'Watching the Watchdog'

Malaysian Media Coverage of GE13

Final Individual Report: DAILY EXPRESS SABAH
15/08/13 Dr Tessa J. Houghton School of Modern Languages and Cultures Director of the Centre for the Study of Communications and Culture University of Nottingham Malaysian Campus

in collaboration with

Comments and feedback welcomed at: tessa.houghton@nottingham.edu.my 010 523 4575 or Masjaliza Hamzah Executive Officer Centre for Independent Journalism cijmalaysia@gmail.com 03-4023-0772/4024-9840

The work is licensed under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0

Table of Contents
Executive Summary of Key Results for DAILY EXPRESS SABAH....................................................................... 3 Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................................... 5 1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions......................................................................................... 5 Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions.......................................................... 5 Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other........................................................................................................................................6 1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions...............................................................................7 Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions............................................7 Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage .................................................................... 8 Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage.........................................................................9 Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................10 Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................................... 11 Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures....................................................... 11 Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................12 2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources....................................................... 13 Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources........................................13 Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other..........................................................................................................14 2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures............................................................................15 Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures......................................15 Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures.......................................................16 Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures..........................................................17 Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other.....................................................................................................................................18 2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning......................................................................................................................................................19 Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?............................................................................................................................................................ 19 Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?..........................20 Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues.................................................................................................................21 3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues..................................................21 Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues.................................................................21 Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues......................................................................................... 22 Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues................................................................................ 23 Section 4: A Brief Methodology..........................................................................................................................24 Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables.......................................................................................................................... 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 25 Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme......................................................................................................... 32

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Executive Summary of Key Results for DAILY EXPRESS SABAH

Introduction Like all modern elections, it the Malaysian 13th General Election was fought primarily through the media the so-called 'watchdogs' of democracy. But how effective were Malaysian media outlets at providing fair and objective information about national politics? How well did they inform Malaysian citizens about their political environment, and thus enable them to make informed decisions about who to vote for? The Watching the Watchdog project monitored coverage from 28 media newspapers, television news broadcasts, online news sites as well as the national press agency, in four languages (English, Bahasa Malaysia, Mandarin, and Tamil); in Sabah and Sarawak as well as in Peninsular Malaysia, during the month spanning April 7th to May 7th 2013 (31 days in total). It is a collaboration between the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus and the Centre for Independent Journalism. The key results summarised below pertain to the individual publication addressed in this report. Key Results In scrutinising the GE13 coverage provided by Daily Express Sabah, we found the following trends: (1) Coverage of Parties & Coalitions The mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was relatively equal. PR were attacked (49.83%) and covered negatively (51.85%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (75.35%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (89%).

(2) Coverage of Politicians and Political Figures Who is talked about the most? And how are they talked about? The volume of mention-level coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towards coverage of BN (53.14% to PR's 37.84%). Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (83%). However, of the non-neutral material, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the most positive coverage. Who is used as a source the most? And who engages in attack politics the most? Najib Razak and Muhyiddin Yassin were used as sources most often. Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (60%) than both PR politicians (24%) and independent/other political figures (16%). 3 DAILY EXPRESS SABAH

 Muhyiddin Yassin and Mohamad Mahathir were first and second most commonly engaged in attack politics. BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (58%) than either opposition politicians or Independents and Others. (3) Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues Non-Policy Issues were given more coverage than Policy Issues. The Policy Issue of Vision Policies and Programmes was the most covered issue overall.

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Section 1: Media Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

1.1 Volume of Coverage of Parties & Coalitions
Figure 1: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

PRM 0.01 SPDP 0.06 PRS 0.09 PSM 0.10 PBB 0.26 SUPP 0.41 MIC 0.62 Gerakan 0.68 UPKO 1.60 PBS 1.80 MCA 2.28 SAPP 4.29 UMNO 6.04 PAS 7.05 DAP 9.20 PKR 9.44 PR 10.02 Other 12.62 BN 0 5 10 15 20
Volume

33.41 25 30 35 40

BN received the most coverage (33.41%), followed by Others, PR, PKR, then DAP. Refer to Table 1 for figures.

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Figure 2: Volume of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Other

12.62

Independent

4.40

PR

35.71

BN

47.26

10

15

20
Volume

25

30

35

40

45

50

Once parties/coalitions' coverage volumes are combined, the mention-level coverage dedicated to each major coalition was skewed towards coverage of BN (47.26%). Refer to Table 2 for figures.

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1.2 Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions

Figure 3: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Political Parties & Coalitions

4% 4% 5% Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

87%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of political parties and coalitions, the neutral category was used very much the most often (87%).

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Figure 4: Negative Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Attacked SPDP PSM PRM PRS Gerakan PBB SUPP UPKO MIC MCA SAPP PBS UMNO PKR DAP PAS Other BN PR 0 10 20 30
Coverage Volume

Negative

40

50

60

PR and BN were the most negatively covered (both 20.2%), followed by Others (14.82%), PAS (11.11%), DAP (10.77%), then DAP (10.77%). PR were the most attacked (32.87%), followed by BN (29.76%), then Others (10.73%), Dap (7.61%), then PAS (7.27%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 5: Positive Political Party & Coalition Coverage

Positive PRM SPDP PRS PSM PBB SUPP MIC Gerakan UPKO PBS MCA SAPP UMNO PAS PR DAP PKR Other BN 0 20 40 60
Coverage Volume

Neutral

80

100

120

BN received the most positive (67.05%) coverage by a very significant margin, followed by PR (7.37%) then Others (5.07%). Refer to Table 3 for figures.

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Figure 6: Tone of Coverage of Political Parties & Coalitions: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent & Other Neutral Negative Attacked Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0

7.37 17.69 17.17 13.50 17.28 35.54 51.85 49.83 75.35 46.78 30.98 36.68 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Coverage Volume

When coalition and party coverage is combined into the two opposing coalitions, we see that overall, PR were attacked (49.83%) and covered negatively (51.85%) more then BN, with BN receiving more positive coverage (75.35%). It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 4 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 5% 87% 4% 4%

BN : PR 1 : 0.23 1 : 0.76 1 : 1.67 1 : 1.36

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Section 2: Media Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

2.1 Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Figure 7: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures
Rafizi Ramli Taib Mahmud Karpal Singh Nurul Izzah Khalid Ibrahim Hadi Awang Tian Chua Maximus Ongkili Muhyiddin Yassin Nik Aziz Jeffrey Kitingan Ibrahim Ali Lim Guan Eng Bernard Dompok Yong Teck Lee Mahathir Mohamad Musa Aman Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0 0.89 1.05 1.57 1.62 1.62 1.62 1.83 1.99 2.10 2.15 2.83 2.88 3.41 4.30 5.66 6.29 6.60 7.23 10.95 28.20 5 10
Coverage Volume

15

20

25

30

Only the top 20 most mentioned politicians are shown on this graph. Out of these 20, Najib Razak received the most mentions by a significant proportion (258.2%), followed by Anwar Ibrahim (10.95%). Refer to Table 5 for full figures.

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Figure 8: Volume of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

9.01 BN 53.14 PR 37.84 Independent/ Other

When the mentions of individual politicians and political figures are combined and merged into their respective coalitions, we can see that coverage of figures from both major coalitions is skewed towards coverage of BN (53.14% to PR's 37.84%). Refer to Table 6 for figures.

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2.2 Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Figure 9: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures as Sources

Ambiga Sreenevasan Chua Soi Lek Jeffrey Kitingan Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad Anwar Ibrahim Musa Aman Muhyiddin Yassin Najib Razak 0

2.13 2.45 2.55 4.01 5.36 5.88 8.43 11.66 12.91 24.99 5 10
Coverage Volume

15

20

25

30

Of the politicians and political figures tracked, Najib Razak was used as a source most often (24.99%), followed by Muhyiddin Yassin (12.91%), Musa Aman (11.66%), Anwar Ibrahim (8.43%), then Mahathir Mohamad (5.88%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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Figures 10: Volume of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

16% BN PR Independent/Other

60%

24%

Politicians from BN were used as sources much more often (60%) than both PR politicians (24%) and independent/other political figures (16%). Refer to Table 7 for figures.

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2.3 Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Figure 11: Raw Tonal Coverage Volume of Politicians & Political Figures

8%

6%3% Positive Neutral Negative Attacked

83%

Of all the tonal categories used in the coverage of politicians and political figures, the neutral category was used very much the most often (83%).

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Figure 12: Negative Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Attacked Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hadi Awang Taib Mahmud Lim Guan Eng Azmin Ali Muhyiddin Yassin Teresa Kok Ng Yen Yen Chua Soi Lek Bernard Dompok Rafizi Ramli Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Maximus Ongkili Nik Aziz Najib Razak Tian Chua Mahathir Mohamad Ibrahim Ali Yong Teck Lee Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Negative

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Anwar Ibrahim and Lim Kit Siang received the most negative coverage (15.39%). Anwar Ibrahim was the most attacked (25.46%), followed by Yong Teck Lee and Mahathir Mohamad (both 13.64%), then Lim Kit Siang (12.73%).

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Figure 13: Positive Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures

Positive Ng Yen Yen Rafizi Ramli Abdul Rahman Dahlan Taib Mahmud Tian Chua Karpal Singh Maximus Ongkili Hadi Awang Nurul Izzah Khalid Ibrahim Nik Aziz Muhyiddin Yassin Ibrahim Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Lim Guan Eng Bernard Dompok Yong Teck Lee Mahathir Mohamad Musa Aman Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Neutral

Coverage Volume

In terms of the tone of mentions of politicians and political figures, Najib Razak received the most positive (52.32%) and neutral coverage (28.33%). Musa Aman and Bernard Dompok received the second most positive coverage (11.92% each). Refer to Table 8 for figures.

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Figure 14: Tone of Coverage of Politicians & Political Figures: Government vs. Opposition vs. Independent/Other

Positive Independent/ Other Neutral Negative Attacked Positive PR Neutral Negative Attacked Positive BN Neutral Negative Attacked 0

2.65 8.68 21.15 14.55 13.91 38.34 53.85 55.45 83.44 52.98 25.00 30.00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Coverage Volume

Overall, more negative coverage and attacks were given to PR, while BN was given the most positive coverage. It should, however, be remembered that the neutral tonal category is overwhelmingly the largest category. Refer to Table 9 for figures and below for ratios. Coverage Type Positive Neutral Negative Attacked Tonal Weighting 8% 83% 3% 6%

BN : PR 1 : 0.17 1 : 0.72 1 : 2.15 1 : 1.85

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2.4 Tone of the Use of Politicians & Political Figures As Sources: Attack Politics or Negative Campaigning
Figure 15: Attack Politics: Which Politicians and Political Figures Employ 'Attack Politics' Most Often?

Chua Soi Lek 0.00 Baru Bian 0.00 Taib Mahmud Nazri Aziz Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Musa Aman Jeffrey Kitingan Lim Kit Siang Anwar Ibrahim Najib Razak Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin 0 5 10
Attack Volume

0.73 1.46 2.19 2.92 3.65 4.38 5.11 5.84 8.03 11.68 15.33 16.06 19.71 15 20 25

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Muhyiddin Yassin (19.71%) and Mahathir Mohamad (16.06%) were first and second most commonly engaged in attack politics, followed by Najib Razak (15.33%) then Anwar Ibrahim (11.68%). Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Figure 16: Attack Politics: Which Coalition Employs Attack Politics Most Often?

7%

34% 58%

BN PR Independent/Other

This graph is weighted to show attack politics as a proportion of overall use as source. Overall, BN coalition politicians engaged in attack politics more often (58%) than either opposition politicians or Independents and Others. Refer to Table 10 for figures.

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Section 3: Media Coverage of Issues

3.1 Volume of Media Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues
Figure 17: Coverage of Policy Issues vs. Non-Policy Issues

Policy Issues 50% 50% Non-Policy Issues

Equal coverage overall was given to Non-Policy Issues and Policy Issues. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 18: Media Coverage of Policy Issues

8% 0% 1% 12%

Policy Issues
Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion

2% 4% 57%

14% 1%

Of all Policy Issues covered, Vision Policies and Programmes were given the most coverage, followed by the Economy & Development then Domestic Policy, Crime and National Security. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Figure 19: Media Coverage of Non-Policy Issues

Non-Policy Issues
34% 37% Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering 8% 4% 5% 10% 2%

Of all Non-Policy Issues covered, Electioneering was given the most coverage, followed by Ethnicity. Refer to Table 11 for figures.

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Section 4: A Brief Methodology

Dates analysed: 7/4/13 07/05/13 (nd = 31 days) Number of data points/references identified and analysed: ndp = 27540 Number of articles identified and analysed: na = 905 Average number of articles/day: na/d = 29.2 Data Collection The data was collected or 'coded' using sentence-level content analysis. A team of around 70 'coders' from all over Malaysia, from both private and public universities, and from civil society, coded their assigned media on a daily basis. Stories 'coded' were selected according to the following criteria: They were within the Malaysian news section/s of the newspapers including the front page, or were the paper's editorial (if they run one). They were from pre-defined 'Malaysian News' areas of the news websites monitored, with 'snapshots' taken at 8pm daily. They were from within the TV news broadcasts. They were more than 1/3 about the election, and were news stories as opposed to columns, opinions pieces, letters, etc (with the exception of the paper's own editorial, if present).

Within each story, category/operator references were identified and coded at the sentence level (from period to period). The 21 categories identified and their sub-categories or 'operators' are outlined in Appendix 2. These 21 categories form the 'unit of analysis' for this study. Tone (positive, negative, neutral, attacking, or attacked) was determined based on matching each reference to a media frame or frames, supportable via emotive/descriptive/subjective language/vocabulary utilised by the either the news personnel or the source being quoted/paraphrased. As such, tone is not based upon coder opinion but on linguistic data. Coders were instructed to 'code as neutral' whenever there was a lack of linguistic data to support a positive/negative/attacking/attacked frame, or whenever they were unsure/conflicted. Data Analysis The data was analysed using the open source software package GNU Octave (a multi-disciplinary mathematical data analysis programme capable of SPSS/NVIVO-level statistical analysis, as well as much higher-level mathematical analysis). Scripts were composed to count occurrences of key datacodes, as specified by the project's finite code-listing set (see Appendix 2), for every row of coded data (i.e. every reference). Where appropriate, code-count occurrences have been normalised to provide the percentage of these key-code occurrences.

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Section 5: Appendix 1 Tables

TABLE 1 Party Percentage BN 33.412 DAP 9.2017 Gerakan 0.68391 MCA 2.2756 MIC 0.62174 PAS 7.0505 PBB 0.26113 PBS 1.803 PKR 9.438 PR 10.022 PRS 0.087043 PRM 0.012435 PSM 0.099478 SAPP 4.29 SPDP 0.062174 SUPP 0.41035 UMNO 6.0433 UPKO 1.6041 Other 12.621 Party BN Gerakan MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO PR DAP PAS PKR PRM PSM SAPP Other TABLE 2 Percentage Coalition 33.412 0.68391 2.2756 0.62174 0.26113 1.803 BN 0.087043 0.062174 0.41035 6.0433 1.6041 10.022 9.2017 PR 7.0505 9.438 0.012435 0.099478 Independent 4.29 12.621 Other Percentage

47.264347

35.7122

4.401913 12.621

TABLE 3 Parties & Coalitions BN DAP Gerakan MCA MIC PAS PBB PBS PKR PR PRS PRM PSM SAPP SPDP SUPP UMNO UPKO Other Attacked 29.758 7.6125 0 0 0 7.2664 0.34602 0 2.0761 32.872 0 0 0 2.7682 0 0 6.5744 0 10.727 Negative 20.202 10.774 0 1.0101 1.0101 11.111 0 3.0303 9.7643 20.202 0 0 0 2.3569 0 0.6734 4.0404 1.0101 14.815 Neutral 32.118 9.5524 0.7293 2.4882 0.6149 7.0928 0.2574 1.9019 10.124 8.7659 0.1001 0.0143 0.1144 4.5617 0.0715 0.429 6.3492 1.716 12.999 Positive 67.051 3.2258 0.92166 1.3825 0.92166 2.9954 0.46083 0.69124 3.6866 7.3733 0 0 0 2.3041 0 0.23041 2.3041 1.3825 5.0691 TOTAL 149.129 31.1647 1.65096 4.8808 2.54666 28.4656 1.06425 5.62344 25.651 69.2132 0.1001 0.0143 0.1144 11.9909 0.0715 1.33281 19.2681 4.1086 43.6101

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BN

PR

Independent & Other

TABLE 4 Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive

TABLE 5 36.67842 30.9764 46.7755 75.3459 49.827 51.8513 35.5351 17.2811 13.4952 17.1719 17.6894 7.3732 Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee Percentage (mention) 0.78616 0 0.052411 10.954 0.4717 0.052411 4.2977 0.15723 0.57652 0.052411 0 0.36688 1.6247 0.15723 0.15723 2.8826 0 2.8302 1.5723 1.6247 0.20964 3.4067 7.2327 0.10482 6.2893 1.9916 0.41929 2.0964 6.6038 28.197 0.62893 2.1488 0 1.6247 0.89099 0.26205 0 1.0482 0.41929 1.8344 0.26205 0 0.052411 0 5.6604

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Liow Tiong Lai Ng Yen Yen G. Palanivel Alfred Jabu Taib Mahmud Maximus Ongkili James Masing William Mawan Wong Soon Koh Abdul Rahman Dahlan Hishamuddin Hussein Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Karpal Singh Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Teresa Kok Tony Pua Wong Ho Leng Dzulkefly Ahmad Hadi Awang Khalid Samad Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Siti Mariah Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Elizabeth Wong Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Tian Chua Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Ibrahim Ali Rosmah Mansur Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 6 Party etc. Percentage MCA MIC PBB PBS PRS SPDP SUPP 1.31027 0.36688 1.0482 1.9916 0 0 0

Coalition

Percentage

BN

53.14454

UMNO

44.12989

UPKO

4.2977

DAP

13.102681

PAS

4.454841 PR 37.840623

PKR

20.283101

Bersih Independent Perkasa '1st lady' SAPP

0.052411 0.15723 2.8826 0.26205 5.6604

Independent/ Other

9.014691

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Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

TABLE 7 Percentage (source) 2.4466 5.8824 12.91 11.661 24.987 0.26028 2.0822 8.4331 0.10411 2.0822 2.5508 0.98907 4.0083 5.3618 0.57262 2.1343 0.052056 7.2358 3.0713 2.3425 0.8329

Coalition

Percentage

BN

60.22948

PR

24.102

Independent

15.668856

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Politician/Political Figure Abdul Rahman Dahlan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein Ibrahim Ali James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee

TABLE 8 Attacked Negative 0 0 0 25.455 1.8182 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.90909 0 0 0.90909 0 0.90909 0 0 0 1.8182 12.727 0 13.636 3.6364 0 3.6364 0 7.2727 0 5.4545 0 0 0.90909 0 0 1.8182 0 5.4545 0 0 0 0 13.636 0 0 0 15.385 0 0 1.9231 0 1.9231 0 0 0 0 0 0 9.6154 0 1.9231 3.8462 0 0 0 15.385 0 7.6923 5.7692 0 0 0 5.7692 1.9231 5.7692 0 0 1.9231 0 0 0 1.9231 7.6923 0 0 0 0 11.538

Neutral 0.95057 0 0 10.52 0.4436 0.063371 3.9924 0.063371 0.63371 0.063371 0 0.4436 1.9011 0.12674 0.12674 3.0418 0 3.2319 1.711 1.9645 0.25349 3.6122 7.161 0.12674 5.8935 1.7744 0.50697 2.0913 6.8441 28.327 0.69708 2.0279 0 1.9011 0.8872 0.31686 0 1.0773 0.4436 1.2674 0.25349 0 0.063371 0 5.1965

Positive 0 0 0.66225 3.9735 0 0 11.921 1.3245 0 0 0 0 0 0.66225 0.66225 0.66225 0 0.66225 0 0 0 2.649 1.9868 0 2.649 1.9868 0 1.3245 11.921 52.318 0 0 0 0.66225 0.66225 0 0 0.66225 0 1.3245 0.66225 0 0 0 0.66225

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TABLE 9 BN Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive Attacked Negative Neutral Positive 29.9997 25 52.97844 83.4448 55.45467 53.847 38.339934 13.9073 14.54509 21.1534 8.6819 2.649

PR

Independent/ Other

TABLE 10 Politician/Political Figure Chua Soi Lek Mahathir Mohamad Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Taib Mahmud Anwar Ibrahim Baru Bian Hadi Awang Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Nik Aziz Ambiga Sreenevasan Hassan Ali Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson Percentage (source + attacking) 0 16.058 19.708 5.1095 15.328 1.4599 0.72993 11.679 0 0 5.8394 2.1898 2.9197 8.0292 3.6496 4.3796 0 0.72993 1.4599 0.72993 0 Coalition Percentage

BN

58.39333

PR

34.3067

Independent

7.29936

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TABLE 11 Issues Vision Policies/Programmes Environment Economy/Development Education Foreign Policy Domestic Policy, Crime & National Security Oppressive Legislation Health Religion Ethnicity Religion Democracy & Human Rights Socioeconomic Status Mudslinging Gender Electioneering Coverage 13.227 0.2457 3.1532 0.9555 0.42315 2.7983 0.2184 0.06825 1.9383 7.7942 1.952 1.1603 2.3342 0.96915 0.4095 8.5313 PI/NPI Coverage

Policy Issues

23.0278

Non-Policy Issues

23.15065

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Section 6: Appendix 2 Coding Scheme

1. Politician or Political Figure (Mentioned) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 2. Abdul Rahman Dalan Alfred Jabu Ambiga Sreenevasan Anwar Ibrahim Azmin Ali Baru Bian Bernard Dompok Chong Chieng Jen Chua Soi Lek Dzulkefly Ahmad Elizabeth Wong G. Palanivel Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Hishamuddin Hussein James Masing Jeffrey Kitingan Karpal Singh Khalid Ibrahim Khalid Samad Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Liow Tiong Lai Mahathir Mohamad Maximus Ongkili Mohamad 'Mat' Sabu Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Ng Yen Yen Nik Aziz Nizar Jamaluddin Nurul Izzah Rafizi Ramli Rosmah Mansur Siti Mariah Mahmud Taib Mahmud Teresa Kok Tian Chua Tony Pua William Mawan Wong Ho Leng Wong Soon Koh Yong Teck Lee 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 3. Muhyiddin Yassin Musa Aman Najib Razak Nazri Aziz Nik Aziz Taib Mahmud Vox Pop Male Vox Pop Female Public Opinion/Vox Pop General Election Commission Spokesperson

Party or Coalition 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. BN (Barisan Nasional) DAP (Democratic Action Party) Gerakan (Malaysian People's Movement Party) MCA (Malaysian Chinese Association) MIC (Malaysian Indian Congress) PAS (Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party) PBB (Parti Besaka Bumputera Bersatu) PBS (Parti Bersatu Sabah) PKR (People's Justice Party) PR (Pakatan Rakyat) PRS (Sarawak People's Party) PRM (Parti Rakyat Malaysia) PSM (Parti Sosialis Malaysia) SAPP (Sabah Progressive Party) SPDP (Sarawak Progressive Democratic Party) SUPP (Sarawak United People's Party) UMNO (United Malays National Organisation) UPKO (United Pasokmomogun Kadazandusun Murut Organisation)

4.

Organisations 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Bersih Community-based organisations. Democracy- or human rights-oriented organisations (excluding Bersih) Environmentally-oriented organisations Ethnicity-oriented organisations JATI Perkasa Professionals organisations Religious organisations. Trade Unions Womens' rights or issues focused organisations. Youth or student focused organisations Election Commission

Politicians or Political Figure (Used as a Source) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Ambiga Sreenevasan (Bersih) Anwar Ibrahim (PKR) Baru Bian Chua Soi Lek Hadi Awang Hassan Ali Jeffrey Kitingan Khalid Ibrahim Lim Guan Eng Lim Kit Siang Mahathir Mohamad

5.

Policy Issues 1. Vision Policies or Programmes 1. 1Malaysia 2. GTP (Government Transformation Programme) 3. ETP (Economic Transformation Programme) 4. NKRA (National Key Results Areas) 5. NEP/'Bumiputeraism'

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6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 2.

PAS's Welfare State PKR's Buku Jingga NEM (New Economic Model) 'Transformasi' BN Manifesto PR Manifesto Other

6. 7. 8.

SOSMA (Security Offences (Special Measures) Act 2012) Other

Health 1. 1Care 2. Other Religion 1. Apostasy 2. Islamic State 3. Hudud 4. Conversion (into Islam) 5. 'Allah' issue 6. Other

Environment 1. Deforestation/Land Rights 2. Recycling 3. Lynas 4. Polluting Industries (non-Lynas) 5. Damming Projects 6. Other Economy/Development 1. Recession 2. Welfare 3. Unemployment 4. Poverty 5. Privatisation 6. Growth/FDI 7. FTA/Globalisation 8. Inflation/Price Rises 9. Infrastructure 10. Housing 11. Other Education 1. Vernacular Schools 2. Access 3. PPSMI 4. Academic Freedom 5. System 6. PTPTN 7. Other Foreign Policy 1. Western World 2. Singapore (Mentions of) 3. Singapore (Comparison with) 4. China 5. India 6. Islamic World 7. Israel/Palestine 8. Indonesia 9. Other Domestic Policy, Crime, & National Security 1. Immigration 2. Illegals/Refugees 3. Terrorism (not Lahad Datu) 4. Crime 5. Lahad Datu Incident 6. Other Oppressive Legislation 1. ISA (Internal Security Act) 2. AUKU/UUCA (Universities and University Colleges Act 1971) 3. Sedition Act 4. PPPA (Printing Presses and Publication Act) 5. PAA (Peaceful Assembly Act 2012) 6.

9.

3.

Non-Policy Issues 1. Ethnicity 1. Malaysia 2. Chinese 3. Indian/South Asian 4. Orang Asli 5. Orang Asal, Sabah & Sarawak 6. Thai 7. Portuguese/Eurasian 8. Malay Rights 9. Other Religion 1. Islam 2. Buddhism/Taoism 3. Hinduism 4. Christianity 5. Sikhism 6. Religious Freedom (non-apostasy related) 7. Interfaith Dialogue/Unity 8. Interfaith Friction 9. Other Democracy & Human Rights 1. General Corruption 2. Electoral Corruption 3. Media Freedom 4. Electoral Reform 5. Electoral Legislation 6. 2-Party System 7. Protest/Rallies 8. Other Socioeconomic Sectors 1. Middle Class/Professionals 2. Working Class 3. Aristocracy/Monarchy 4. Civil Service 5. Military and Police 6. FELDA 7. Plantation/Estate Workers 8. Chine New Villagers 9. Senior Citizens/Retirees 10. RELA/Wataniah 11. Urban 12. Rural 13. Cost of Living

4.

2.

5.

3.

6.

4.

7.

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14. Other 7. 5. Territory 1. Kuala Lumpur 2. Labuan 3. Putrajaya 4. Johor 5. Kedah 6. Kelantan 7. Malacca 8. Negeri Sembilan 9. Pahang 10. Perak 11. Perlis 12. Penang 13. Sabah 14. Sarawak 15. Selangor 16. Terengganu 17. Sarawak Independence 18. Sabah Independence Mudslinging 1. Anwar/Sodomy 2. Altantuya 3. Rosmah 4. Penang CM 5. Selangor CM 6. NFC 7. Arms Deals 8. Psy/CNY Concert 9. Project IC 10. Taib Mahmud and Logging Expose 11. Other Gender 1. Sexuality 2. Women in politics 3. Personal/Private life 4. Womens' Issues 5. LGBT/Q 6. Appearance 7. Sexism 8. Other Electioneering 1. Event-specific Gifts 2. Handouts 3. Timely Developments 4. Election Promises 5. Baby-kissing 6. Cybertroopers/Social Media War 7. Other

8.

6.

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