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AN EXPLORATORY INVESTIGATION OF
RADIATION STATISTICS IN HOMOGONEOUS
ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE
Abstract
A fundamental study of radiation statistics in homogeneous isotropic turbulence is presented. A
pseudo-spectral code is used to simulate isotropic turbulence by means of DNS of the full Navier-
Stokes equations. The instantaneous scalar data is used to calculate the radiation intensity along a line
of sight using the statistical narrow band model. The mean, variance, skewness and flatness of
radiation intensity were obtained for conditions observed downstream of the flame tip of a piloted
turbulent jet flame, where homogeneous isotropic turbulence is likely to be present. The joint
probability density function between the temperature and the radiation intensity is presented, as well
as the spectra for the radiation intensity. The present one way coupling philosophy used to connect
isotropic turbulence data with radiation computations shows the correct trends and allows one to study
the detailed effects of the turbulent characteristics upon the structure of the radiation intensity field.
106 Reλ=95.6
(-5/3)
4
10
E(k)/(εν5)1/4
2
10
0
10
-2
10
10-4
-6
10
0.5 1 1.5 2
kη
Fig 1. Energy spectrum for the present simulation.
After some algebra, the integration of this equation along a line of sight yields [17]
⎛ s ⎞ s ⎛ s ⎞
Iν (s ) = Iν (0 ) exp⎜ −
⎝ ∫0 κν (s ′) ds ′ ⎟ +
⎠ ∫0 I bν (s ′) κν (s ′) exp⎜ −
⎝ ∫ s′ κν (s′′) ds′′ ⎟⎠ ds′ (2)
This equation may be rewritten in terms of the transmissivity of the medium as follows:
s ∂ τ ν (s ′ → s )
Iν (s ) = Iν (0 ) τ ν (0 → s ) + ∫0 I bν ( s ′ )
∂ s′
ds ′ (3)
In the present work, the radiative properties of the medium are evaluated using the SNB
model [18]. Moreover, a cold boundary is assumed, i.e. Iν(0) = 0. Therefore, Eq. (3) is
integrated over a narrow band, so that the mean radiation intensity over a narrow band of
width ∆ν is given by
1 s ∂ τ ∆ν (s ′ → s )
I ∆ν (s ) =
∆ν ∫∆ν Iν (s ) dν = ∫0 I b,∆ν (s ′)
∂ s′
ds ′ (4)
In the case of a homogeneous gas layer at total pressure p, the mean transmissivity is given
by [18]
⎡ γ ⎛ δ ⎞⎤
τ ∆ν (0 → s ) = exp ⎢− 2 ⎜ 1 + x s p s k − 1⎟⎥
⎜ ⎟ (5)
⎢⎣ δ ⎝ γ ⎠⎥⎦
where k and 1/δ are parameters of the model, which were taken from the data of Soufiani and
Taine [19]. For a given absorbing species, these parameters are tabulated as a function of
temperature and spectral location. The parameter γ is a function of temperature, pressure and
species concentration, also given in [19]. In the case of a non-homogeneous medium, the
Curtis-Godson approximation [20] is employed, and Eq. (5) is modified as follows
⎡ ⎞⎤
⎛γ ⎞ ⎛ k eq u
τ ∆ν (0 → s ) = exp ⎢− 2 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 + − 1⎟⎥ (6)
⎢ ⎝ δ ⎠ eq ⎜ (γ δ )eq ⎟⎥
⎝ ⎠⎦
⎣
where
s
u= ∫ 0 xs p ds (7a)
s s
k eq =
∫ x p k ds = ∫
0
s
0
x s p k ds
(7b)
s
∫ x p ds 0
s
u
x s p k (γ δ ) ds x s p k (γ δ ) ds
s s
⎛γ ⎞ ∫ 0 ∫ 0
⎜ ⎟ = = (7c)
⎝ δ ⎠ eq
s
∫ 0
x s p k ds k eq u
The integrals in Eqs. (4) and (7) are numerically evaluated using Simpson’s rule, and the
parameters k and 1/δ are interpolated from the tabulated data using cubic splines. This keeps
the order of accuracy of the numerically evaluated radiation intensity consistent with the
order of accuracy of the DNS solver. Therefore, Eq. (4) is discretized as
N ( )
I b,∆ν (s n ) + 4 I b,∆ν s n+1 2 + I b,∆ν (s n+1 )
I ∆ν (s N +1 ) = ∑ 6
×
(8)
n =1
[τ ∆ν (s n+1 → s N +1 ) − τ ∆ν (sn → s N +1 )]
where N is the total number of grid points along the optical path in the DNS calculations. In
the DNS calculations, the boundaries of the computational domain are periodic. Therefore,
the instantaneous scalar data at the first point n =1, where the radiation intensity is
determined, are identical to those at n = N+1. The temperature and the species concentration
at points sn+1/2 are not available, and so they are interpolated from the DNS data using again
cubic splines.
In order to rescale the data from isotropic turbulence simulations obtained in a cubic box
of side 2π into a radiation domain with a different size, kinematic similarity between the two
flows was assumed. Therefore, the temperature field used in the radiation computations,
r r
Trad( x ), was determined using the temperature field from the DNS data, <TDNS( x )>, through
r r r ′2 >
< Trad
Trad ( x ) =< Trad ( x ) > +TDNS ( x ) (9)
′2 >
< TDNS
r r
where <Trad( x )> is the mean temperature at point x , and < Trad ′ 2 > and < TDNS
′ 2 > are the
variances of the temperature fields from the radiation and from the isotropic turbulence
simulation, respectively. Similarly, for the field of the molar fraction of the absorbing species,
we use
r r r < x ′s2,rad >
x s ,rad ( x ) =< x s ,rad ( x ) > + x s , DNS ( x ) (10)
< x ′s2,DNS >
It was assumed that the temperature and the absorbing species fields are fully correlated.
This is consistent with combustion models that relate the instantaneous thermochemical state
of the gaseous mixture to a single scalar, typically mixture fraction, e.g., the laminar flamelet
model. Accordingly, the same scalar field from the DNS calculations was used to prescribe
r r
both temperature and molar fraction of the absorbing species, by setting TDNS( x ) = xs,DNS( x ).
The selection of the size of the radiation domain, also taken as a cubic box, is not so
straightforward. Here, the size of the radiation domain was chosen in such a way that the ratio
of the size of the box in the DNS calculations to the integral length scale, L11, is equal to the
ratio of the size of the radiation domain to the integral length scale in the radiation
calculations. The implications of this choice deserve further examination, which will be
investigated in the future.
100
10-1
10-2
10-3
10-4
10-5
10-6
0 2 4 6 8 10
r/D
Fig 2. Mean, variance, skewness and flatness of radiation intensity as predicted by the present
model using the jet flame D data at x/D=75.
Both the mean and variance of the mean spectral radiation intensity over a narrowband
attain their maxima at the centre of the jet, where the temperature and CO2 concentration are
highest, as shown in Fig. 2. The temperature and the CO2 molar fraction decrease along the
radial direction in the flame, and so do <I> and <I’2>. However, the turbulence intensity,
taken as ′ 2 > < Trad > , increases along the radial direction. This implies an increase of
< Trad
the influence of turbulence on radiation as r/D increases, as shown in Table 2. This trend is
also observed in [23], although the values cannot be compared, as explained above.
If there were no fluctuations of the absorption coefficient of the medium, then the
temperature self-correlation would be fully responsible for the influence of turbulence on
radiation. The temperature self-correlation is given by [27]
<T4 > < T ′2 > < T ′3 > < T ′4 >
= 1+ 6 +4 + (13)
< T >4 < T >2 < T >3 < T >4
The two first terms on the right side are generally dominant. If the PDF of temperature is
Gaussian, then the third term on the right side is zero and the last one is equal to 3 ×
(< T ′ 2 >/<T>2)2. Table 2 confirms the importance of the temperature self-correlation, and
demonstrates that the fluctuations of the absorption coefficient of the medium contribute to
enhance the influence of turbulence on radiation. The mean spectral radiation intensity over a
narrowband increases by 34% due to turbulence at r/D = 0, while it increases by 92% at r/D =
8.33. This supports the results from [23, 25], who concluded that the investigation of flame
radiation along chord-like paths is important to understand TRI, providing a more challenging
test to predictive models than diametric paths.
The skewness and flatness, on the other hand, seem to increase slightly with r/D. At the
centreline, S(I)=0.44 and F(I)=2.8, whereas at r/D=8.33 we have S(I)=1.50 and F(I)=5.2. It is
not clear why the asymmetry and intermittency of the radiation intensity increase with the
distance from the flame axis.
Figure 3 shows the contour plots of temperature and blackbody radiation intensity obtained
from the DNS computations in the first (y,z) plane of the domain. The contours of the mean
spectral radiation intensity over the narrowband in the same plane are also shown using the
flame data at x/D = 75 and r = 0. The correlation coefficient between T and I is equal to about
50%. The correlation coefficients at other r/D locations are similar. It should be noticed that
the radiation intensity at a grid node in the first (y,z) plane depends on the temperature and
CO2 molar fraction along the optical path in x direction, and not only on the local properties.
Therefore, it is not surprising that this correlation is not very high.
To have a global picture of this result, Figure 4 shows the joint PDF of T and I from all the
available samples. In agreement with the previous results, the joint PDF of these quantities
shows that the correlation between them is associated with extreme events of both variables.
2 -1
T (K) Ib (W/m sr cm ) 2 -1
I (W/m sr cm )
1800 1.9E+05 0.18
1700 1.8E+05 0.17
1600 1.7E+05 0.16
1500 1.5E+05 0.15
1400 1.4E+05 0.14
1300 1.3E+05 0.13
1200 1.2E+05 0.12
1100 1.0E+05 0.11
1000 9.3E+04 0.1
900 8.0E+04 0.09
800 6.8E+04 0.08
5.6E+04 0.07
4.4E+04 0.06
3.1E+04 0.05
1.9E+04 0.04
Fig 3. Contours of temperature (left), blackbody radiation intensity (centre) and mean spectral
radiation intensity over a narrowband (right) in the first (y,z) plane of the domain.
0.2
I(W/m2 sr cm-1)
0.15
0.1
0.05
T(K)
Fig 4. Joint PDF between the temperature and the mean spectral radiation intensity over a
narrowband obtained with data taken from three boundary planes of the turbulent box.
The spectrum for the mean spectral radiation intensity over a narrowband at x/D=75 and
for several radial locations of flame D is shown in figure 5. The spectrum E(K) is defined by
r r E(K2D ) r ' r
< Iˆ( K ' ) Iˆ( K ) >= δ (K + K ) (14)
π K2 D
r r
where Iˆ( K ) is the two dimensional Fourier transform of I ( x ) , given by
+∞ +∞ rr
r 1 r r r
Iˆ( K ) = ∫ ∫ I ( x ) exp(−ik .x )dKdx (15)
(2π ) 2
−∞ −∞
r r
and K = ( K1 , K 2 ) is the two-dimensional wave number vector of norm K = | K | . Thus, the
energy spectrum represents the spectral distribution of the energy associated to each wave
number. Figure 5 shows that the overall amount of radiative energy decreases with the radial
position, as expected, and in agreement with Fig. 2. It seems that the slope of the radiation
intensity spectrum, at the inertial range region, changes slightly with the distance from the jet
centreline. Moreover, the characteristic bump caused by the forcing at low wave numbers
seems to be attenuated near the jet centreline. These are only some of the issues we intend to
explore in future works.
10
0 r/D=0.0
r/D=2.7
10
-2
r/D=5.6
r/D=8.3
-4
10
-6
10
10-8
E(K) 10
-10
-12
10
10-14
-16
10
-18
10 0 1 2
10 10 10
K
Fig 5. Spectra for the mean spectral radiation intensity over a narrowband for several radial
locations obtained with the present model using the flame D data at x/D=75.
5. Conclusion
Classical one point statistics, correlations and power spectra of radiation intensity were
computed from an idealized model combining direct numerical simulations of isotropic
turbulence, comprising temperature and concentration fields, coupled with radiative transfer
calculations. The statistics demonstrate that the turbulence has a strong influence on the
radiation for the studied cases, yielding an increase of radiation intensity due to turbulence
that ranges from 34% to 92%. The increase is largest away from the flame axis, where the
turbulence intensity is also highest. It is hopped that the numerical tools employed here, when
further exploited, will shed more light into the complex nature of the turbulence/radiation
interactions. In particular, the influence of the chemical composition of the medium, mean gas
temperature, Reynolds number, shape of the kinetic energy and temperature spectra, and
turbulence intensity will be investigated.
6. Acknowledgement
This work was developed within the framework of project POCI/EME/59879/2004, which
is financially supported by FCT-Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, programme POCI
2010 (29.82% of the funds from FEDER and 70.18% from OE).
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