Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening During the Great Awakening, religion revived around the 1730s and 1740s, first starting in Northampton, Massachusetts by Jonathan Edwards. Later, George Whitefield preached to the masses with his emotive oratory.

George Whitefield A preacher during the Great Awakening who was a former alehouse attendant. He was a magnificent orator. Jonathan Edwards A pastor who believed in achieving salvation by good works. His sermons caused the Great Awakening. He was the author of the book, Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, that brought him fame. New Lights New Lights were ministers who defended the Great Awakening for its role in revitializing American religion. These revivalists emphasized direct emotional spirituality while the old lights emphasized education and erudition. Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who were skeptical of the emotionalism and the theatrical antics of the revivalists.

Age of Reason/Enlightenment A time when people started to use logic rather than blind obedience to religion. They would go with what was logical. John Peter Zenger A journalist who questioned New York's governor and he was put in jail. Zenger's case was the foundation of the right to freedom of speech and press. He was defended by Andrew Hamilton during his trial. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? As the population of the North American colonies grew, the population changed from a three to one American to English ratio. The colonies suddenly had the advantage in numbers over the British. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? This gave the colonies a diverse population which contributed to the choices and events that happened in the colonies. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. The colonies were considered equal and there was not much inequality. It is possible for any random settler or immigrant to rise the ranks of the social classes and of money and wealth. There existed no top social classes in the colonies which set the stage for liberal ideals. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? The Scots-Irish were once Scottish who was made to pay rent to the landlords but this rent was too high so the Scottish moved to Ireland; however, the Scots did not find the freedom they wanted and so the Scots-Irish moved to America. The British also taxed the Presbyterian Scottish to support the Anglican Church and because of this struggle, the Scottish is not very happy with the Anglican Church or the Churches in the United States and they are very stubborn towards these religions.

Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Lumbering was one of the most important manufacturing activites because wood was a very big ingredient in shipbuilding mostly in New England and then everywhere else later. Farmers were also more important because they either grew food for the colonies or cash crops. Seamen were also more important because they could bring things to important and export as well as fishing. Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? It was dangerous to travel by forms of transportation such as horses, bridges, and carriages. Traveling in early America was long and hard. Roads did not connect the big and major cities until the 1700s. Roads were made of dirt and they were dusty during the summer and muddy during the winter. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? Less and less people followed the Anglican religion and the Church of England. Because less people followed the Church of England, the colonies and England do not have the same religion anymore. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The religion in the Great Awakening separated and challenged what was known as the traditional religion. This created many denominations and some of these denominations exist today. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? There was usually more education in the New England colonies because New England wanted its people to be able to read the Bible and make good Christians but the education was mostly for males. Most colonial schools focused on religion and on Greek and Latin. College education prepared men for ministry and this allowed the new generation of men to be the new ministers for the church. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. The Americans did not distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period. Architecture mostly came from the Old World and it was altered to meet the religious ways of the New World.

Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? Zenger was taken to court for freely stating that the governor was corrupt and he was defended by Andrew Hamilton. The jury verdict of not guilty was the basis for the right to freedom of the press and freedom of speech. The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? It all depends on the region. Pennsylvania was possibly one of the most democratic because of its Quakers. The Southern Colonies were ruled by the wealthy plantation owners. The Northeast was influenced by the Puritans who believed in equality among all men but the requirements to become a citizen were a problem. Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain Samuel de Champlain is an explorer and soldier who founded Quebec. He was friendly and allied with the Huron Indian tribes nearby. He would fight when the Huron Indians asked him to and he fought against the Iroquois tribes. William Pitt He chose to aim at the French West Indies and at Canada. He also chose young and active leaders rather than old ones This Great Commoner received his power from the common people. He also won the Seven Years War for the British. Pontiac The Ottawa chief who controlled multiple tribes who were helped by the French traders who

stayed in the region. His warriors surrounded Detroit in 1763 and he invaded everything except three British posts to the left of the Appalachians and killing 2,000 soldiers and settlers in the process. Albany Plan of Union A plan suggested by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 in order to unite all the colonies. The plan would combine all the colonies under one government. Proclamation of 1763 Issued in 1763 by King George III after the French and Indian War. It was to help relations between the Native Americans. It also stated that the colonists were not allowed to go beyond the Appalachian Mountains. Pontiacs Rebellion It is a fight between the British and the Native Americans. Pontiac gathered some Indian tribes that were unhappy with the British policies after the French and Indian war. The Native Americans would attack British property from 1763 to 1766. Paxton Boys Paxton Boys was a group of Scots-Irish men who wanted protection from the Indians. They believed the Quakers were way too friendly with the Indians. The Paxton boys decided to create an armed march in 1764, killing 20 defenseless Indians in the Conestoga Massacre. Five Nations of the Iroquois It is an alliance of the North American Indians, Mohawks, Cayugas, Oneidas, Onondagas, and Senecas, around present day New York. Salutary Neglect Salutary Neglect was a time when the British did not really care about the colonies. England did not enforce the laws as strictly. However, once the British started caring about the colonies, the colonies called for independence. This is related to the causing of the American Revolution. French and Indian War A war between the French and the British for control over the Americas fought in North America. Native Americans helped the French in the war. The war was ended in 1763 by the Treaty of Paris. The Battle of Quebec 1759 It was one of the battles in the French and Indian Wars where James Wolfe led the British agains

the French, led by Montcalm. The French surrendered and they gave Spanish all transMississippi, Louisiana and New Orleans while Spain gave Florida to Britain in exchange for Cuba. This caused Great Britain to be the major power in North America and the strongest navy. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? The British were not friendly towards the Native Americans and they were often destructive towards them. The French would build friendly relationships with the Native Americans. The French also had no elected representative assemblies or the right to trial by jury unlike the English. The French were Catholic and English were Protestant. New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? New France had beavers that could be killed for fur in order to make beaver-pelt hats. Voyageurs also recruited Native Americans into hunting fur with them. Another factor for the settlement of New France is an empire. The explorers wanted to prevent the English from moving into Ohio Valley. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisbourg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. It was mostly guerrilla warfare fighting. Both sides, France and Britain, would ally with whichever Indians they could find. Both countries also did not want to send soldiers because the countries did not believe it was worth it. Spain, however, allied with France. The Treaty of Utrecht ended the fighting with Britain beating France and Spanish badly. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? George Washington was sent out to Ohio Country with 150 Virginia militiamen. Washington sees French troops in the forest 40 miles away from Fort Duquense and the Virginians fired shots, killing the French leader. The French soldiers retreat but return with more men and Washington quickly created Fort Necessity. Washington and his men surrendered after a 10 hour siege but the French allowed Washington and his men to walk away. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? It was a war between Britain with Prussia and Russia, France, and Austria. The French, Austrian, and Russian forces were all defeated by the Prussians. France was so weakened by the loss that there would not be enough strength for France to take Americas and this allowed the British to defeat the French on the Americas.

Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? The British was led by General Braddock along with George Washington. They meet a smaller French and Indian army that was first driven back at first but quickly started turning the tables. The French and Indian army ran into the thick bushes and trees and started firing upon the British and many died. This was a loss for the British. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? Great Britain was able to come out as the leading power in North America. The victory also set Great Britain as the most powerful navy in the world. Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? As the mother country and the colonies fought together, the colonies realized that the British were not nice. The British felt contempt for the colonists and the British felt that the colonists were beneath them. This caused much anger among the colonists. The Proclamation of 1763 after the war also angered the colonists by not allowing the colonists the land they won after the war. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British? As the British kept pushing West, the Indians were forced to move even further into land they did not like. It was also to pay for the costs of the French and Indian War as England increased the taxes on the colonies. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North

Lord North was King George III's prime minister from 1770 to 1782. Lord North's rule fell in 1782 and this caused George III's rule to end as well. George Grenville George Grenville is a prime minister who commanded the Navy to start enforcing the Navigation Acts to repay the costs of the Seven Years War. He also passed many acts that implemented taxes such as the Stamp Act in 1765 and Sugar Act in 1764. In 1765, the Quartering Act was created by him. Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania A farmer from Pennsylvania had sent a letter to officials complaining of the unfair taxes imposed upon the people. It was the first time someone from the lower class dared to complain formally in a letter. Gaspee Incident June 9, 1772 when a British customs schooner enforcing unpopular naval laws was attacked and sacked by colonists.

Charles Townshend A talented speaker in Parliament who persuaded the English Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts in 1767. The included light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. Baron Von Steuben The Prussian drillmaster who turned Washingtons mediocre collection of fighters into a professional army during their stay in Valley Forge. Mercantilism The belief that wealth was a finite resource and could be measured by the amount of gold and silver in ones nation. Mercantilists believed exporting over importing was the key to gaining wealth. "Virtual" representation The idea of being represented without having representatives present. The English parliament used virtual representation for the colonies resulting in resentful feelings among the colonists. Sons of Liberty Groups of colonial protesters who used violence to enforce their protests. They were known to tar and feather unpopular officials, ransack their houses, confiscate their money, and hang effigies of stamp agents on liberty poles.

Admiralty courts Courts where offenders to the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act were tried. These trials had no juries

present and the defendants were assumed to be guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent. Committees of Correspondence Committees formed by Samuel Adams in order to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and thus keep alive opposition to British policy. Some 80 towns in Massachusetts speedily set up similar organizations after Samuel Adams set up the first committee of correspondence in 1772. First Continental Congress A response to the Intolerable Acts in from September 5 to October 26, 1776. It met in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. 12 of the 13 colonies sent respected men to the meeting. John Adams swayed his colleagues to a revolutionary course during the meeting. Several dignified papers were drawn up including the Declaration of Rights. Loyalists (Tories) The faction of colonists who opposed the idea of independence from Britain. They proved to be a significant advantage to England during the war. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? The first settlers in America discovered how much profit was to be made in America and the freedom from England to be found there. This feeling of freedom and a new chance at life made sure that there would be colonists who wanted to break from Englands rule. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. Mercantilism was the idea of wealth being limited and being measured in a nations store of gold and silver. The colonies were the perfect places for exporting goods and increasing Englands wealth according to mercantilism. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? Parliament enforced the Navigation Laws to restrict colonial trade to mainly benefit Englands wealth. The first Navigation Law of 1650 was aimed to stop rival Dutch shippers trying to trade with the colonies. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? London paid liberal bounties to colonial producers of ship parts, over the protests of British competitors, tobacco planters in Virginia enjoyed a monopoly in the British market, and the colonies gained the protection of the worlds mightiest navy and a strong army of redcoats.

5.

What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government? The colonies had to be dependent upon British agents and creditors and stifled economic initiative in the colonies. The colonies were stopped from advancing further economically. The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? Even though the taxes imposed upon them were mild, the colonist saw these taxes and policies as affronts to their local liberties they had come to assume as a matter of right. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act? The colonies formed the Stamp Act Congress of 1765 which brought together 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies in New York City to beseech the king and Parliament to repeals the Stamp Act. The colonists also widely adopted nonimportation agreements against British good. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The colonists were already in a rebellious mood and the Townshend Acts revitalized the use of nonimportation agreements. Increased smuggling and defiance against the Townshend Acts caused British officials to land two regiments of troops in Boston in 1768. The soldiers were ruffians in the colonists eyes. On the evening of March 5, 1770, the Boston Massacre occurred due to continued conflict between the colonists and the redcoats. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? The committees of correspondence worked in the underground world of the colonies, keeping the spirit of resistance alive by exchanging letters. Within a short time of the creation of the first committee, every colony soon had a central committee through which it could exchange ideas and information with other colonies. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The British official (Massachusetts governor) Thomas Hutchinson, refused to let the tea ships leave before they had unloaded their cargo. The Bostonians who dumped the ships cargo of tea into the Atlantic were applauded for their act while conservatives criticized the bestial event. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts"

Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? The acts passed by Parliament including the Boston Port Act swept away many of the chartered rights of Massachusetts. A new Quartering Act was enacted as well. Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? Its goal was to meet in Philadelphia to consider ways of redressing colonial grievances. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The British had an overwhelming 7.5 million Britons while the Americans had 2.5 million people. The British also had a professional army of some 50,000 men. George III had also hired 30,000 Hessian mercenaries. Britains weaknesses lied in its confused and inept government. Namely, George III and Lord North. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The colonists were blessed with outstanding leadership including George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and leaders from other countries. They also had a much larger land mass than Britain. The colonists weaknesses included its smaller and untrained army and its lack of funding. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? African Americans numbered at about 5,000 at the end of the war. Most of them were free blacks from the northern colonies. Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved. 5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation.

IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress The 2nd Continental Congress which met on May 10, 1775 and had all 13 colonies represented. It drafted new appeals to the British people and king which were all spurned. Its single most important action was to select George Washington as the commander of the colonial army. Hessians Brutish mercenaries hired by George III to defeat the colonists. They created a distance between the colonists and the British because the colonists saw the hiring of these brutal mercenaries as the king sending butchers to put them down. Thomas Paine/Common Sense Paine was the author of one of the most influential pamphlets ever written, Common Sense. It was published in 1776. He wrote that the larger continent of America should not be controlled by the smaller island of England. He referred to the king of England as the royal Brute of Great Britain. George Washington A revolutionary colonial leader who was selected by the 2nd Continental Congress to lead the colonial army. He was gifted with outstanding powers of leadership and immense strength of character. Marquis de Lafayette A wealthy young French nobleman who loved glory and ultimately liberty who was made a major general of the French colonial army at age 19. The French gamecock aided the colonies by securing further aid from France. Baron Von Steuben The Prussian drillmaster who turned Washingtons mediocre colonial fighters into a professional army during their stay in the bitter cold of Valley Forge. John Burgoyne An actor-playwright-soldier who was the general for a scheme adopted by London officials to capture the Hudson River valley in 1777. It failed to accomplish its goal of severing New England from the rest of the states. Benedict Arnold A general of the colonial army who helped Ethan Allen and the Mountain Green boys to capture Fort Ticonderoga for supplies. Eventually, Arnold betrayed America due to his resentment of always being in the shadow of George Washington. Treaty of Paris, 1783 The treaty ending the War for Independence. The British formally recognized the independence of the United States and granted generous boundaries. The Americans had to promise pardons from persecutions for all Loyalists, give Loyalist property back, and pay debts owed to British investors.

Battle of Trenton The city where Washington led his army to capture 1,000 sleeping Hessians after crossing the Delaware River on December 26, 1776. Battles of Lexington and Concord The battle where in April 1775 the British commander in Boston sent troops to Lexington and Concord to secure stores of colonial gunpowder and to catch Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The colonial Minute Men refused to disperse rapidly at Lexington and were quickly defeated. At Concord, the redcoats were defeated by the rough and ready Americans. Battle of Saratoga The battle between the British redcoats led by General Burgoyne and the colonists led by Washington. The colonial army had driven back Burgoynes reinforcements (General St. Legers force) while Howes group was in Philadelphia prior to the battle. The colonial army captured Burgoynes men at Saratoga on October 17, 1777. Battle of Yorktown The Battle where General Cornwallis retreated to the peninsula of Chesapeake Bay against the colonial army. He awaited for the British navy to send him help but the French were there to blockade the British fleets. Cornwallis surrendered his entire platoon of 70,000 people on October 19, 1781. Articles of Confederation The written constitution in 1781 which was created by the Americans when the war was almost over. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? He was always the tallest man in the room and he was a Virginian. He was a means of bringing Virginia into the side of independence as well as a great military commander. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? He formally proclaimed the colonies in revolution in August 1775 and hired Hessian butchers to deal with the colonists. He refused to accept the Olive Branch Petition due to earlier hostilities. The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. No, the American planned assault on Quebec was a failure and Irish-born General Montgomery was killed after he pushed up the Lake Champlain route and captured Montreal.

Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? It was important because Thomas Paine had ignited flames for independence during a time of attempted negotiation with Britain. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? He and his followers had become enticed in the liberal ideas of America and wished to not havea single king to guide the new nation. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? It said that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states. It was passed on July 2, 1776. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? Loyalists were mainly older colonists who had jobs which made them favor staying with Britain. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? Most of the Loyalists left the newly found nation even though they received freedom and property. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? Loyalists gave colonists an idea of being scary and having a chance against Britain when they were only small troops. Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? The British army was encumbered by a heavy baggage train and a considerable train of women. It was significant because the Brits had lost at both Brandywine Creek and Germantown. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? They wanted to help America become an independent country and thus harming Britain. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause?

The colonies were weak by themselves and did not have the raw power to aid their cause singlehandedly. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. No, an American Patriot would have been sad to read of the overrunning of the lower colonies in 1778-1779. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Yes. The frontier was another place where resources came in to support the fuels of revolution. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? The victory at Yorktown was the final event before the British surrendered to America and agreed to the Treaty of Paris of 1783. Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? America gained much land in northern America and formal independence from Britain. The conceded giving Loyalists pardons and reimbursing the investors of the colonies back in England. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Yes. The Americans got favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris because they gained much land and independence from their oppressive mother country. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Least true? Explain. The interpretations of the Revolution where the Americans were the heroes in achieving their freedom seemed the least true to me. The glory of our nations independence was logically not glorious at all but very bloody and filled with trials.