 2 j
20
300
10
Maximum height 44.0625

Range 279.0325
(c)
vt 503 i 50 32t j

Speed vt 25003 50 32t2
CONTINUED
464t 2
200t 625at 32j
(d)
t
Speed
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
93.04
88.45
86.63
87.73
91.65
98.06
288
Chapter 11
52. CONTINUED
(e)
Tt
253i 25 16t j

264t 2 200t 625
Nt
25 16ti 253

264t 2 200t 625
(f )
0
1616t 25
aT a
T
50
50
64t2 200t 625
The speed is increasing when aT and aN have

opposite signs.
4003
aN a
N
64t2 200t 625
aTT aNN 32j
54. 600 mph 880 ft
sec
rt 880ti
16t2
56.
vt r sin ti r cos t j
36,000j
vt r1 r v
vt 880i 32tj
at r2 cos ti r2 sin t j
at 32j
Tt
at r2
880i 32tj
55i 2tj

164t2 3025 4t2 3025
(a) F mat mr2
Motion along r is clockwise, therefore

Nt
2ti 55j
mv2 GMm 2 GM

, v
, v
r
r2
r
GMr
1760
4t 3025
aN a
N
9.56420010

m 2 2
mv 2
r
r
r
(b) By Newtons Law:
4t2 3025
64t
aT a
T
4t2 3025
58. v
rt r cos ti r sin tj
4.77 mi
sec
60. Let x distance from the satellite to the center of the earth x r 4000. Then:
v
2 x
2 x

t
243600
9.56 x 10

9.56 104
4 2x 2

2
2
24 3600
x
x3
v
62.
9.56 1042423600 2
x 26,245 mi
4 2
226,245
1.92 mi
sec 6871 mph
243600
64. a 2 a
a
rt xti ytj

yt mxt b, m and b are constants.
aTT aNN
aTT aNN
rt xti mxt b j
aT2T 2 2aTaNT
vt xti mxtj
aT2 aN2
vt xt2 mxt2 xt 1 m2

Tt
vt
i mj

, constant
vt
1 m2
Hence, Tt 0.
N aN2N 2
aN2 a2 aT2

Since aN > 0, we have aN a2 aT2.
Section 11.5
Section 11.5
dx
dy
dz
1,
0,
2t
dt
dt
dt
12
8
1 4t 2 dt
1
2t1 4t 2 ln 2t 1 4t
4
(4, 16)
16

0
4
(0, 0)
1
865 ln 8 65 16.819
4
4. rt a cos ti a sin tj
y
a
dx
dy
a sin t,
a cos t
dt
dt
s
289
Arc Length and Curvature
2. rt ti t 2k
s
2
a2 sin2 t a2 cos2 t dt
2
2
a dt at
2a
2v sin
1
(b) yt v0 sin t gt2 0 t 0
2
g
1
6. (a) rt v0 cos ti v0 sin t gt2 j
2
1
yt v0 sin t gt2
2
yt v0 sin gt 0 when t
Range: xt v0 cos

v0 sin
.
g
Maximum height when sin 1, or

.
2
yt v0 sin gt
xt2 yt2 v02 cos2 v0 sin gt2
v02 cos2 v02 sin2 2v02g sin t g2t2
v02 2v0 g sin t g 2t2
2v0 sin g
v
2v0 g sin t g 2t2
12
dt
Since v0 96 ftsec, we have

s
6 sin
96
6144 sin t 1024t2
v2
2v0 sin
0 sin2
g
g
The range xt is a maximum for sin 2 1, or
(c) xt v0 cos
s
12
dt
Using a computer algebra system, s is a maximum for 0.9855 56.5.

.
4
290
Chapter 11
8. rt 3t, 2 cos t, 2 sin t
10. rt cos t t sin t, sin t t cos t, t2
dy
dz
dx
3,
2 sin t, 2 cos t
dt
dt
dt
s
dy
dz
dx
t cos t,
t sin t, 2t
dt
dt
dt
2
32 2 sin t2 2 cos t2 dt
s
2
2
2
13 dt 13t
13
2
(0, 2, 0)
2
2
5 2
(2 , 1, 4 )
2
(1, 0, 0)
1
5
x
12. rt sin ti cos tj t 3 k
14. rt 6 cos
dx
dy
dz
cos t,
sin t,
3t 2
dt
dt
dt
4t i 2 sin4t j tk, 0 t 2
(a) r0 6i 6, 0, 0

r2 2j 2k 0, 2, 2
cos t2 sin t2 3t 22 dt
distance 62 22 22 44 211 6.633
0
2
t2
2
5
4
2
( 32 , 0, 2)
5t 2 dt 5
s
t cos t2 t sin t2 2t2 dt
(b)
2 9t 4 dt 11.15
r0 6, 0, 0
r0.5 5.543, 0.765, 0.5
r1.0 4.243, 1.414, 1.0

r1.5 2.296, 1.848, 1.5
r2.0 0, 2, 2
(c) Increase the number of line segments.
(d) Using a graphing utility, you obtain
s
rt dt 7.0105.
16. rt 4sin t t cos t, 4cos t t sin t,
3 2
t
2
(a) s
xu2 yu2 zu2 du
4u sin u2 4u cos u2 3u2 du
CONTINUED
16u 9u 2 du
5
5u du t 2
2
Section 11.5
291
16. CONTINUED
2s5
2s
2s
2s
x 4sin cos
5
5
5
2s
2s
2s
y 4cos sin
5
5
5
3s
2s
3
z
2
5
5
3s
2s
2s
2s
2s
2s
2s
rs 4sin cos i 4cos sin j k
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
(b) t
When s 4:
(c) When s 5:
2 5 5 2 5 5 cos2 5 5 6.956
x 4 sin
2 5 5 2 5 5 sin2 5 5 14.169
y 4 cos
z
z
35
1.342
5

4
sin
5
2s
5
12
2.4
5
2.291, 6.029, 2.400
6.956, 14.169, 1.342

(d) rs
85 85 cos85 2.291

8
8
8
y 4cos sin 6.029
5
5
5
x 4 sin
4
cos
5
2s
5
9

1
35 16
25 25
2
18. rs 3 s i j
rs i
and
rs 1
Ts rs
Ts 0 K Ts 0
20.
(The curve is a line.)
2s5 2s5 cos2s5 i 4cos2s5 2s5 sin2s5 j 3s5 k
rs 4 sin
2s5 i 54 cos2s5 j 53 k
4
5
2s
4
5
2s
cos i sin j
Ts
25 2s
5
25
2s
5
4
5
2 10s
K Ts
25
2s
25s
Ts rs
4
sin
5
22.
rt t 2j k
vt 2tj
Tt j
Tt 0
K
Tt
0
rt
292
Chapter 11
24.
rt t i t 2 j
26.
vt i 2t j
rt 2 sin ti cos tj
v1 i 2j
rt 4 sin2 t cos2 t
at 2 j
Tt
a1 2j
Tt
i 2tj
1 4t 2
Tt
K
28.
1
5
2i j
From Exercise 22, Section 11.4, we have:
a sin
t i b cos
tj
a2 sin2
t b2 cos2
t
N
ab2
cos
t i a2b
sin
t j
a2 sin2
t b2 cos2
t32
K
ab
Tt
a2 sin2
t b2cos2
t
K

rt
a2 sin2
t b2 cos2
t
32.
2
4 sin2 t cos2 t32
30. rt a

t sin
t, a1 cos
t
rt a
sin
t i b
cos
t j
Tt
2 cos ti 4 sin tj

4 sin2 t cos2 t32
2
a N

v 2
55
rt a cos
t i b sin
t j
Tt
2 sin t i cos tj
4 sin2 t cos2 t
2
Tt
4 sin2 t cos2 t

K
rt
4 sin2 t cos2 t
1
Nt
2ti j
1 4t 2
N1
rt 2 cos ti sin tj
rt 4i 4j 2k
1
Tt 2i 2j k
3
Tt 0
Tt
0
K
rt
at Nt
vt 2
2
34.
2
4a1 cos
t
1
rt 2t2 i tj t2 k
2
rt 4ti j tk
Tt
Tt
K
rt et cos ti et sin tj et k

rt et sin t et cos ti et cos t et sin tj et k
1
sin t cos ti cos t sin tj k
3
1
Tt
cos t sin ti sin t cos tj
3
Tt
K
1 cos
t
2a2
21 cos
t
4ti j tk
1 17t2
4i 17tj k
1 17t232
Tt 289t2 17

1 17t212
rt
1 17t232
36.
1 cos
t

2
ab
a2 sin2
t b2 cos2
t32
rt 4t i 4tj 2tk
a
2
2
Tt 13 cos t sin t2 sin t cos t2 2

t
rt
3et
3e
17
1 17t232
Section 11.5
293
38. y mx b
Since y 0, K 0, and the radius of curvature is undefined.
3
42. y 16 x2
4
4
40. y 2x , x 1
x
y 2
4
, y1 2
x2
y
9x
16y
9 16y2
16y
y
8
, y 1 8
x3
y
K
y 8 8
1 y232 1 432 532
At x 0:
1
532

K
8
y 0
y
(radius of curvature)
K
3
16
1
16

K
3
4x2
3
44. (a) y
y ln x,
46.
x2
y
24x
32
y
721 x2
x2 33
Center:
y
y1 1,
K
At x 0: y 0
(radius of curvature)
x1
1
y ,
x
x2
316
3

1 0232
16
1
x2
y1 1
1
1 1232
1
1
, r 232 22
K
232
y
72 8

27 3
The slope of the tangent line at 1, 0 is y1 1.
K
8
83

1 0232 3
Equation of normal line: y x 1 x 1
r
1
3

K 8
The slope of the normal line is 1.

The center of the circle is on the normal line 22 units
away from the point 1, 0.
1 x2 0 y2 22
1 x2 x 12 8
0, 38

3
Equation: x2 y
8
2x2 4x 2 8
9

64
2x2 2x 3 0
2x 3x 1 0
(b) The circles have different radii since the curvature is

different and
r
1
.
K
x 3 or x 1
Since the circle is below the curve, x 3 and y 2.
Center of circle: 3, 2
Equation of circle: x 32 y 22 8
y
(1, 0)
x
2
2
4
294
Chapter 11
48.
1
y x3,
3
x1
y1 2x
y x2,
y1 1,
K
y1 2
2
1 ,
1

r 2
1 132 2
K
The slope of the tangent line at 1, 3 is y1 1.

1
The slope of the normal line is 1.

1
4
Equation of normal line: y 3 x 1 or y x 3
The center of the circle is on the normal line 2 units away from the point 1, 3 .
1
1 x2 13 y 2
2
1 x2 x 1 2 2
x 12 1
x 0 or x 2
( 1, 31 )
1
Since the circle is above the curve, x 0 and y 3 .

4
Center of circle: 0, 3
4
Equation of circle: x2 y 3 2
2
52. y x3, y 3x2, y 6x
50.
4
K
B
A
4
145, 451 , 145 , 1

.
45
4
(b) lim K 0
1
1
54. y ln x, y , y 2
x
x
6x
1 9x 432
(a) K is maximum at
K
56. y cos x
x
1x2
2
1 1x232
x 132
2x2 1
dK
2
dx
x 152
(a) K has a maximum when x
y sin x
y cos x
K
1
2
y cos x 0 for x K.

1 y232 1 sin2 x32
2
Curvature is 0 at
(b) lim K 0
x
58. y cosh x
ex ex
2
y
ex ex
sinh x
2
y
ex ex
cosh x
2
K
cosh x cosh x 1 1
1 sinh x232 cosh2 x32 cosh2 x y 2
60. See page 828.
2 K, 0 .
Section 11.5
295
62. K
1 y232
At the smooth relative extremum y 0, so K y . Yes, for example, y x 4 has a curvature of 0 at its relative minimum
0, 0. The curvature is positive for any other point of the curvature.
64. y1 axb x, y2
x
x2
y1 axb x,
y2
x
,
x2
y1 ab 2x,

2
,
x 22
y2
y2
We observe that 0, 0 is a solution point to both equations. Therefore, the point P is the origin.
y1 2a
y2
y2
P
4
4
x 23
y1
4
At P,
y10 ab and y20
2
1
.
0 22 2
1
1
Since the curves have a common tangent at P, y10 y20 or ab 2 . Therefore, y10 2 . Since the curves have the
same curvature at P, K10 K20.
K10
K20
y10
2a

1 y10232
1 12232
y20
12

1 y20232
1 12232
Therefore, 2a 12 or a 14 . In order that the curves intersect at only one point, the parabola must be concave downward.
Thus,
a
1
4
and
1
2.
2a
b
1
y1 x2 x and
4
y2
x
x2
1
66. y x 85, 0 x 5
4
(a)
(b) V
2x

2
14 x dx
85
x135 dx
(shells)
x185
2 185
5
0
5 185
143.25 cm3
5
36
(rotated about y-axis)

2
6
6
(c) y x35, y x25
5
25
25x25
6
25x25
6
K

4 65 32
4
1 x
25x 25 1 x 65
25
25
0
0
(d) No, the curvature approaches as x 0. Hence, any

spherical object will hit the sides of the goblet before
touching the bottom 0, 0.
32
296
Chapter 11
68. s
c
K
1
y x3
3
y x 2
y 2x
K
2x
1 x 432
When x 1:

K
s
1
2
4

2c
12
4
2c c
30
30
4

2
3
3
At x , K
0.201
2
[1 811632
s
32 cK 30K 2 56.27 mi hr.

4
70. r r cos i r sin j f cos i f sin j

x f cos
y f sin
x f sin f cos
y f cos f sin
x f cos f sin f sin f cos f cos 2 f sin f cos
y f sin f cos f cos f sin f sin 2 f cos f sin
K
x2y yx2 32 f 2 f f 2 f2 r 2 rr 2r2
x y
f 2 f232
r 2 r 2 32
72. r
74. r e
r 1
r e
r 0
r e
K
2r 2 rr r 2
r r
2
2 32
2 2
1 232
76. At the pole, r 0.

K
2r2 rr r 2
r2 r 232
2r2
2

r 3 r
K
2r 2 rr r 2
r
2
r 2 32
2e2
1

2e232 2 e
78. r 6 cos 3
r 18 sin 3
At the pole,

, r
18,
6
6
and
K
r6 18
1
.
9
Section 11.5
80. xt t3, xt 3t 2, xt 6t
297
1
yt t 2, yt t, yt 1
2
K
3t 21 t6t
4
0
3t 22 t232

3t 2
3
3 2
32 t 9t 2 132
t

9t

1

K 0 as t
1
(b) rt ti t2j t2 k
2
82. (a) rt 3t 2i 3t t 3j

vt 6ti 3 3t 2j
vt i 2tj tk
ds
d 2s
vt 31 t 2, 2 6t
dt
dt
K
2
31 t 22
aT
d 2s
6t
dt 2
ds
aN K
dt
ds
vt 5t2 1
dt
d 2s
5t

5t2 1
dt2
at 2j k
2

31 t 22
91
t2 2
6
K
rt rt
2
rt3
5t 132
aT
d 2s
5t

5t2 1
dt2
5
aN K
ddsT dTdt dsdt ,

Tt Tt
d Tdt

rt
dsdt
vt
84. (a) K Ts
(b)
Tt
rt
rt

rt dsdt
rt
ds
Tt
dt
rt
ddt s Tt dsdt Tt
rt rt
i j k
rt rt vt at 1 2t t j 2k
0 2 1
dsdt
5
5
5t2 1
5t2 1
5t2 132
by the Chain Rule
dsdt ddt s Tt Tt dsdt Tt Tt

2
Since Tt Tt 0 and
ds
rt, we have:
dt
rt rt rt2 Tt Tt

rt rt rt2Tt Tt rt2Tt Tt rt 21K rt from (a)
Therefore,
rt rt
K.
rt 3
rt rt

(c) K
rt 3
rt rt
vt at
rt
vt
at Nt

rt 2
rt 2
rt 2
298
Chapter 11
86. F ma ma
GmM
r
r3
a
GM
r
r3
Since r is a constant multiple of a, they are parallel. Since a r is parallel to r, r r 0. Also,
dtd r r r r r r 0 0 0.

Thus, r r is a constant vector which we will denote by L.
88.
d r
r
1
1
L

r 0 r L 3r r r
dt GM
r
GM
r
1
GMr
1
0
r r 3 r r r
GM
r3
r

Thus,
1
r
r r 3 r r r
r3
r
1
r r r r r r 0
r3
r
GM
L rr is a constant vector which we will denote by e.
90. L r r
92. Let P denote the period. Then
Let: r rcos i sin j

r rsin i cos j
Then: r r
r2
d
dt
drdt ddr ddt
r cos
r sin d
dt
r sin
r cos d
dt
0
0
d
d
k and L r r r 2 .
dt
dt
A
dA
1
dt LP.
dt
2
Also, the area of an ellipse is

ab where 2a and 2b are the
lengths of the major and minor axes.
1
ab L P
2
P
P2
2
ab
L
4
2a 2 2
4
2a 2 2
a c 2
a 1 e2
L 2
L 2
4
2a 4 ed
4
2ed 3

a
2
L
a
L 2
4
2L 2GM 3 4
2 3
a
a Ka 3
L 2
GM

Review Exercises for Chapter 11

2. rt t i
1
jk
t4
(a) Domain: 0, 4 and 4,

(b) Continuous except at t 4
4. rt 2t 1 i t 2j tk
(a) Domain: ,
(b) Continuous for all t
299
6. (a) r0 3i j
(b) r

2
2 k
(c) rs
3 coss
i 1 sins
j s
k
(d) r
t r
3 cos
t i 1 sin
t j
tk 3i j
k
3 cos t 3 i sin t t k
8. rt ti
t
j
t1
10. rt 2ti tj t 2k
x 2t, y t, z t 2,
y 12 x, z y 2
t
xt t, yt
t1
x
y
x1
x
2 1
12. rt 2 cos ti tj 2 sin tk
1
2
1
x2 z 2 4
1
1
14. rt 2 ti tj 4 t 3k
x 2 cos t, y t, z 2 sin t
4
x
z
6
2
2
4
2
3
y
2
3
1
3
18. The x- and y-components are 2 cos t and 2 sin t. At
16. One possible answer is:

r1t 4ti,
0 t 1
r2t 4 cos ti 4 sin tj,
0 t
r3t 4 t j,
0 t 4
t
,
2
the staircase has made 34 of a revolution and is 2 meters

high. Thus, one answer is
20. x2 z 2 4, x y 0, t x
22. lim
t0
x t, y t, z 4 t 2
t j

et k lim
t0
rt ti tj 4 t 2 k
3
x
5
y
2 cos 2t
ijk
1
2i j k
rt ti tj 4 t 2 k
4
sint 2t i e
4
tk.
3
300
Chapter 11
1
24. rt sin ti cos tj t k, ut sin ti cos t j k
t
(a) rt cos ti sin tj k
(b) rt sin t i cos t j
(c) rt ut 2
(d) ut 2rt sin ti cos tj
Dtrt ut 0
1t 2tk
Dtut 2rt cos t i sin tj
1
2 k
t2
(e) rt 1 t 2
Dtrt
(f) rt ut
t
1 t 2
1t cos t t cos t i 1t sin t t sin tj

1
1
1
1
cos t 2 sin t t cos t sin t j
Dtrt ut sin t 2 cos t t sin t cos t i
t
t
t
t
26. The graph of u is parallel to the yz-plane.
28.
30.
t2
ln t i t ln tj k dt t ln t t i 1 2 ln tj tk C
4
tj t 2k i tj tk dt
32. rt
t2 t3i t 2j tk dt
t3 t4 i t3 j t2 k C
3
sec t i tan tj t 2k dt ln sec t tan t i ln cos t j
t3
kC
3
r0 C 3k
rt ln sec t tan t i ln cos t j

1
34.
36.
1
t j t sin t k dt
23 t
32 j
t3i arcsin tj t2k dt
t3 3k
3
sin t t cos tk
1
0
2
j sin 1 cos 1k
3
t4 i t arcsin t 1 t j t3 k
4
1
2
k
3
38.
rt t, tan t, et
40.
rt vt 1, sec2 t, et
rt 3 sinh t, cosh t, 2
vt 1 sec t e
4
r0 0, 1, 2 direction numbers
2t
rt at 0, 2 sec t tan t, e

2
rt 3 cosh t, sinh t, 2t, t 0 0
Since r0 3, 0, 0, the parametric equations are x 3,

y t, z 2t.
rt 0 0.1 r0.1 3, 0.1, 0.2
42. Range 4
v02
16
v02
sin cos
16
6
213
3v 2
4
0
104
213
2 13
6
416
v02 v0 11.776 ft sec
3
4
44. rt v0 cos ti v0 sin t 12 9.8t2 j

(b) rt 20 cos 45ti 20 sin 45t 4.9t 2 j
(a) rt 20 cos 30ti 20 sin 30t 4.9t 2 j
20
20
45
45
0
Maximum height 10.2 m; Range 40.8 m

(c) rt 20 cos 60ti 20 sin 60t 4.9t 2 j
20
45
0

(Note that 45 gives the longest range)
46.
rt 1 4t i 2 3tj
rt 2t 1 i
48.
vt 4 i 3j
vt 2i
v 5
at 0
vt
1
Tt 4i 3j
5
2t 14 1
t 12
4
j
t 13
Tt
t 12i j
t 14 1
Nt
i t 12j
t 14 1
T
4
t 13t 14 1
N
4t 12
t 13t 14 1
a T0
2
j
t 12
at
Nt does not exist
2
j
t1
does not exist
4
t 1t 14 1
301
302
Chapter 11
rt t cos ti t sin t j
50.
vt rt t sin t cos t i t cos t sin t j

vt speed t sin t cos t2 t cos t sin t2 t2 1
at rt t cos t 2 sin t i t sin t 2 cos t j
Tt
vt
t sin t cos t i t cos t sin t j

vt
t2 1
Nt
t cos t sin t i t sin t cos t j

t2 1
t
at Tt
t 2 1
t2 2
t 2 1
at Nt
rt t 1 i tj
52.
1
k
t
54. rt t i t2j 23 t 3k, x t, y t 2, z 23 t 3

When t 2, x 2, y 4, z 16
3 .
1
vt i j 2 k
t
Direction numbers when t 2, a 1, b 4, c 8
2t 4 1
vt
rt i 2tj 2t 2k
t2
x t 2, y 4t 4, z 8t 16
3
at
2
k
t3
Tt
t 2i t 2 j k
2t 4 1
Nt
i j 2t 2k
22t 4 1
2
2t 4 1
T t3
4
t22t 4 1
a N
56. Factor of 4
58. rt t2i 2tk, 0 t 3
rt 2ti 2k
s
rt dt
z
6
4t2 4 dt
3
2
ln t2 1 t tt2 1
(0, 0, 0)
2
1
(9, 0, 6)
ln10 3 310 11.3053
2
3
4
5
6
7
9
x

60.
62. rt ti t2j 2tk, 0 t 2
rt 10 sin ti 10 cos tj
rt i 2tj 2k, rt 5 4t2
rt 10
s
303
s
10 dt 20
5 4t2 dt
5
5
ln 5 ln105 45 6.2638
4
4
21
rt dt
y
z
8
6
4
2
4
3
x
8 6 4 2
(2, 4, 4)
2 4 6 8
4
6
8
1
1
64. rt 2sin t t cos t, 2cos t t sin t, t, 0 t
66.
xt 2t sin t, 2t cos t, 1, rt 4t2 1
s
rt dt
2
4t2 1 dt
17
1
ln17 4 4.6468
4
rt et sin ti et cos tk, 0 t
rt et cos t et sin t i et sin t et cos t k

rt et cos t et sin t2 et sin t et cos t2
2et
s
rt dt
2
68.
rt 2ti 3tj

rt
1
t
i 3j, rt
1t 9 1 t 9t
1
r t t 32i
2
j
i
1
3
r r t
1 32
0
t
2
K
70.
k
0
3
3
t 32k; r r 32
2
2t
32t32
3
rt r t

3
rt
1 9t32t32 21 9t32
rt 2ti 5 cos tj 5 sin tk

rt 2i 5 sin tj 5 cos tk, rt 29
rt 5 cos tj 5 sin tk
i
j
k
r r 2 5 sin t
5 cos t 25i 10 sin tj 10 cos tk
0 5 cos t 5 sin t
r r 725
K
725
25 29
r r
5

r 3
2932
29

29 29
et dt 2et
2e
1

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C H A P T E R 11

Section 11.4 Tangent Vectors and Normal Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

Problem Solving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304

Solutions to Even-Numbered Exercises

4. rt sin t i 4 cos tj t k

Component functions: f t 4 t

Component functions: f t sin t

6. rt Ft Gt ln t i 5t j 3t 2k i 4t j 3t 2k

Domain: , 1, 1, 

10. rt cos t i 2 sin tj

(c) r  cos i 2 sin j cos i 2 sin j

6 t r6 cos6 t i 2 sin6 t j cos6 i 2 sin 6 j

x cos t, y sin t, z t 2

Thus, x2 y 2 1. Matches (c)

Thus, z 3 x and y ln x. Matches (a)

30. x 2 cos3 t, y 2 sin3 t

34. x 3 cos t, y 4 sin t, z

0, 5, 0,

38. x cos t t sin t

42. rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj 2 sin tk

(a) ut r t 2j is a translation

(c) ut r t 4k is an upward

(e) ut r t reverses the

Let x 2 2 cos t, y 2 sin t.

rt 2 2 cos ti 2 sin t j

rt 4 cos ti 3 sin tj

54. One possible answer is

Note that r2 1.5i 2k.

0 t 10 r10 0, r110 10i

r2t 10cos t i sin tj,

r3t 521 ti 521 tj,

r 0 10i, r 4 52i 52 j

0 t 1 r30 52i 52 j, r31 0

(Other answers possible)

r2t 1 ti 1 tj,

(Other answers possible)

62. 4x2 4y2 z2 16, x z2

z 21 sin2 t 2 cos t.

rt 2 sin ti 2 sin tj 2 cos tk

8 43 t 8 43

lim et 0, lim

Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions

Continuous on t  1 > 0 or t > 1: 1, .

The function rt

lim rt lim ut

90. False. The graph of x y z t 3 represents a line.

and rt f ti. Then r is not continuous at c 0,

Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions

rt0 is tangent to the curve.

r1.25 1.25i 2.4375j

r1.25  r1 0.25i  0.5625j

r1.25  r1 0.25i  0.5625j

rt t sin t, t cos t, 2t

18. rt t2 ti t2  tj

16. rt arcsin t, arccos t, 0

20. rt 8 cos ti 3 sin tj

22. rt ti 2t 3j 3t  5k

24. rt et, t2, tant

(a) rt et, 2t, sec2 t

r t et, 2, 2 sec2 t tan t

(b) rt rt e2t 4t 2 sec4 t tan t

Differentiation and Integration of Vector-Valued Functions

rt i 2tj 0.75e0.75t k

4. rt sin t i 4 cos tj t k

Component functions: f t 4 t

Component functions: f t sin t

6. rt Ft Gt ln t i 5t j 3t 2k i 4t j 3t 2k

Domain: , 1, 1,

10. rt cos t i 2 sin tj

(c) r cos i 2 sin j cos i 2 sin j

6 t r6 cos6 t i 2 sin6 t j cos6 i 2 sin 6 j

x cos t, y sin t, z t 2

0, 5, 0,

42. rt 2 sin t i 2 cos tj 2 sin tk

(a) ut r t 2j is a translation

(c) ut r t 4k is an upward

(e) ut r t reverses the

rt 2 2 cos ti 2 sin t j

rt 4 cos ti 3 sin tj

Note that r2 1.5i 2k.

0 t 10 r10 0, r110 10i

r2t 10cos t i sin tj,

r3t 521 ti 521 tj,

r 0 10i, r 4 52i 52 j

0 t 1 r30 52i 52 j, r31 0

r2t 1 ti 1 tj,

z 21 sin2 t 2 cos t.

rt 2 sin ti 2 sin tj 2 cos tk

8 43 t 8 43

Continuous on t 1 > 0 or t > 1: 1, .

rt0 is tangent to the curve.

r1.25 r1 0.25i 0.5625j

r1.25 r1 0.25i 0.5625j

rt t sin t, t cos t, 2t

18. rt t2 ti t2 tj

16. rt arcsin t, arccos t, 0

22. rt ti 2t 3j 3t 5k

24. rt et, t2, tant

(a) rt et, 2t, sec2 t

r t et, 2, 2 sec2 t tan t

(b) rt rt e2t 4t 2 sec4 t tan t

rt i 2tj 0.75e0.75t k

r 1 cos i sin j

34. rt et i et j 3tk

r is smooth for all t: ,

rt 0 for any value of t.

r is smooth for all t > 0: 0,

r is not continuous when t 2.

(b) rt 2 sin tj 2 cos tk

(d) 3rt ut 3t

Dtrt ut 2 sin t

0.340 19.47maximum at t 0.707

42. rt lim

rt t rt

t t i t 3 t j 2t tk t i 3t j 2tk

et i sin tj cos tk dt et i cos tj sin tk C

ti etj tetk dt

et sin t i et cos t j dt

2i e2 1j e2 1k

58. rt 4 cos ti 3 sin tk

x1ty2t x1ty2t y1tx2t y1tx2t k

y1tz2t z1ty2ti x1tz2t z1tx2t j x1ty2t y1tx2t k

xtyt xtyt ytxt ytxtk

x2t y 2t z 2t C

Dtx2t y 2t z2t DtC

4. rt t2i t3j

vt rt 2ti 3t2j

at rt 2i 6tj

8. rt et, et

6. rt 3 cos ti 2 sin tj

vt rt et, et

at 3 cos ti 2 sin tj

10. rt 4t i 4tj 2t k

14. rt t 2 i tj 2t 32k

vt et cos t et sin ti et sin t et cos tj et k

22. at cos t i sin tj, v0 j k, r0 i

2i 3k dt 2ti 3tk C

v0 C 4j vt 2ti 4j 3tk

cos t i sin t j dt sin t i cos t j C

vt sin t i cos t j k

The range is determined by setting yt 3 450

vt 792i 32tj.

At time of impact, 30,000