Fluid Mechanics 1

FLUID MECHANICS
BY: S.M.NIMA SHOJAEE
FLUID MECHANICS
Science & Research Campus of IAU
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
CHAPTER 1:
CHARACTERISTICS OF A FLUID
NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)
FLUID MECHANICS Basic Concepts & Definitions:

Fluid Mechanics
(1) (2) (3)
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Study of fluids at rest, in motion, and the effects of fluids on boundaries. fluid statics (fluids at rest) momentum and energy analyses (fluids in motion) viscous effects and all sections considering pressure forces (effects of fluids on boundaries). A substance which moves and deforms continuously as a result of an applied shear stress. Note: The definition also clearly shows that viscous effects are not considered in the study of fluid static.
Fluid:
Two important properties in the study of fluid mechanics are:

Pressure The normal stress on any plane through a fluid element at rest. Key Point: The direction of pressure forces will always be perpendicular to the surface of interest. Velocity The rate of change of position at a point in a flow field.
FLUID MECHANICS Fluid

Fluids are divided into:
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Liquids (hard to compress) gases (easy to compress, and fully expands to fill its container. There is thus no free surface.)
Important characteristics of a fluid are:

Compressibility a solid shows its elasticity in tension, compression or shearing stress, a fluid does so only for compression. Viscosity resistance whenever two layers slide over each other
In general, liquids are called incompressible fluids and gases compressible fluids. Ideal fluid:
a non-existent, assumed fluid without either viscosity or compressibility.
perfect fluid:
A fluid with compressibility but without viscosity.
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
FLUID MECHANICS Units and dimensions

MKS system of units
meter (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass second (s) for time
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CGS system of units

centimeter (cm) for length gram (g) for mass second (s) for time
British Gravitational System (B.G.)

feet (ft) for length, slug for mass second (sec) for time
FLUID MECHANICS Units and dimensions
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
International system of units (SI) SI, developed from the MKS system of units and makes it a rule to adopt only one unit for each of the various quantities used in such fields as science, education and industry. system of units which There are seven fundamental SI units, namely:
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) meter (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass second (s) for time ampere (A) for electric current kelvin (K) for thermodynamic temperature mole (mol) for mass quantity candela (cd) for intensity of light.
Absolute System In the absolute system of units the length, mass and time are respectively expressed by L, M and T Key Point: In the B.G. system of units, the mass unit is the slug and not the lbm and 1 slug = 32.174 lbm. Therefore, be careful not to use conventional values for fluid density in English units without appropriate conversions, e.g., w = 62.4 lb/ft3
FLUID MECHANICS Primary and Secondary Dimension
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FLUID MECHANICS The Fluid as a Continuum
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Fluids are aggregations of molecules, widely spaced for a gas, closely spaced for a liquid. The distance between molecules is very large compared with the molecular diameter. Continuum:
variation in properties is so smooth that the differential calculus can be used to analyze the substance. We shall assume that continuum calculus is valid for all the analyses in this lesson.
FLUID MECHANICS Eulerian and Lagrangian Descriptions
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There are two different points of view in analyzing problems in mechanics. The Eulerian method of description
is concerned with the field of flow. In the eulerian method we compute the pressure field p(x, y, z, t) of the flow pattern, not the pressure changes p(t) which a particle experiences as it moves through the field.
The Lagrangian method of description

which follows an individual particle moving through the flow. The lagrangian approach, analyses of sharply bounded fluid flows, such as the motion of isolated fluid droplets.
FLUID MECHANICS The Velocity Field In general, velocity is a

vector function of position and time has three components u, v, and w
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FLUID MECHANICS Example
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FLUID MECHANICS Properties of a Fluid
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Pressure: Pressure is the (compression) stress at a point in a static fluid. 1 atm =2116 lbf/sqft = 101,325 Pa Temperature: Temperature T is a measure of the internal energy level of a fluid. It may vary considerably during high-speed flow of a gas. If temperature differences are strong, heat transfer may be important, but our concern here is mainly with dynamic effects.
FLUID MECHANICS Properties of a Fluid

Density: Density is mass per unit volume.
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Density is highly variable in gases and increases nearly proportionally to the pressure level.
Density in liquids is nearly constant; the density of water (about 1000 kg/m3) increases only 1 percent if the pressure is increased by a factor of 220. Thus most liquid flows are treated analytically as nearly incompressible.
The density of water at 4C and 1 atm (101 325 Pa, standard atmospheric pressure) is 1000 kg/cum or 62.4 lb/ft3. The heaviest common liquid is mercury, and the lightest gas is hydrogen.
FLUID MECHANICS Density
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FLUID MECHANICS Properties of a Fluid (cont)

Specific Weight is its weight per unit volume. the specific weights of air and water at 20C and 1 atm are approximately
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Specific Gravity Specific gravity, denoted by SG, is the ratio of a fluid density to a standard reference fluid, water (for liquids), and air (for gases):
Specific Volume
The reciprocal of density, i.e. the volume per unit mass
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Recommendation:
In working with problems with complex or mixed system units, at the start of the problem convert all parameters with units to the base units being used in the problem, e.g. for S.I. problems, convert all parameters to kg, m, & s; for BG problems, convert all parameters to slug, ft, & s. Then convert the final answer to the desired final units. NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)
FLUID MECHANICS
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Shear Stress
FLUID MECHANICS F t
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Fluid Deformation between Parallel Plates

U
Side view Force F causes the top plate to have velocity U. What other parameters control how much force is required to get a desired velocity? If this parameter increases, what does F do?
F=
mAU t
Distance between plates (t) Area of plates (A) Viscosity! ()

FLUID MECHANICS
AU F = t
F = A
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Shear Stress( Another Approach)

Ft = AU
dimension of
N s m2 N 2 m
Tangential force per unit area

U t
U = t du = dy
1 Rate of angular deformation s
du change in velocity with respect to distance dy
rate of shear
Our general equation relating shear and viscosity

FLUID MECHANICS
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FLUID MECHANICS Fluid Viscosity
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Viscosity and Kinematic Viscosity of Eight Fluids at 1 atm and 20C
FLUID MECHANICS Fluid Viscosity
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Reynolds Number the primary parameter correlating the viscous behavior of all newtonian fluids is the dimensionless Reynolds number:
where V and L are characteristic velocity and length scales of the flow. kinematic viscosity:
FLUID MECHANICS Variation of Viscosity with Temperature

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Temperature has a strong effect and pressure a moderate effect on viscosity. The viscosity of gases and most liquids increases slowly with pressure. Since the change in viscosity is only a few percent up to 100 atm, we shall neglect pressure effects in this course. Gas viscosity increases with temperature. Two common approximations are the power law and the Sutherland law:
Liquid viscosity decreases with temperature and is roughly exponential better fit is the empirical result
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Fluid Viscosity
Examples of highly viscous fluids

______________________________ molasses, tar, 20w-50 oil, glycerin
Fundamental mechanisms
Gases - transfer of molecular momentum increases as temperature increases. Viscosity __________ Viscosity __________ increases as pressure increases. Liquids - cohesion and momentum transfer
___
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases. Relatively independent of pressure (incompressible)
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Example: Measure the viscosity of water

The inner cylinder is 10 cm in diameter and rotates at 10 rpm. The fluid layer is 2 mm thick and 20 cm Outer high. The power required to turn the inner cylinder is 100x10-6 watts. What cylinder is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid?
Inner cylinder
Thin layer of water
du = dy
AU F = t
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Solution Scheme
1. Restate the goal 2. Identify the given parameters and represent the parameters using symbols 3. Outline your solution including the equations describing the physical constraints and any simplifying assumptions 4. Solve for the unknown symbolically 5. Substitute numerical values with units and do the arithmetic
Check your units! Check the reasonableness of your answer
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Viscosity Measurement: Solution

U = r
A = 2rh
AU F = t
Outer cylinder
2r 2 h F = t
P = F r
Inner r = 5 cm cylinder t = 2 mm h = 20 cm P = 100 x 10-6 W 10 rpm Thin layer of water

Pt = 2 2 r 3 h
10rev 2 rad min = = 1.047 rad / s min rev 60 s
2 2 r 3 h P= t
(100x10-6 W) (0.002 m) -3 2 m= = 1.16x10 N s/m 2p (1.047/s) 2 (0.05 m)3 (0.2 m)

FLUID MECHANICS Nonnewtonian Fluids
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FLUID MECHANICS
Surface tension (N/m)
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Surface Tension
Pressure increase in a spherical droplet
Fp= pR2 F= 2R pR2 = 2R
0.080 0.075 0.070 0.065 0.060 0.055 0.050 0 20 40 60 80 100 Temperature (C) Surface molecules
2 p = R
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
FLUID MECHANICS Vapor pressure
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is the pressure at which a liquid boils and is in equilibrium with its own vapor. If the liquid pressure is greater than the vapor pressure, the only exchange between liquid and vapor is evaporation at the interface.
Boiling
If the liquid pressure falls below the vapor pressure, vapor bubbles begin to appear in the liquid. For example at 100 deg centigrade water at normal atmospheric pressure will boil.
Cavitation
When the liquid pressure is dropped below the vapor pressure due to a flow phenomenon.
FLUID MECHANICS
Vapor pressure (Pa)
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Vapor Pressure
8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 10 20 30 40 Temperature (C)
water
liquid
What is vapor pressure of water at 100C? 101 kPa Cavitation! When absolute pressure returns to exceed vapor pressure
FLUID MECHANICS Speed of Sound
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
In gas flow, one must be aware of compressibility effects (significant density changes caused by the flow). Compressibility becomes important when the flow velocity reaches a significant fraction of the speed of sound of the fluid. The speed of sound a of a fluid is the rate of propagation of small disturbance pressure pulses (sound waves) through the fluid.
FLUID MECHANICS Flow Patterns

1.
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A streamline is a line everywhere tangent to the velocity vector at a given instant.
2.
A pathline is the actual path traversed by a given fluid particle.
3. 4.
A streakline is the locus of particles which have earlier passed through a prescribed point. A timeline is a set of fluid particles that form a line at a given instant.
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Generalized Hookes Law

For an element subjected to multi-axial loading, the normal strain components resulting from the stress components may be determined from the principle of superposition. This requires: 1) strain is linearly related to stress 2) deformations are small With these restrictions:
x = + y = z =
x y z x
E E +
y z
E +
x y
E E
z
E
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus

Relative to the unstressed state, the change in volume is
e = 1 (1 + x ) 1 + y (1 + z ) = 1 1 + x + y + z = x + y +z = 1 2 x + y + z E
= dilatation (change in volume per unit volume)
For element subjected to uniform hydrostatic pressure,

e = p k= 3(1 2 ) p = k E
E = bulk modulus 3(1 2 )
Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation must be negative, therefore

0 < < 1 2
FLUID MECHANICS
BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

Fluid Mechanics 1

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FLUID MECHANICS

BY: S.M.NIMA SHOJAEE

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

FLUID MECHANICS Basic Concepts & Definitions:

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

Two important properties in the study of fluid mechanics are:

NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)

FLUID MECHANICS Fluid

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

Important characteristics of a fluid are:

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)

FLUID MECHANICS Units and dimensions

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

CGS system of units

British Gravitational System (B.G.)

FLUID MECHANICS Units and dimensions

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)

FLUID MECHANICS Primary and Secondary Dimension

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)

FLUID MECHANICS The Fluid as a Continuum

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)

FLUID MECHANICS Eulerian and Lagrangian Descriptions

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

The Lagrangian method of description

NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)

FLUID MECHANICS The Velocity Field In general, velocity is a

Science & Research Campus of IAU

BY: NIMA SHOJAEE

NIMA SHOJAEE (nimashojaee@yahoo.com)

FLUID MECHANICS Example

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FLUID MECHANICS Properties of a Fluid

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FLUID MECHANICS Properties of a Fluid

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FLUID MECHANICS Density

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FLUID MECHANICS Properties of a Fluid (cont)

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FLUID MECHANICS Example