Soil investigations for assessing the design details of geotechnical structures

Prof G L Sivakumar Babu Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of Science Bangalore Email: gls@civil.iisc.ernet.in; glsivakumar@gmail.com Mobile No 9448480671

Objectives j

How to understand information pertaining to ground? How to use them in the analysis of civil engineering structures

Geophysical Methods

Mechanical Wave Measurements

Crosshole Tests (CHT) Downhole Tests (DHT) Spectral Analysis of Surface Waves Seismic Refraction Suspension Logging Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM) Surface Resistivity (SR) Magnetometer Surveys (MT)

Electromagnetic Wave Techniques

Mechanical Wave Geophysics

Nondestructive measurements (s < 10-4%) Both borehole geophysics and non-invasive non invasive types (conducted across surface). Measurements of wave dispersion: velocity, y frequency, y amplitude, p attenuation. Determine layering, elastic properties, stiffness damping stiffness, damping, and inclusions Four basic wave types: Compression (P), Sh Shear (S) (S), R Rayleigh l i h (R), (R) and d Love L (L). (L)

Mechanical Wave Geophysics

Compression (P-) wave is fastest wave; easy to generate. generate Shear (S-) wave is second fastest wave. Is directional d l and d polarized. l d Most M fundamental wave to geotechnique. Rayleigh (R-) or surface wave is very close to S-wave w velocity y (90 (9 to 9 94%). ). Hy Hybrid P-S wave at ground surface boundary. Love (L-) (L ) wave: interface boundary effect

Mechanical Body Waves

Initial

P-wave

S-wave

Mechanical Body Waves

Amplitude S R Time

Oscilloscope
Source Receiver (Geophone)

Mechanical Waves (Compression)

P - Wave Velocities
Steel Intact Rocks Weathered W ath r Rocks oc s Ice Till Sand Clay Sea Water Fresh Water

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

Compression Wave Velocity, Vp (m/s)

Mechanical Waves (Shear)

S - W ave V elocities
Steel Intact Rocks Weathered Rocks Ice Till Sand Clay Sea Water Fresh Water

}V
0

=0
1000 2000 3000 4000

Shear Wave Velocity, VS (m/s)

Geophysical Equipment

Seismograph

Spectrum Analyzer

Portable Analyzer

Velocity Recorder

Seismic Refraction ASTM D 5777

oscilloscope

Note: Vp1 < Vp2 Determine depth y , zR to rock layer, Source (Plate) t2 Vertical Geophones t3 t4 t1

zR

x1 x2 x3 3 x4

Soil: Vp1 Soil Rock: Vp2

Seismic Refraction
Horizontal Soil Layer over Rock

0.020

Travel Time (s seconds s)

0.015

xc Vp2 Vp1 zc 2 Vp2 Vp1

Vp2 = 4880 m/s

0.010

0.005

xc = 15.0 15 0 m 1 Depth to Rock:

Vp1 = 1350 m/s
0 10 20

zc = 5 5.65 65 m
30 40

t va values

0.000

50

x values

Distance From Source (meters)

Shear Wave Velocity, Vs

Fundamental measurement in all solids (steel concrete, (steel, concrete wood, wood soils, soils rocks) Initial small-strain stiffness represented by shear modulus: (alias Gdyn = Gmax = G0) (

G0 = Vs2

Applies to all static & dynamic problems at 6) small strains (s < 10-6 Applicable to both undrained & drained loading cases in geotechnical engineering.

Crosshole Seismic Testing Equipment

Oscilloscope

Crosshole Testing
ASTM D 4428

Pump

x = fctn(z) from inclinometers

Shear Wave Velocity: Vs = x/t

Downhole Hammer (Source)
Test Depth packer
Note: Verticality of casing must be established by slope inclinometers to correct distances x with depth.

x
Slope Inclinometer

Velocity Transducer (Geophone Receiver)

Slope p Inclinometer

PVC-cased Borehole

PVC-cased Borehole

Downhole Seismic Testing Equipment

Oscilloscope

Pump

Downhole Testing
Horizontal Plank with normal load

x t

z1

Hammer

z2

packer

Test Depth Interval

Horizontal Velocity Transducers (G (Geophone h Receivers)

Shear Wave Velocity: y Vs = R/t

R12 = z12 + x2 R22 = z22 + x2

Cased Borehole

In-Situ Surface Wave Testing

Signal Analyzer Accelerometer Sensors

Source

Layer 1

Rayleigh Surface W Waves

Layer 2 Layer 3 Layer 4

Shear Wave Measurements

Seismic Piezocone Test (SCPTu)

Seismic Piezocone Test

Obtains Four Independent p Measurements with Depth: Hybrid of Penetrometer with Downhole Geophysics
Cone Tip Stress, Stress qt Penetration Porewater Pressure,u Sleeve Friction, fs Arrival Time of Downhole Shear Wave, ts

Vs fs
u2 u1 60o

qc

Automated Seismic Source

Electronically-actuated Self-contained Left and right polarization l i ti Modified beam uses fin to enhance shear wave generation Successfully tested to depths of 20m Capable of being used with traditional impulse hammer

Sounding Memphis, Shelby County, TN

qt (MPa)
0 0 10 20 30 40

fs (kPa)
0 0 100 200 300 0 0

u2 (kPa)
1000 2000 3000
0 0

Vs (m/sec)
100 200 300 400

d = 35.7 mm

Vs

10

10

10

10

Dept th (m)

15

15

15

15

fs u2

20

20

20

20

25

25

25

25

qt
30

30

30

30

35

35

35

35

Seismic Flat Dilatometer (SDMT)

Geophysical Methods

Electromagnetic Wave Techniques

Electromagnetic Wave Geophysics

Nondestructive methods Non-invasive; conducted across surface. Measurements of electrical & magnetic g properties of the ground: resistivity (conductivity) permittivity (conductivity), permittivity, dielectric dielectric, and magnetic fields. Cover wide C id spectrum t in i frequencies f i (10 Hz < f < 1022 Hz).

Electromagnetic Wave Geophysics

Surface Mapping Techniques: Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Electrical Resistivity (ER) Surveys Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM) Magnetometer Surveys (MS)

Downhole Techniques Resistivity probes, MIPs, RCPTu 2-d and 3-d Tomography

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

GPR surveys conducted on gridded areas Pair of transmitting and receiver antennae Short impulses p of high-freq g q EM wave Relative changes in dielectric properties reflect differences in subsurface. subsurface Depth of exploration is soil dependent (up to 30 m in dry sands; only 3 m in wet saturated clay)

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Xadar

Sensors & Software

GeoRadar

Illustrative Results from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Crossing an underground utility corridor

Illustrative Results from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Illustrative Results of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) ( )

Geostratigraphy

Examples of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

U f l in Useful i Locating L i Underground U d d Utilities U ili i

Results from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Results from Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)

Electrical Resisitivity Measurements

Electrical Resistivity (ER) Surveys

Resisitivity R (ohm-m) is an electrical property It is the reciprocal of conductivity property. Arrays of electrodes used to measure changes h in potential. l Evaluate changes in soil types yp and variations in pore fluids Used to map faults faults, karst features (caves, (caves sinkholes), stratigraphy, contaminant plumes.

Electrical Resisitivity M Measurements t

What will be gained by changing electrode spacing? i ?

Depth of ER survey: i.e., greater spacing infl ences deeper influences

Electrical Resisitivity Measurements

Electrical Resisitivity Measurements

Resistivity Values (ConeTec & GeoProbe, 1997)
Weathered Rocks Glacial Till Sands & Gravels Loose Sands Loam Cl Clay

10

100

1000

10000

(ohm-meters) B lk Resistivity, Bulk R ( h )

Electrical Resistivity

Electromagnetic Conductivity (EM)

Magnetometer Surveys (MS)

Measure relative changes i th in the earths' th ' magnetic ti field across a site.

Applicability of In-Situ Tests

CLAY S SILTS SANDS GRAV ELS Cobbles/ Boulders

SPT

In-Sit tu Test M Method

CPT DMT PMT VST

Geophysics 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

G i Si Grain Size ( (mm) )

Equivalent Elastic Modulus

Equivalent Modulus with Strain Level

Equivalent Modulus for Monotonic Loading

1

Modulus Rati io, G/G Go

0.8 06 0.6 0.4 0.2 0

1E-06 1E-05 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1

Cyclic Loading Monotonic (Static) Loading

Shear Strain

Conclusions

Knowledge of state of ground and state of structure is enhanced using g extensive instrumentation Geotechnical investigations and instrumentation is are useful to design and understand the response of and, structures under complex stress and boundary conditions