INDEX CHAPTERS: 1. Introduction....4 i) Literature survey and technological survey.........5 2. Theoretical details of the topic...8 2.

1 Need Of Solar Tracking system..9 3. System design....10 3.1 Block diagram....11 3.2Block Diagram description......12 4. Circuit Working.21 4.1 Intelligent Train.......... ...22 5. Advantages And Future Scope..................23 i) Advantages.......24 ii) Future scope.....24 6. References.....25 7. Data sheets.. 27

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LIST OF FIGURES: 1. Block diagram of Intelligent Train..................11 2. Pin configuration of PIC 16F73...13 3. Pin configuration of APR9600.....20

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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

We know that the railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. There are so many different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods.... etc. and their so many multiple routs. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. And thats why the train accidents are becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents. The idea is whenever any engine observes a red signal on its track it will start decreasing its speed gradually and stops automatically at some distance from the signal pole. After then when it gets green signal the driver can manually start the train and go on. In the mean time when train has not stopped yet and a red signal becomes green then it crosses the signal pole with low speed and then driver can slowly increase the speed. So now before the driver observes the red signal the engine itself observes it and automatically starts decreasing speed and then stops. The driver can feel relax in driving because he doesnt have to take care about red signal. Even if he forgets to take any action on red signal then also we can avoid accidents by the implementation of this idea.

LITERATURE SURVEY:
Criteria for choosing Micro controller: 1. The first & foremost criterion in choosing a Micro controller is that it must meet the task at hand efficiently & cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a Micro controller based project, we must first see whether an 8-bit, or 16-bit, or 32-bit Micro controller can best handle the computing needs of the task most effectively. Among other considerations in the category are: Speed: What is the highest speed that the Micro controller supports? Packaging: Does it comes in 40-pin DIP (dual in line package) or 28-pin DIP or a QFP (quad flat package) or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling & prototyping the end product. Power consumption: This is especially critical for battery-powered products.
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The amount of RAM & ROM on chip. The number of I/O pins & the timer on the chip. Cost per unit: This is important in terms of the final cost of the product in which a Micro controller is used. How many inbuilt function it has?

2. The second criterion in choosing a micro controller is how easy it is to develop products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, a code efficient c language compiler, emulator, technical support, and both in-house and outside expertise. PIC 16F73 from Micro-chip Corporation: This popular PIC 16F73 chip has inbuilt ADC and on-chip ROM in the form of program and data memory. This is ideal for development since flash memory can be erased in seconds compared to the twenty minutes or more needed for the 8751 for this reason the PIC 16F73 is used in place of the 8751 to eliminate the waiting time needed to erase the chip & thereby speed up the development time. To use the PIC 16F73 to develop a micro controller based system requires a ROM burner that supports flash memory; however, a ROM eraser is not needed. Notice that in flash memory you must erase the entire contents of ROM in order to program it again. Voltage Regulator 7805: We need the regulated 5 V output for the most of the ICs used in our system. Now the output of bridge rectifier is unregulated DC. To get 5V regulated DC output from it we have used regulator IC 7805. The 7805 is designed with adequate heat sinking and can deliver output currents in excess of 1A. It has internal thermal overload protection and internal short circuit current limiting. For proper operation a common ground is required between input and output voltages.

MAX 232 (DS 14C232): The DS14C232 is a low power dual driver/receiver featuring an onboard DC to DC converter. ICC is specified at 3.0 mA maximum, making the device ideal for battery and power conscious applications. The drivers slew rate is set internally and the receivers feature
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internal noise filtering, eliminating the need for external slew rate and filter capacitors. The device is designed to interface data terminal equipment (DTE) with data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE).

Series Voltage Regulators

This is third sensor which uses to sense signal conditioning circuit. This is formed by Resistance divider. The sensor will be placed on the front panel.

General Description
The LM78XX series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation. The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems, instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid state electronic equipment. Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents. The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over 1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit the peak output current to a safe value. Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided, the thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating. Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators easy to use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the output. Although this does improve transient response. Input bypassing is needed only if the regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.

Features :
Output current in excess of 1A Internal thermal overload protection No external components required Output transistor safe area protection Internal short circuit current limit Available in the aluminum TO-3 package
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CHAPTER 2: THEORETICAL DETAILS OF TOPIC

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2.1 NEED OF A INTELLIGENT TRAIN:

Railway network of India is the biggest in south Asia and perhaps the most complicated in all over the world. Different types of trains local, fast, super fast, passenger, goods. etc. and their so many multiple routs. Although the time table is perfect it is not at all possible to maintain it. Thats why the train accidents becoming more and more usual. So why not we add a kind of intelligence to the train engines itself so that it tries to avoid accidents. Also most of the people travelling in the train are not educated or some people are new to that place so train should announce the place where train is. It should also announce the names of previous and current along with next station. Also the names should be displayed on LCD for visual display of current station.

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CHAPTER 3: SYSTEM DESIGN

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3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAMS:

3.1.1 Intelligent Train:

Fig 1: Block diagram of Intelligent Train

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3.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

The system comprises of following eight sections: Peripheral Interface Controller(PIC 16F73): This is the most important segment of the project. The controller is responsible for detection and polling of the peripherals status. It is responsible for making control decision. It is responsible for prioritizing all the devices attached to it. It is the major part of the system which controls all the operation of the circuit such as reading data from sensor, PC interfacing. This is the heart of the project, as we know the processor is the heart of any project. Here PIC controller takes that job. The chip used is Atmel 16F73. There are two memory blocks in each of these PIC controllers. The program Memory and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur. The program memory can be read internally using Special Function Resistors in PIC. PIC 16F7X devices have a 13 bit program counter capable of addressing an 8K word x 14 bit program memory space. The PIC 16F73 devices have 8K x 14words of FLASH program memory.

What is a microcontroller? Microcontrollers are small computer on a chip with some special properties: CPU, code memory, data memory and IO ports all included on a single chip Dedicated to one task Small and low cost Embedded in many consumer devices

Why PIC is popular? PICs are popular with developers due to low cost wide availability large user base
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extensive collection of application notes availability of low cost or free development tools serial programming capability

PIC SPEED Can use crystals, clock oscillators, or even an RC circuit. Some PICs have a built in 4MHz RC clock, Not very accurate,but requires no external components! Instruction speed = 1/4 clock speed (Tcyc = 4 * Tclk) All PICs can be run from DC to their maximum specd speed: 12C50x 4MHz 12C67x 10MHz 16Cxxx 20MHz 17C4x / 17C7xxx 33MHz 18Cxxx 40MHz

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PIN DIAGRAM FOR PIC :

Fig2 . Pin Diagram Of PIC 16F73 PIC16 Oscillator Options

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XT : Standard frequency crystal oscillator

100kHz - 4MHz

20MHz 4MHz 4MHz - 20MHz

5kHz 5kHz - 200kHz 200kHz

DC C - 4MHz 4MHz

or 8 MHz 2% 4 or4 8 MHz 2% HS : High frequency crystal oscillator LP : Low frequency crystal oscillator RC : External RCOscillator INTRC : Internal RCoscillator

Selectable clock options provide greater flexibility for the designer: * LP Oscillator designed to draw least amount of current * RC or INTRC provide ultra low cost oscillator solution * HS optimized to drive high frequency crystals or resonator Speed ranges are guidelines only

POR, OST, PWRT :

POR: Power On Reset

With MCLR tied to Vdd, a Vdd reset pulse is generated when Vdd rise is detected MCLR.

Slide
PWRT: Power Up Timer: PWRT

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Device is held in reset for 72ms (nominal) to allow V DD : OST to rise to an acceptable level (after POR only) :Reset, Execution OST: Oscillator Start-up Timer Holds device in reset for 1024 cycles to allow crystal or resonator to stabilize in frequency and amplitude; not active in RC modes; used only after POR or Wake Up from SLEEP.

Sleep Mode The processor can be put into a power-down mode by executing the SLEEP

instruction. System oscillator is stopped Processor status is maintained (static design) Watchdog timer continues to run, if enabled Minimal supply current is drawn - mostly due to leakage (0.1 -.0A typical)

Events that wake processor from sleep MCLR : Master Clear Pin Asserted (pulled low) WDT : Watchdog Timer Timeout INT : INT Pin Interrupt

TMR1 : Timer 1 Interrupt (or also TMR3 on PIC18) CMP : Comparator Output Change Interrupt CCP SSP PSP : Input Capture Event : Synchronous Serial Port (I2C Mode) Start / Stop Bit Detect Interrupt : Parallel Slave Port Read or Write

Watchdog Timer Helps recover from software malfunction Uses its own free-running on-chip RC oscillator
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WDT is cleared by CLRWDT instruction Enabled WDT cannot be disabled by software WDT overflow resets the chip Programmable timeout period: 18ms to 3.0s typical Operates in SLEEP; on time out, wakes up CPU

BOR Brown Out Reset When voltage drops below a particular threshold, the device is held in reset Prevents

erratic or unexpected operation Eliminates need for external BOR circuitry

PBOR Programmable Brown Out Reset : Configuration Option (set at program time) Cannot be enabled / disabled in software

BOR Brown Out Reset : Holds PICmicro MCU in reset until ~72ms after rises back above VDD PLVD Programmable Low Voltage Detect 1.8V up to 4.5V in 0.1 to 0.2V steps External analog input

In-Circuit Serial Programming : Only two pins required for programming with Pin Convenient for In-System Programming of VPP Function Programming Voltage = 5V

Supported by MPLAB PM3 & ICD2 RB6 &RB7 Clock Input & Data I/O &
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Command Input.

I/O Ports
LCD: Most of the projects with the any processor/microcontroller CPU (8085/8051/ARM) require some form of display. In market various displays are available like 7-segment, 5*7 matrix LED and LCD, bar graph, LCD, etc. Its important for deciding the required display set for our project. Selection of display depends on various factors like power consumption, ambient light conditions, surrounding temperature, visibility from long distance, total information to be display, cost of display, circuit/lines required for display interfacing, etc. Features of LCD: Operate with single 5V power supply. Includes two drivers & two receivers. MAX232 is 16 pin IC. 30V input levels. High Drive Capability Can directly drive LEDs Direct, single cycle bit manipulation Each pin has individual direction control under software All pins have ESD protection diodes Pin RA4 is open drain All I/O pins default to inputs (high impedance) on usually startup

MAX 232 : In our project we have used MAX 232 for interfacing our system with the GPS module and computer. The Locations generated by GPS module are given to computer
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serially through MAX232. For this we require serial I/O interfacing standard. RS 232 is widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. Since RS232 is not compatible with the microcontroller, we need a line driver(voltage converter) to convert the RS232s signals to TTL voltage levels that will be acceptable to the 16F73s TxD and RxD pins. The MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa. One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5 V power source that is the same as the source, which is the same as the source voltage for the 16F73.

GPS interface: GPS module used is SR-86 which operate at 4800 baudrate. It continuously Receives the co-ordinates from three orbitting satellite. Features : GPS module used is Progin SR-86 Series. High Sensitivity SiRF STAR III chipsets On chip 1 MB RAM Reacquisition Time 0.1 Second Support Standard NMEA-0183 and SiRF Binary Protocol

Purpose : To get the current location of vehicle.

DC motor: DC motor is a digital actuator whose input is in the form of programmed energization of the stator windings and whose output is in the form of discrete angular rotation. The DC motor is used is of 12v and it is used to forward and reverse motion Of the train.

APR9600 (Sound IC) :

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Features : Single-chip, high-quality voice recording & play back solution No external IC s required Minimum external components Non-volatile Flash memory technology No battery backup required

User-Selectable messaging options : Random access of multiple fixed- duration messages Sequential access of multiple variable-duration messages

User-friendly, easy-to-use operation : Programming & development systems not required Level-ac tivated recording & edge-activated play back switches

Low power consumption : Operating current: 25 mA typical Standby current: 1 uA typical Automatic powe r-down Chip Enable pin for simple message expansion

General Description: The APR9600 device offers true si ngle-chip voice recording,non-volatile storage, and playback capability for 40 t o 60 seconds.

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The device supports both random and sequential access of multiple messages. Sample rates are user-selectable, allowing designers to customize their design for unique quality and storage time needs.

Integrated out put amplifier,microphone amplifier, and AGC circuits greatlysimplify system design. The device is ideal for use inportable voice recorders, toys , and many other consumer and industrial application . APLUS integrated achives these high levels of storage capability by using its proprietary analog/multilevel storage technology implemented in an advanced Flash non-volatile memory process , where each memory cell can store 256 voltage levels . This technology enables the APR9600 device to reproduce voice signals in their

natural form. It eliminates the need for encoding and compression, which often introduce distortion.

PIN Diagram :

Fig 3. Pin Diagram Of APR9600

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CHAPTER 4: CIRCUIT WORKING

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4.1. Intellignt Train:

The PIC controller receives train Location from GPS module continuously. These received location in the form of Latitude and Longitude is then Compaired with Latitude and longitude which is stored in controller. If received Latitude and longitude matches with Latitude and longitude which are stored in controller for perticular station then Train will be going to stop. When Train is stoped LCD will display the names of Station which are next to current station and previous to current station along with name of current station. At this time sound IC will give the announcement of name of current station along with Previous and next station. Train will stop at each station for 2min then Door will Closed then train will go in Forward direction towards next station. Track break detection circuit will continuously checks the status of track, if track is break at any point train will stop immediately.
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CHAPTER 5: ADVANTAGES AND FUTURE SCOPE

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5.1 ADVANTAGES :

Efficient way for evacuation of bank Quick response time. Fully Automatic system Robust system, low power requirement Less time delays.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE:

Each and every project is never complete as new things are learned further modifications can be done.There are always remains an infinite scope of improvement to a

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system design. Its only the time and financial constraints that impose a limit on the development. Following are the few enhancements that may add further value to the system.

Reduce transportation delay. If track break is detected then SMS is sent to the base station using GSM module so that immediately taken. Using RFID automatic opening and closing of the gates can be possible.

CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES
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REFERENCES:
BOOKS : 1. The PIC16F7X Microcontroller and embedded systems by Muhammad Ali Mazidi Second edition, published in 2006 year by Pearson Education, INC. 2. PIC Microcontroller by Ajay Deshmukh 3. Programming and customizing the PIC Microcontroller by Myke Predko, 3 rd Edition, Published in 2002 year by TATA McGRAW-HILL.

Websites : www.microchip.com
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www.allindiadatasheet.com www.picpoint.com www.myke.com www.dontronics.com

CHAPTER 7 : DATASHEETS
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