CONTENTS

PREFACE This booklet is designed to help you prepare translation that can be used with only a minimum of further editing in the Consultants Bureau c o v e r-to -c o v e r translation program . It emphasizes the mechanical and stylistic aspects o f translation because these are responsible fo r the over whelming m ajority of the alterations and corrections that are required in the production process. However, this emphasis is, in no way, intended to m inim ize the overriding importance of accuracy in translation; it is just that little can be said about that once the fact has been stated. The instruction booklet contains all the basic rules that are generally applicable to CB translations. A separate section on the preparation of manuscripts fo r the journals we produce fo r the Am erican Institute o f Physics (A IP ) can be found at the end of this manual. Since many of the instructions in this booklet are intended not only fo r the translator but also fo r the typist who prepares the translator's manuscript, we w ill be glad to send you additional copies if you do not do your own typing. NOTE TO THE SECOND REVISED EDITION (FE B R U A R Y, 1977) Since the second revised edition contains so many changes and addi tions that it is not practical to list them, we suggest you read the entire manual to see which changes apply to your work and require alterations in your working habits. In particular, we would like to call your attention to Sec. 2.6 on the use of dashes. These rules, if properly understood and ap plied, w ill save a lot of tim e in the preparation of your manuscripts fo r composition.

P ro d u c tio n ................................................................................. Manuscript Preparation. .......................................................................

2 2 3 5 7 7 11 11 12 13 17 17 18 19 22 26 27

S t y l e ........................................................................................................... Introductory M a t e r ia l............................................................................... Subheadings within the A r t i c l e .................................................. Figures and Tables.................................................................................... Centered Equations, Formulas, etc.......................................................... Symbols, Subscripts, Superscripts........................................................... F o o tn o tes.............................. R e fe r e n c e s ................................................................................................. Suggested R eference W o r k s ..................................................................... Standard Copy-Editing S y m b o ls ............................................................. Transliteration S y s te m ............... . .......................................................... Journals Translated by Consultants Bureau............................................ A b b re v ia tio n s ............................................................................................ Abbreviations of Common Prefixes ......................................................

A m erican Institute o f Physics J o u rn a ls .................................................

1977 C onsultants B ureau, D ivisio n o f Plenum P ublishing C o rp o ra tio n , 227 West 17 S tree t, N ew Y o rk , N. Y . 10011.

PRODUCTIO N A few words seem in order about what happens to your manuscript once we receive it, since even a rudimentary understanding of our produc tion procedures w ill put our requirements in the proper perspective. As you may know, all our translation journals are printed by offset reproduction of pages that are a combination of typescript and display ma te r ia l taken directly from the Russian journal. The text portions o f each a rticle , the figu re captions, wordy tables, etc., are typed on preprinted form s, the typist following certain basic rules of style and layout, leaving the required space fo r illustrations, display equations, and numerical tables. These are then cut from the pages of the Russian journal and pasted into the spaces provided. As a rule, except fo r some spot-check ing and certain mechanical preparations, no editorial attention is given the tran slator's manuscript before transcription except when problems or questions are called to our attention in the manner prescribed in Sec. 1.7 below. The only editorial reading that the translation rec eive s occurs after the manuscript has been transcribed and put in final page form , with editing and proofreading combined into a single operation. You can readily see, therefore, that serious difficulties can be avoided only if there are no gaps or ambiguities hidden in the translation and if all the rules designed to facilitate the combination of new typescript with m aterial salvaged from the Russian journals a re carefully obeyed. 1. MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION

1.5. Each a rticle should be identified by placing the following information at the top o f the fir s t page: a. b. Upper left-hand corner: Journal code (as given on the invoice) and the Russian page range o f that a rticle. Upper right-hand corner: Your initials. (See the sample opening o r title page, p. 8 .)

1.6. Corrections may be made in ink or sharp clear pencil in legible hand w riting. W e do not require perfect copy, but we do require neat, legible manuscript. Do no print in capital letters unless capital letters are to be typed. Strikeovers, xxxxx'ing out, etc., are perm issible as long as the r e sult is unmistakably clear. 1.7. If you have any questions, comments, or requests fo r additional in formation concerning any part of your translation, please note them on a separate sheet stapled to the fir s t page o f the translation o f the a rticle to which they pertain. I f you co rre ct an obvious typographical e r r o r in the Russian, also point this out to us. 1.8. Proofread your manuscript before submission. Typographical or other e rro rs may have been introduced in the typing or transcription from tapes. 2. STYLE

1.1. Use white o r cream paper, 82 11" or 8 x 10". Please do not use tissue, onionskin, o r semitransparent papers, which are awkward to handle and make reading difficult. 1.2. Type double-spaced, using only one side o f the paper, leaving m ar gins o f at least 1 inch a ll around. Keep typew riter keys clean, and replace typ ew riter ribbon frequently enough to keep typescript dark and distinct. Indent the firs t line o f each paragraph at least fiv e spaces. 1.3. Regardless of the Russian form at, each a rticle is to begin a new page. Number all pages, beginning each a rticle with page 1. Page num bers should be centered at the top of the page. If additional pages are in serted after the a rticle is typed, use a combination of numbers and letters (e.g., , 3B), but be sure to provide a warning on the page preceding the insertion ("pages and 3B follow " on page 3) so that if such pages are lost we w ill have some indication that they are m issing. 1.4. Staple each a rticle once in the upper left-hand corner. Do not staple two o r m ore articles together. Do not use paperclips, elaborate foldand-tear arrangements, or pins. Do not staple either the Russian pages or the invoice to the a rticle.

No effort is made here to present a comprehensive style guide. Translators are referred to "A Manual o f Style," The U niversity of Chicago P ress (12th ed., 1969, $12.50), which is an indispensable tool fo r anyone engaged in any aspect of writing o r publishing. The 16 rules listed below encompass the sources o f 99% o f all the erro rs and inconsistencies in style that we encounter, and any translator who applies them consistently has gone a long way toward m astering "C B style." 2.1. The finished translation should read as if it had been originally w rit ten in English by a contemporary Am erican scientist with a good vocabulary and excellent command of the English language. 2.2. Sentence structure must be lucid and fre e of "foreign ism s." W rite: "the reaction tem perature," rather than "the tem perature of the reaction"; "where necessary," rather than "in case of need," etc. 2.3. Use Am erican spelling throughout: flavor, homolog, carbonization, behavior, color, sulfur, etc. When there are two or m ore alternate spell ings of a word, use the firs t form given in W ebster's New Collegiate Dictionary (1975 edition), e.g., ampul (not ampoule or ampule), disk (not d is c ). 2.4. Do not hyphenate prefixes ("non-," " r e - ," "p r e - ," "s e m i- ,") unless they occur before proper nouns or adjectives. Note, however, that the pre fix "s e lf" is hyphenated to the w ord following it, e.g., self-consistent, self-ch arge. 3

2.5. Hyphenate compound adjectives: second-order equation, high-intensity current, 50-W bulb. Hyphens are not used in compound adjectives con taining an adverb ending in " - l y , " e.g., "a highly concentrated solution." Hyphens are also unnecessary in the following case: 5 N solution, carbon dioxide content, vitamin deficiency. 2.6. Dashes: An en dash (which is set slightly longer than a hyphen) is used to join multiple elements of a single concept, as in the following: a ceton e-w a ter system , K Hg amalgam, N a C l- K C l- L iC l mixture, n-propyl alcohol-p-nitrobenzene solvent system, D ebye-H iickel theory, the New Y ork - Pa ris connection. It is also used to join two compound adjec tives, o r a compound adjective and a one-word adjective, to form another compound, e.g., gas-phase liquid-phase boundary, organ ic-solven twater ratio. Please distinguish the en dash from the hyphen in your manuscript by typing two hyphens fo r the en dash, e.g., "acetone water system ." 2.7. Note that English punctuation d iffers fundamentally from Russian punctuation, particularly in the use o f the comma, the semicolon, and the dash. Distinguish carefully between res trictive clauses, which are not set o ff by commas, and nonrestrictive clauses, which are (Russian gram m ar makes no such distinction). We punctuate an enumeration as follows: a, b, and (note the comma before "and"); the Russian does not. In Russian the dash is frequently used to indicate the om ission o f certain words in ellip tical constructions; this use o f the dash is m isleading and therefore inadmissible in English. 2.8. Place periods and commas inside quotation marks and before footnote sym bols. 2.9. Consistency o f nomenclature is required. F or example, do not use "capacitor" in one paragraph and "condenser" in the next. Sim ilarly, use either "asteroid" o r "m inor planet," etc. There is no virtue in variety when no distinction in meaning is intended. Variation is excusable, but not commendable, when the original text is guilty o f inconsistency in nomen clature. 2.10. Spell out numbers up through nine; use numerals for 10 and over: "...nine incidents w ere reported involving a total of 13 p a rticles..." How ever, numerals are used when both single-digit and multidigit numbers occur in the same expression, e.g., "...5 to 17 experiments w ere carried out." (not "...fiv e to 17...") 2 .1 1 . Always use numerals with units: 7 liters. Abbreviate units (use ab breviations given on pp. 22-26) when they occur with numerals (5 Msec) and be sure to leave a space between the numeral and the unit; spell out otherwise (... the time, given in m icroseconds, ...). Note that the abbre viations stand fo r the plural as w ell as the singular (5 lb, not 5 lbs). Do distinguish, however, between the singular and plural form s o f units o f measurement which are not abbreviated, e.g., 50 ergs, 9 liters, 15 m oles. Abbreviate Fig. 2, Eq. ( 6); but spell out "shown in the figu re,"

"quadratic equation ( 6) , etc. Do not capitalize the words preceding the equation number in expressions such as inequality ( 1 ), relationship ( 2), determinant (3), system (4), expansion (5), functional ( 6), condition (7), identity ( 8), etc. The word "form ula" In this construction is frequently better translated as "equation." Never begin a sentence with an abbrevia tion (F igu re 5 dem onstrates...). Note that the abbreviations F igs., Eqs., and Nos. are used fo r the plural. Do not use numerals and symbols at the beginning o f a sentence (... we used a mixture of N, and02. Nitrogen and oxy gen w ere in a ratio o f...). In the experim ental section o f chem istry papers, sentences can often be recast to avoid beginning them with numerals; e.g., "150 g o f NaCl is added to the m ixture" can be written as "T o the mixture we add 150 g of NaCl." (Do not w rite "One hundred and fifty gram s o f NaCl is added to the m ixture.") 2.12. We omit periods following abbreviations of nearly all units of mea surement: 10 g, 10 ml, 10 mm, 10 min, 10 atm, etc. (fo r specific abbre viations, see pp. 22-26). 2.13. To avoid confusion, use M o r m olar to indicate a m olar solution; mol. (note period) as the abbreviation fo r m olecular; m ol. wt. as the ab breviation fo r molecular weight; and m ole fo r gram -m ole (do not use m ol. as an abbreviation fo r m o le). 2.14. W rite 0.1 N solution, not l/ lO N solution; 0.5 N rather than N/2. .

2.15. Never abbreviate " lite r " since the 1 is too easily confused with the numeral one on most typew riters (but do use the abbreviations ml, /, e tc .). 2.16. When the symbol used fo r a variable is the same as the abbrevia tion of the unit of measurement which follow s it, as in the labeling of co ordinate axes in figu res, spell out the unit o f measurement, e.g., V, volts (not V, V ) . 3. INTRODUCTORY MATERIAL

3.1. Regardless o f where the following information is located or how it is treated in the Russian original, in the manuscript It should be given in the ord er listed (see sample on p. 8). 3.2. Section Headings. Section headings should be typed (in all caps) above the title o f the a rticle and positioned at the extrem e left-hand side of the page. 3.3 A rticle T itle . The title should be a concise, accurate statement of the contents o f the article; therefore, it m a y be a reasonably fre e translation of the Russian. Please prune all excess verbiage from titles . Introductory phrases such as "A B rief Contribution toward a Study of the Question o f..." are considered to fa ll In this category, and should almost always be omitted. 3.4. Author Nam e(s). The author s name should be given with the initials firs t. If there are two or m ore authors, "and" should precede the last 5

name. With the single exception of "Academ ician," academic titles should be omitted. If the author is an academician o f an academy other than the Academ y o f Sciences of the USSR (i.e ., of the Ukrainian SSR, Belorussian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Georgian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Estonian SSR, Lithuanian SSR, etc.), the institution should be given as a footnote at the bottom of the page thus: * Academy o f Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, with the asterisk appearing im m ediately after the academ ician's name. If he is a corresponding m em ber, this information should also be footnoted, i.e., * Corresponding Mem ber, Academy o f Sciences of the USSR. 3.5. UPC Numbers. The UDC number (UDK in Russian) is the code num ber of the a rticle in the Universal Decimal C lassification. Nearly all ar ticles appearing in Russian journals are indexed p rio r to publication using this system. I f this number is given in the Russian, it should be copied in your manuscript, prefaced by the letters UDC, on the extrem e right-hand side o f the page, opposite the author's name. 3.6. Author Affiliation. The author's affiliation is frequently found at the end o f the a rticle in the Russian text. It should follow the author's name, on a separate line, and should be translated rather than transliterated. Note that institutes or laboratories named in honor o f famous men should be treated as we do sim ilar institutes, such as the Carnegie Institute. F or example, "A . A. Zhdanov Leningrad State U niversity," not " Leningrad State U niversity named after A. A. Zhdanov" o r "...im . A . A. Zhdanov." Acronym s o f institutes in Russia, e.g., , should be expanded in the translation, with the transliterated acronym following the expanded form in parentheses, e.g., Physics Institute, Academy o f Sciences o f the USSR (F IA N SSSR). 3.7. Citation of Original Journal. This line should take the following form : Translated from Biokhimiya, Vol. 42, No.4, pp. 837-844, JulyAugust, 1977. Please see pp. 19-22 fo r the co rrect transliterated form of journal names, relation of volume number to year, and frequency o f publication. 3.8. Date Original A rticle Submitted by Author. This line should read: O riginal article submitted May 29, 1976. Please note that this is the "re ce ived " date, which appears at the end of the a rticle in most journals. Information on revision or resubmission should also be given in this line: Original a rticle submitted (month, date, year); revision submitted (month, date, year). 3.9. Abstract (if any). Type the translation o f the abstract as a single block, even if it com prises two or m ore paragraphs in the Russian text. Type the abstract about an inch narrower than the following text, indenting
6

half an inch from each side. D isregard any English abstract appearing at the end of the a rticle and do not include it in the manuscript. 3.10. An example o f how the title page should look is shown on p. 8 . 4. SUBHEADINGS WITHIN THE ARTICLE

4.1. Your typescript should distinguish between different values o f head ings used in the Russian text. That is, the translation o f all headings of equal value must be typed in identical fashion, and a scheme o f typing headings must be used that leaves no ambiguity with respect to the rela tive importance of headings as indicated in the Russian printed pages. You w ill note that in most Soviet journals, centered headings rank above headings that begin flush left o r with a paragraph indentation, and that boldface headings rank above italic headings or letter-spaced headings. There is no direct correspondence between any given type style used in the Russian journals and the type style used in the CB translation. The Russian style is m erely a clue, together with the organization of the ma teria l, to the rela tive importance of headings. W e recommend the follow ing order fo r headings in the typescript: (a) CENTERED, C A P IT A L LE TTE R S (b) Separate Line, Flush Left, Capital and Low er-C ase L etters, Underlined (c) Capital and L ow er-C ase L etters, Underlined. This is indented and run together with the rest of the paragraph. Note that all words (other than articles, prepositions, conjunctions, and particles) are to be capital ized in all headings. 5. FIGURES AND TABLES

5.1. It is not necessary to reproduce drawings, graphs, or tables. Give the necessary translation at the approximate place where referen ce to the table or figure occurs in the text. Do not group these translations at the end of an a rticle . The translation of the display m atter is set o ff from the text by lines across the page above and below it. (See examples, pp. 9-10.) 5.2. Tables. Translate the table title, capitalizing the initial letter of each significant word. The table number should precede the title, together with the word "T A B L E ." I f a single table in a Russian article is unnumbered, assign it the number 1 and re fe r to it as "Table 1 " in the text, but simple, unruled tabular data positioned precisely between text lines should be treated as such and not labeled and re fe rre d to as tables. 5.2.1. W rite key numbers on the Russian page next to the column heading, subheading, etc. 5.2.2. Number the column headings from left to right, and all items in the column from top to bottom. Use one consecutive series of numbers or letters.

EXAMPLE OF THE TITLE PAGE OF AN ARTICLE

EXAMPLE OF MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION OF A TABLE

2
ELE-10, pp. 1499-1502 BRIEF COMMUNICATIONS THEORY OF CATALYTIC CURRENTS IN POLAROGRAPHY K M

, ,
/ >1 ^/J2 3 ( I. ma7 .|/} ( X , )

Yu.S. M lly a v s k ii

UDC 543.253

In s t it u te o f Radio Engineering and E le c tr o n ic s , Acadefiiy o f Sciences o f the USSR, Moscow. Tran slated from fle k tro k h im iy a , V o l. 12, No. 10, O rig in a l a r t i c l e submitted June 4, 19/4.

pp. 1499-1502, O ctober, 1976.

5-10-5 1-10-* 5-10-* 7-10-*

0,60-0,70 0,60-0,73 0,62-0|,75 0,65-0,79

5-10-5 2.5--4 110 4 2.5-10-

0,51-0,56 0,51-0,58 0,53-0,62 0,54-0,65

A scheme is proposed fo r the generation o f c a t a ly t ic waves where the ra te-d eterm in in g step fo llo w s the Eigen--Tamm mechanism o f n u c leo p h ilic su b s titu tio n s . An equation is d erived which r e la t e s i

to the re a c tio n ra te constant, to the i n s t a b i l i t y constant o f the in term ed ia te, and to the substrate co n cen tratio n .

On the average, the duration o f the fluctuations ranged from a few to tens o f minutes. The duration o f the fluctuations increased with increase in the concentration o f the salts. They appeared at the same concentrations o f the salts as under constant-poten

From the view p o in t o f a coord in atio n scheme, one can represent the mech anism by which i c is generated in systems c o n s is tin g o f an inorganic d e p o la r iz e r and a su bstrate (o x id iz in g a gen t) in a gen eral form by the re a c tio n /1-3/

t ia l conditions but disappeared at lower concentrations (10 3 M for s a lt 1 and 5 3 M for s a lt I I ) , not reaching the C M C values. Periodic fluctuations in the

poten tial were observed in a narrow range o f applied currents I , depending on the
R.p. 1499

amount o f added salts (Table 2 ). TABLE 2.

In agitated solutions, as under constant-potential

Dependence o f the Current Bange Corresponding to the Fluctuations

o f Poten tial on the Concentration o f the Salts Key: 1) Salt

5.2.3. Type the translation of the keyed items directly under the table title, using a separate line fo r each item . Abbreviate the translated headings where necessary to fit the space occupied by the Russian equivalents. 5.2.4. The translation of footnotes referrin g to a table should appear with the table, even though in the Russian text the footnotes may appear at the bottom o f the page. 5.2.5. Single words or letters should be written in directly on the Russian page using a black or red ball point pen (not a fountain pen). 5.2.6. An example of the proper manuscript preparation o f a table is given on p. 9. 5 .3 . Figures. Translate the figu re caption and a ll explanatory m aterial appearing below it as one paragraph, even though this m aterial may form several paragraphs in different type sizes in the Russian. 5.3.1. Each caption should be preceded by " F ig ." plus the figure number. If a single figure in a Russian a rticle is unnumbered, assign it the number
8

2) m oles/liter 3) range o f I , n* conditions, the fluctuations disappear, and this demonstrates the ro le o f d iffu sion in the appearance o f the o sc illa tio n s .

1 and refer to it as "F ig . 1" in the text. Chemical schemes, diagrams, and structural form ulas that are not numbered as illustrations in the Rus sian text are not to be labeled as fig u re s . 5.3.2. A close parenthesis should be used after letters identifying ab scissas, ordinates, curves, etc. NOT use a dash - as the Russian so frequently does as it is easily confused with a minus sign. An initial capital is used in the firs t word beginning each set of identifications, and semicolons are used between elements in the set. 9

EXAMPLE OF MANUSCRIPT PREPARATION OF A FIGURE

6.

CENTERED

EQUATIONS,

FORMULAS,

ETC.

6.1. Equations, form ulas, and spectral and analytical data that are cen tered in the original text need not be copied. However, it must be clearly indicated that something is to be picked up from the original text.

"...and alcohol in which the hydroxyl group is in the 2 position to the alkyl substituent: R.p. 830 The high acid number..." The "R .p. 830" indicates that something centered has been omitted by the translator and is to be picked up by the typist. "R .p ." stands fo r "Russian page," and the number following it is the page number. (If equations and formulas are not numbered in the Russian, do not number them.)
The period o f the fluctuations increases s lig h tly with time; as far as the amplitude is concerned, at f i r s t i t increases sharply and then changes l i t t l e a fte r prolonged e le c tr o ly s is (fo r several hours). The current density corresponding to the lowest

values o f the amplitude o f the fluctuations at f i r s t decreases, and then increases (F ig . 1 ). There is some increase in the amplitude with increase in the concentraThe i , t curves for 0.1 N CdS04 with additions o f 10"4 M o f

Fig. 1.

s a lt I . y> = -1.1 V. Key: 1) m A/cm ^ 2) a fte r 3 h 3) min tion and the magnitude o f the applied p oten tials. The fluctuations are observed in

6.2. Minor corrections in this m aterial, e.g., translation of subscript letters and abbreviations, units, or sm all words such as , a , and , should be written d irectly on the Russian page. If a change in punctuation following this m aterial is necessary, please indicate this as w ell. F or ar ticles with a profusion of subscripts, it is desirable to list the translation of these subscripts on a separate sheet of paper stapled to the fir s t page of the translation, making sure to en circle these subscripts (in both the text and centered equations) in the Russian pages at each occurrence. 7. SYMBOLS, SUBSCRIPTS, SUPERSCRIPTS

a s p e cific region o f applied p oten tials and depend on the concentration o f the addi tiv e s .

7.1. Do not introduce changes in algebraic notation (italic and Greek sym bols), even if the notation used by the authors d iffers from that usually employed in W estern literature. This is because in printing the transla tion, nearly all the display m aterial is lifted right from the Russian text. Russian-letter symbols (usually only in subscripts) should be "translated." It is not necessary to replace the Russian abbreviations lg, tg, ctg, sh, ch, th, cth, etc., in display equations, tables, and figures by their m ore fa m iliar equivalents log, tan, cot, sinh, cosh, tanh, coth, etc., but do use these equi valents in the text. 7.2. Russian-letter subscripts, whether single letters o r longer word fra g ments, can almost always be related to words in or close to the sentence in which the symbol with the subscript is firs t defined. The proper way to "translate" the subscript is to determine the word(s) it represents, locate the corresponding word(s) in the translation, and abbreviate it(them) to devise the subscript, which fo r practical reasons should be identical to the Russian subscript in length. (Caution: make sure that sin gle-letter sub scripts so devised are not the same as rom an-letter subscripts already used by the author.) When two or m ore "translated" subscripts begin with 11

5.3.3. Russian words, units, etc., appearing in the body of the illustration may be keyed in the same manner as tabular m aterial or the translations may be w ritten d irectly on the Russian page. C y rillic letters used to identify parts of figures (, , . , , ) shouldbe replaced by English letters (a, b, c, d, e, f); in doing so, be sure to change the letter "a" too so that our typist w ill transcribe it to conform to the typeface used fo r the rest of the letters. 5.3.4. An example o f the proper manuscript preparation o f a figure is given above.

the same letter, use a tw o-letter subscript fo r one of them, e.g., ei(eid ea l) and ein (einstrument) When the lower case letter " e ll" is used as a sub script, distinguish this from the numeral one by underscoring the letter, e.g.,_l. Note that we do not, as a rule, use a period after subscripts. 7.3. Form ulas, mathematical expressions, etc., that involve subscripts, superscripts, o r characters not on your typew riter keyboard, o r that are m ore than six characters in length, may be omitted from the translation and fiv e dots ( ..... ) substituted in their place. (P lease use fiv e dots to dis tinguish from the three dots used fo r ellipses that are to be printed.) Our typists w ill insert the omitted m aterial in place of the fiv e dots, taking the form ulas, equations, etc., in the order in which they occur in the Russian text. Thus, if all the form ulas, etc., that appear in the Russian text are to be used in the translation, and if the order o f th eir appearance remains un changed, no further identification is necessary. However, if fo r any rea son a form ula or other item that appears in the Russian text is not to be used in the translation, or if, owing to differences between Russian and English sentence structure, the order of such m aterial is changed, suffi cient information must be given in the manuscript or on the Russian page to c la rify beyond any doubt what formula, etc., goes w here. The five-d ot scheme is intended as a labor-saving device fo r the translator, but to re main workable it must be used judiciously, i.e., its use should not create confusion fo r our typists. 7.4. Please do not under any circumstances attempt to approximate Greek letters o r other symbols by using typew riter keys that almost look like them (e.g ., do not w rite u fo r , o r v fo r v , etc.). I f necessary, w rite Greek letters and symbols by hand, identifying them in the left-hand m ar gin the fir s t tim e they occur. 7.5. Since the raising and lowering o f a typew riter carriage to indicate sub scripts in chemical form ulas, as when w riting H2S04, is very tim e-con suming, you may w rite such form ulas as follow s: H2S04,CaCl2, 4, etc. Our typists w ill transcribe them to H2S04, 12, 4, etc. Please note, however, that you must type superscripts properly. 7.6. I f your typew riter does not have a degree sign, you need not hold the carriage by hand to w rite 254-255. Instead, you may w rite: 254-255 deg (without a period after "deg" unless it is the end of the sentence). W e w ill transcribe to 254-255. (If this device is used, be sure to indicate by a m arginal note when the abbreviation "deg" is to remain, e.g., in compound units: 5 deg/min.) Where it is necessary to specify the degrees as K, w rite: 18 deg K, etc. The Russian journals frequently omit the when reporting temperatures in the Celsius scale. It should always be inserted in the translation. 8. FOOTNOTES

Take care not to alter the paragraphing m erely because o f the insertion of the footnote. 8.2. An example o f the proper handling o f a footnote is shown below.

, , , . , , . , *. , , .
* , , . . , , .

Indeed, the h eig h t o f the b a r r ie r to the tunneling o f e le c tro n s in a d e lo c a l ized s ta te is le s s than that o f lo c a liz e d e le c tro n s , since the energy o f the la t t e r is lower. Consequently, the formation o f a p a s siv a tin g film , which can be described

as an increase in the thickness o f the b a r r ie r , has le s s e f f e c t on thermionic emis sion. In p r in c ip le , i t is p ossib le to have a case where film form ation does not

retard thermionic emission a t a l l . *

*T h is, however, does not ru le out the p o s s ib ilit y o f p a s siv a tion having some e f f e c t in the case o f a thermionic emission mechanism. fa ce-b lo ck in g e f f e c t w i l l occur. When th ick film s are formed, a sur-

V isual observation shows that in some cases the

e lec tro n s are generated a t in d iv id u a l p oin ts on the surface o f an e le c tro d e with a high degree o f p a s s iv a tio n , these p oin ts occupying on ly a small p rop ortion o f the working surface. On the b a s is o f th is d iffe r e n c e in the e f f e c t o f p a s siv a tio n on the ra te o f processes proceeding by d iff e r e n t mechanisms, we can e xp lain the fa c t th at the generation mechanism changes when the surface s ta te changes.____________________________

9.

REFERENCES

9.1. Translate the Russian word "L itera tu ra " which precedes the list of references as "L IT E R A T U R E CITED " in capital letters, centered on the page. 9.2. The list o f references should be typed, double-spaced, in numerical sequence. The numbers should be flush with the left margin, and should be 13

8.1. Type the translation o f each footnote between horizontal rules im m ediately after the line containing the w ord to which the footnote refers. 12

followed by periods. The second and subsequent lines o f each reference should be indented. 9.3. If your typew riter is not equipped with square brackets, text r e fe r ences should be typed sim ply as /2/. We w ill transcribe this as [2 J - The /2/ may be used "With o r without the author's name: "...Zhdanov /2/ indicated that...," "...the indication /2 / that,.." M oreover, we construe /2/ as a noun and w rite "... as was shown in /2 / omitting the words "the work" (or "paper," "book," "mono graph," etc.). Awkward constructions like "...the authors of /5/ proved..." frequently result from the fact that Russian authors like to sidestep the problem of rendering non-Russian names in C y rillic letters, and should be avoided by the simple device o f introducing the author's names even though they w ere not used in the Russian text: "...Sm ith and Jones /5/ p ro v e d ...." 9.4. The following rules govern the preparation o f referen ces: 9.4.1. Type all referen ces, both those that appear in C y rillic letters in the Russian journal and those that appear in Roman letters, so that they can be edited. 9.4.2. Do not follow the basic style o f the Russian publication concerning the internal organization o f the individual references i f it conflicts with the instructions in this section. Whenever references are numbered, type author's names in the nat ural sequence, with initials firs t.

9.4.9.

Period ical citations should follow this sequence: i) authors' initials and surnames, comma ii) a rticle title within quotation marks (only fir s t word capitalized), comma iii) abbreviated periodical name, comma iv) volume number (underlined), comma v) issue number preceded by the abbreviation "N o .," comma vi) page or inclusive page numbers vii) year o f publication in parentheses, period.

Example: A. I. Ioffe, N. G. Kozhelupova, K. A. Naugol'nykh, and N. A . Roi, "Sound radiation from a long spark in w ater," Akust. Zh., 1 3^, 208212 (1967). Citations are frequently incomplete in the Russian journals, and any item m issing in the source may sim ply be skipped in the translation. The above list sim ply serves as a guide to the proper sequence and organiza tion o f the m aterial when given. 9.4.10. Book citations follow this sequence: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) authors' o r editors' initials and surnames, comma book title (a ll significant words capitalized) /Russian translation/ or /in Russian/ (if applicable), comma volume, comma (use abbreviation "V o l." instead of under lining) publisher, comma city year of publication (in parentheses), comma page, chapter, or section numbers, period. (Use abbreviation p. fo r page, pp. fo r pages, C h ap.(s.)for chapter(s), andSec.(s.) fo r section(s).)

9.4.3.

9.4.4. References in some journals are not numbered but are listed in Russian alphabetical ord er of the fir s t author's last name. They should not be numbered in the translation but rearranged in English alphabetical ord er, with the author's last name firs t, followed by the initials. 9.4.5. In references with two or m ore authors, always use "and" before the last author's name. 9.4.6. Transliterate the names of Russian periodicals as w ell as Russian publishing houses. 9.4.7. P lease use the recommended abbreviations of periodical names listed in the manual "Bibliographic Guide fo r Editors and Authors," Chemical Abstracts Service, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (1974). 9.4.8. Translate all a rticle and book titles, and distinguish between them in the following way: Period ical a rticle titles should have only the fir s t word capitalized with the whole title between quotation marks; book titles should have every significant word capitalized and without quotation marks.

Examples: M. A . Leontovich (editor), Reviews o f Plasm a Physics, Vol. 6 , Con sultants Bureau, New York (1975), p. 84. S. M. Fainshtein, Surface Treatm ent fo r Semiconductor Devices [in Russian], Izd. Energiya, Moscow (1966), p. 215. K. Siegbahn, Electronic Spectroscopy /Russian translation/, M ir, Moscow (1971). 9.5. Add the legend /in Russian/ im m ediately after the translation of the title of each Russian book. If the work cited is a translation into Russian o f a book originally published in English, please give the exact title of the original work ( i f known to you), including the name o f the publisher, the location of the publisher, and the year of publication, if possible. I f you do not know it, translate the title and add the legend /Russian translation/. 15

14

If the work cited is a translation into Russian o f a work that fir s t appeared in a language other than English, translate the title and add the legend/Rus sian translation/. Note that books published in Russia by "M ir " and "In ostr. L it." P resses are invariably Russian translations from other languages. 9.6. The Russian phrases " v Sb. (Sbornike)" and " v Kn. (Knige)" should be translated simply by the preposition "in" followed by a colon. 9.7. R eferences other than periodicals or books e.g., pamphlets, conference proceedings, dissertations - should be translated as explicitly as pos sible. Avoid abbreviations and rem em ber that in telligibility here out weighs style considerations. (Note: It is not necessary to add the legend /in Russian/ fo r a dissertation delivered in a Russian institute.) 9.8. Names. 9.8.1. The names o f contemporary Soviet authors should be transliterated according to the B ritish -A m erican Standard system (p. 18). The nationality o f the man is decisive here, not the "nationality" o f the name.

SUGGESTED

REFERENCE

WORKS

3. 4. 5.
6

7.

9.

10

. .

9.8.2. The names o f Russian historical figu res which have become fa m iliar in a transliteration other than the B ritish -Am erican Standard sys tem should be used in their fa m iliar form . 9.8.3. Non-Russian names are rendered phonetically in Russian text. O f course, in the translation the names of persons from countries that employ the Roman alphabet should be spelled as their owners them selves would spell them and should not appear as retransliterations of the Russian approximation. F or example:
. . = D. J. Hughes, not D. Zh. Gyuz . . = . P . Dubois, not Ch. P . Dyubua

11.
12

I. Emin, Russian-English Physics Dictionary, W iley, New York (1963). L . I. Callaham, Russian-English Chemical and Polytechnical Diction ary, 3rd ed., W iley, New York (1975). W eb ster's New C ollegiate Dictionary, G. & C. M erriam Co., Springfield, Mass. (1975). H. F ow ler, A Dictionary o f Modern English Usage, Oxford Univ. P ress, New York (1965). A Manual o f Style, Univ. o f Chicago P ress, Chicago, Illinois (1969). T . Bernstein, The Careful W rite r, Atheneum Publishers, New York (1965). A . K ram er, Abbreviations in Soviet Publications, Scientific Russian Translating Service, Trenton, New Jersey (1965). D irectory o f Selected Scientific Institutions in the U.S.S.R., Charles E. M e r r ill Books, Inc., Columbus, Ohio (1963). M. G. Zimmerman, Russian-English Translators Dictionary, Plenum P ress, New York (1967). Glossary o f Russian Abbreviations and Acronyms, U.S. Government Printing O ffice, Washington, D.C. (1967). M. A lford and V. A lford, Russian-English Scientific and Technical Dictionary, Pergamon P re ss (1970). Dov B. Lederman, Russian-English Dictionary o f Suppositional Names, Guild of Professional Translators, 5914 Pulaski Avenue, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19144 (1975). STANDARD COPY-EDITING SYMBOLS
Exam ple

Sym bol

Meaning delete close up delete and close up subscript p aragrap h indent upper case lo w e r ease

before ratioyK 7 3 strands

after ratio 73 strands after H2 0

9.8.4. Chinese namesshould not be given as transliterations o f their Rus sian form s, but pointed out to us (CB) on a separate sheet o f paper attached at the front o f your translation. 9.8.5. The names o f Russian contributors to German, French, or other W estern journals w ill frequently be spelled differently in these pub lications than the spelling that results from application o f the B ritish -Am erican transliteration system . In such a reference, the author's name should be transliterated in the B ritish-Am erican system but followed in parentheses by the spelling used in the cited w ork. F or example: I. S. Shchegoleva, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 147, No. 3, 633 (1963). I. S. Shchegoleva (Chtchegoleva), Bull. Soc. Chim. F r., 1957, 432. I. S. Shchegoleva (Schtschegoleva), Z . Anorg. A lgem . Chem., 283 , 523 (19 56). 16

x
A 1

a^ter

h o w e v e r, much . . . length of 25

H ow ever, much length of 25 cm

(f u jl

(s t e p

re s to re w ords cro ssed out (with dots under them) now-is -not- the time now is the time

V
n j

sup erscrip t tran spose (invert o rd er of m arked items) space

V
h j^ro ge n i ddle injthejmi

C1 4 hydrogen in the middle

17

Transliteration System
T h e tra n slitera tion sch em e g iv e n h ere is the B ritis h -A m e ric a n Standard system , w h ich has b een adopted b y the A m e ric a n Institute o f Physics and m an y institutions and publishers as w e ll as Consultants Bureau. Unless s p e c ific w ritten instructions are g iv e n to the con trary, this system , and no oth er, is to b e used in a ll Consultants Bureau pu blication s.

L is t of Journals Translated by Consultants Bureau

Tra n slitera ted N a m e (U n d erlin ed part is proper a b b re via tio n ) Akusticheskii Zhurnal A lg e b ra i L ogika Astron om ich esk ii V estn ik A stronom icheskii Zhurnal S P -A C 23 ALG SSR sA STR A stro fizik a A tom n a ya n ergiya A vto m a tik a i T e le m e k h a n ik a B iokh im iya B io lo g iy a M orya B ioorganisheskaya K h im iy a B yu lleten ' E k sp erim en tal'n oi B io lo g ii i M editsin y D efek toskop iya DEF DEQ DBC DBI 232 238 239 13 14 ASP JAE ARC 13 4 2 -43 42 3 14 4 4 -4 5 43 4 Astrophysics S o v ie t A to m ic Energy A u tom ation and Rem ote C on trol BIO BOS B ioch em istry S o v ie t Journal o f M arine B iology BOC BBM 3 83 -84 4 85-86 S o v ie t Journal o f B ioorgan ic C h em istry B ulletin o f E xperim en tal B io lo g y and M e d ic in e S o v ie t Journal o f N o n destru ctive T estin g D iffe r e n ts ia l'n y e U ravn eniya Nos. 1-3 Nos. 4 - 6 B ioch em istry Jan. M ar. Feb. Apr. B io lo g ic a l S cien ces DBO DBP D ok lad y A k a d e m ii Nauk SSSR i DCH DCT 233 234 235 236 B otanical S cien ces 240 241 242 M ay July Sept. N ov. June Aug. O ct. D ec . , Biophysics C h em istry C h e m ic a l T e c h n o lo g y DPC SP. DOK 237 243 Ph ysical C hem istry S o v iet PhysicsD ok lad y E k olog iy a ECO ELE CES G PC SPSEMI SJ-LTP SJ-PP M Th e S o v ie t Journal o f E c o lo g y S o v ie t E lectroch em istry Com bu stion, Explosion, and Shock W aves F iz ik a i K h im iva S tek la F iz ik a i Tekhn ika Polu p rovod nikov F iz ik a N izk y k h Tem p era tu r D iffe r e n tia l Equations 16 11 21 24 17 12 22 S o v ie t Physics Acoustics A lge b ra and L o g ic S ola r System Research S o v ie t A stronom y C ode V o l. N o. 1977 1978 O rig in a l Frequency Translated N a m e

RUSSIAN
STANDARD A ITALICS

E N GL I S H
TRANSLITERATION

g d zh z

i
1 k 1

m n P r s t
u f
kh

X 9

ts
ch eh shch

6 u

*W hen th e Russian consonant T is fo llo w e d by the Russian consonant p lease render the trans lite r a tio n as " t - s " to distinguish it from the consonant . zN o te that the "h a rd " m ute le tte r is represented b y tw o apostrophes, and the " s o ft one b y a sin g le apostrophe. 3N o te th at when the Russian letters and A occu r in this s e q u en ce, the " y " has a bar o v e r i t to distinguish this co m b in a tio n from the le t t e r . 4N o te that when the Russian letters and c o m e to g e th e r, the " y " has a bar o v e r i t to d is tinguish this co m b in a tio n from the le tte r . 5P le a s e n o te that the Russian v o w e l is tran sliterated . distinguish from the Russian v o w e l " E ." 6N o te th at the le tte r is tra n slitera ted b y I w ith no d ia c r it ic a l m ark in a ll journals published by CB e v e n though such a m ark is provid ed b y the B ritis h -A m e ric a n Standard System . P lease m ark w ith an a cu te a c c e n t to

E lek trok h im iya F izik a G oren iya i V z ry v a

13 13 3 11 3 3 19 3

14 14 4 12 4 4 20 4

Th e S o v ie t Journal o f Glass Physics and C hem istry S o v ie t Physics Sem iconductors S o v ie t Journal o f Low T e m p era tu re Physics S o v ie t Journal o f Plasm a Physics

F iz ik a P la z m y

F izik a T v e r d o g o T e la F iz io lo g iy a C h e lo v e k a

SP-SS HUP

S o v ie t Physics S o lid State Human P h ys iolog y

7N o te that the le tte r is tran sliterated b y E w ith no d ia c r it ic a l m ark.

18

19

T ra n slitera te d N a m e (U n d e rlin ed part is proper a b b re v ia tio n ) F iz io lo g iy a Rastenii F izik o -k h im ic h e s k a y a M ekhanika M a te r ia lo v F iz ik o -te c h n ic h e s k ie P ro b le m y R azrabotki P o lezn y k h Iskopaem ykh F u n ktsion a l'n yi A n a liz i Ego P rilo z h e n iy a G en etik a G idrotek hnicheskoe S tr o ite l's tv o In z h e n e r n o -fiz ic h e s k ii Zhurnal I z m e r it e l naya Tekh n ika Iz v e s tiy a A k a d e m ii Nauk SSSR, M ekhanik a Zhidk osti i G a za I z v e s tiy a A k a d e m ii Nauk SSSR, N eo rg a n ich e sk ie M a te r ia ly Iz v e s tiy a A k a d e m ii NaukSSSR, S eriy a B iologich esk aya Iz v e s tiy a A k a d e m ii NaukSSSR, S eriy a K h im iy a

Code

V o l. N o . 1977 1978

O rig in a l F requency

Translated N a m e

T ra n slitera te d N a m e (U n d erlin ed part is proper a b b re via tio n )

C od e

V o l. N o .

O r ig in a l Frequency

T ra n sla ted N a m e

1977

1978

PLP SMS M IN

24 13
-

25 14
-

S o v ie t Pla n t P h ys iolog y S o v ie t M a te ria ls S c ie n c e

L ito v s k ii M a te m a tic h e s k ii Sbornik (L ietu vos M a tem atik o s Rinkinys) M a g n itn ay a G id rod in a m ik a M a te m a tic h e s k ie Z a m e tk i M editsinskaya Tek h n ik a M ekhanika P o lim e r o v M e ta llo v e d e n ie i T e rm ic h es k a y a Obrabotka M e ta llo v M e ta llu rg M ik r o b io lo g iy a M ik ro lek tro n ik a M o lek u ly arn a y a B io lo g iy a N e ir o fiz io lo g iy a O gneupory O n to g en e z

M AT

17

18

Lithuanian M a th e m a tic a l Journal

S o v ie t M in in g S c ie n c e

MAG M AN BME POM MSHT MET M IC MIE MO L NEU REF JDB SME

Q
MB

M agn etoh yd rodyn am ics M a th e m a tic a l N otes B io m e d ic a l En gin eering P o ly m e r M ech an ics M e ta l S c ie n c e and H eat T re a tm e n t M e ta llu rg is t M ic r o b io lo g y S o v ie t M ic ro e le c tro n ic s M o le c u la r B iolog y N eu rop h y siolog y R efractories T h e S o v ie t Journal o f D e v e lo p m e n ta l B iolog y

21-22
-

23-24
-

FAA SGE HYC

11 13
-

12 14
-

Functional Analysis and Its A p p lication s S o v ie t G en etics H yd rotec h n ica l Construction

M M

46 6 11 9
-

47 7 12 10 9 4 4

S e m i m on th ly

JEP

32'

34-35

Journal o f E n gin eerin g Physics

M TS FD Y IO M BIB

M easurem ent T ech n iqu es Fluid D yn am ics

8 3 3

13
-

14
-

In organ ic M a terials O sn ovaniya, Fundam enty i B io lo g y B ulletin M ekhanika Gruntov Pis m a v A stron om ich esk ii SAL STPL PM T IE T ABM SAM P IT SOM PT P RAD SMJ GAC TEC TM P TFCE H TP UMJ Zhurnal P is 'm a v Zhurnal Tekh n ich esk o i F iz ik i Poroshkovaya M e ta llu rg iy a Prib ory i Tekh n ika

S o il M ech a n ics and Foundation En gin eering S o v ie t A stronom y Letters S o v ie t T e c h n ic a l Physics Letters S o v ie t Pow der M e ta llu rg y and M e ta l C era m ic s Instruments and E xperim en tal Tech n iqu es A p p lie d B ioch em istry and M ic r o b io lo g y S o v ie t A p p lie d M echanics Problem s o f In fo rm a tio n Transm ission

BAS

B u lletin o f the A c a d e m y o f o f S cien ces o f the USSR, D ivis io n o f C h e m ic a l

I z v e s tiy a Vysshikh U chebnykh Z a v e d e n ii, F iz ik a Iz v e s tiy a Vysshikh U chebnykh Z a v e d e n ii, R a d io fizik a K h im ic h es k ie V olok n a K h im ic h es k o e i N efty a n o e M ashinostroenie K h im ik o -fa rm a ts e v tic h e s k ii Zhurnal K h im iy a G eterotsik lich esk ik h S o e d in e n ii K h im iy a i T e k h n o lo g iy a T o p liv i M asel K h im iy a Prirodnykh S oed in e n ii K h im iy a Vysokikh ^ n erg ii K ib ern e tik a K in e tik a i K a t a liz K o llo id n y i Zhurnal K oordinatsionnaya K h im iy a K osm ich esk ie Issledovaniya K ris ta llo g ra fiy a

SPJ ROE

20

S c ie n c e S o v ie t Physics Journal

21 10

Radiophysics and Quantum E lectronics Fibre C h em istry C h e m ic a l and P e trole u m E n gin eering P h a rm a c eu tic a l C h em istry Journal

liksperim enta Prik lad naya B iok h im iya i M ik r o b io lo g iy a P rik lad n aya M ekhanik a P ro b lem y Pered a ch i In form a tsii P ro b le m v Prochnosd Prog ra m m iro v a n ie R a diokh im iya S ib irskii M a te m a tic h e s k ii Zhurnal S tek lo i K eram ika T e o retich e sk a y a i lik s p e rim e n ta l'n a y a K h im iy a T e o re tic h e s k a y a i M a tem a tich esk a y a F izik a T e o re tic h e s k ie O snovy K h im ich esk oi T e k h n o lo g ii T e p lo fiz ik a Vysokikh T em p era tu r Ukrainskii M a te m a tic h e s k ii Zhurnal V od n ye Resursy Zashch ita M e ta llo v Z avodska ya L a b ora toriy a W AT PRO IL A -

13 13 13

14 14 14 --

FIB CPE PCJ -

11

12

Strength o f M a teria ls P rogra m m in g and C om pu ter S oftw a re

CHC CTF

C h em istry o f H e t e r o c y c lic Com pounds C h em istry and T e c h n o lo g y o f Fuels and Oils

11
-

19 18

20 19

S o v ie t R adiochem istry S ib erian M a th e m a tic a l Journal Glass and C era m ic s T h e o r e tic a l and E xperim en tal C h em istry T h e o r e t ic a l and M a th e m a tic a l Physics

CNC C YB KAC COL COC COS SPCRY

C h em istry o f N atu ral Com pounds H igh Energy C h em istry C yb ern etics K in etics and C atalysis C o llo id Journal S o v ie t Journal o f C oord in ation C h em istry C o sm ic Research S o v ie t Physics C rysta llograp h y L ith o lo g y and M in era l Resources

12
-

13 30-33 11 15 29

14 34-37 12 16 30

18 39 3 15 22

19 40 4 16 23
-

T h e o r e t ic a l Foundations o f C h e m ic a l En gin eering H igh T em p era tu re U krainian M a th e m a tic a l Journal W a ter Resources P ro tec tio n o f M eta ls Industrial Laboratory

L it o lo g iy a i P o le z n y e Isk op a em y e

LM R

13 43

14 44

21

T ra n slitera te d N a m e (U n d e rlin e d part is proper a b b re v ia tio n ) Zhurnal A n a litich e sk o i K h im ii Zhurnal E volyutsionnoi B iokh im i i i F iz io lo g ii Zhurnal Obshche i K h im ii Zhurnal O rganicheskoi K h im ii Zhurnal P rik ladnoi K h im ii Zhurnal P rik la dnoi M ekhanik i i T e k h n icheskoi F iz ik i Zhurnal P rik ladnoi Spektrosko p ii Zhurnal Strukturnoi K h im ii Zhurnal T e k h nicheskoi F iz ik i

C ode

V o l. N o . 1977 1978

O r ig in a l F req u en cy

Tra n sla ted N a m e

c o m p le x co n ju g a te com pression ra tio concentrated co n cen tra tio n c o n d u c tiv ity constant co n ta ct p o te n tia l d iffe re n c e continuous w ave co rre c te d ( o f m e ltin g points) cosecan t co sin e co ta n g en t co u lom b counts per m inute counts per second c r it ic a l cu b ic cu b ic c e n tim e te r cu b ic fo ot

c .c . c.r. con c. concn. cond. const cpd cw cor. csc cos cot counts /m in counts/sec crit. cu. cm 3 ft 3 ft3 /sec in3 km 3

d issociation constant, n e g a tiv e lo g o f do lla r pK s p e ll out or w ith num erals d o zen dram dry w eig h t dyne east e d ito r, e d itio n e f f e c t i v e dose, m ed ian e f fic ie n c y e le c t r ic , e le c t r ic a l ele c tro c a rd io g ra m e le c tro e n c e p h a lo g ra m e le c tr o m a g n e tic units e le c t r o m o tiv e fo rc e e le c tro m y o g ra m e le c tr o n p a ra m a g n etic resonance e le c tro n spin resonance e le c tr o n v o lt e le c tro s ta tic units en tropy unit eq u ation (s) erg error function et a l i i (and others) e t ce te ra (and the rest) e th y le n e d ia m in e te tr a a c e tic a cid e x e m p li g ratia (fo r e x a m p le ) ex p erim en t e x p e rim e n ta l ex p o n e n tia l ex tern al fa c e - c e n te r e d cu bic farad fe e t per m inu te doz dr dry wt. dyn E ed. EDS 0 e ff. e le c . ECG EEG em u em f EMG EPR ESR eV esu eu Eq. (Eqs.) sp ell out erf et a l. e tc . EDTA e .g . expt. ex p tl. exp ex t. fe e F ft/ m in fps or ft/sec ft/ sec2 f F F ig . (F ig s .)

JAN EBP JGC JOC JAC

32 13 47 13 50
-

33 14 48 14 51
-

Journal o f A n a ly tic a l C h em istry Journal o f E volu tion ary B ioch em istry and P h ysiology Journal o f G en era l C hem istry Journal o f O rgan ic C h em istry Journal o f A p p lied C h em istry Journal o f A p p lie d M ech an ics and T e c h n ic a l Physics Journal o f A p p lied Sp ectroscopy

M M M M

JAM
JAS JSC S P -T P

26-27 18 47

28-29 19 48

Journal o f Structural C h em istry S o v ie t Physics T e c h n ic a l Physics

L ist of P re ferred Abbreviations

absolute acre a d ren o corticotrop in a ero d y n a m ic ce n ter a lte rn a tin g current altitu d e a m a g at A m e ric a n Standards A ssociation am ount am pere am p ere-h ou r and others (e t a lii) and so forth ( e t c e te r a ) angstrom Anno D o m in i ante m e r id ie m a n tilo ga rith m aperture ra tio 16 ap p ro x im a te aqueous are (100 m 2) atm osphere a to m ic mass unit a to m ic num ber a to m ic w e ig h t a tto (p r e fix , 10-18) a u d iofreq u en cy (a d j.) a vera g e b a la n ce bar barn basal m e ta b o lic rate b illio n e le c tr o n volts abs. sp ell out ACTH a .c. ac a lt sp ell out ASA am t. A A -h e t a l. e tc . A .D . a .m . a n tilo g f/16 approx. aq. sp ell out atm amu a t. no. at. wt. a af av. ba l. sp ell out b BMR B eV, G e V b io c h e m ic a l o x y g en dem and b io t b o d y -c e n te re d cu b ic bohr b o ilin g point British th erm al units ca lc u la te d c a lo r ie ca n d ela ca n d lep o w e r ca n d ela per square m eter C artesian m ap p in g function Celsius (c e n tig r a d e ) ce n t ce n ter o f g r a v ity c e n te r o f mass ce n ter o f pressure ce n ter to ce n ter ce n ti (p r e fix , 1 0 "2) c e n tigra d e , see Celsius ce n tig ra m c e n t ilite r c e n tim e te r c e n tim e te r -g r a m -s e c o n d (system ) ce n ti poise ce n tistok e c e n tra l nervous system ch ap ter c h e m ic a lly pure c irc u la r c o e ffic ie n t c o lo g a rith m co m p are (c o n fe r) c o m p le m e n t o f error fu nction cg cl cm cgs cP cS t CNS Chap. cp c ir . c o e if. c o lo g c f. e r fc BOD Bi bec sp e ll out bp Btu c a lc . cal cd cp cd / m 2 CMF sp ell out e .g . c .m . c.p . c . to c .

cu bic fe e t per second cu b ic inch cu b ic k ilo m e te r cu b ic m eter cu b ic m ic r o m e te r cu b ic m illim e te r cu b ic yard cu rie (3.7 X 10 c y c le c y c le s per second dalton day debye d e c i (p r e fix , 1 0 "1) d e c ib e l d e c im e te r d e g re e (separated from numbers) d e g re e (w ith numbers and in F, R, "C, and so forth ) degrees d eg re es Celsius (c e n tig r a d e ) degrees Fahrenheit degrees K e lv in (a b so lu te) degrees Rankine d e ca (p r e fix , 10) d eoxyrib on u clea se (e n z y m e ) d e o x y rib o n u c le ic acid dextrorotatory d ia m e te r diphosphopyridine n u cle o tid e d ire c t current disintegrations per second disintegrations per m in u te dis/sec)

m3 ( 13
mm3 yd3 Ci s p e ll out cps sp ell out sp ell out D d dB dm deg

* *C F

fe e t per second fe e t per second per second fe m to (p r e fix , 1 0 "15) fe r m i (1 0 -13 c m ) F ig u re(s) f i l i a l generations (g e n e tic s ) fla v in a den ine d in u c le o tid e and its reduced form fla v in m o n o n u c leo tid e and its reduced form fo o t fo o t-c a n d le fo o t- la m b e rt foot-p ou nd

K
*R da DNase DNA D ,d - ,(+ )- , d e x tro d ia m . DPN dc dis/sec dis/m in

Fl. ?2. P 'S .

e tc . FAD F AD H 2 FM N FM NH2 ft ft -c ft - L ft - lb

22

04

c d c d

2! ^ ^ ^ -
XJ 43 43 - 1C D C D C D C D

' - *

* PJ

4 3

cd

- * 3 >

S C D C D g 3 s: 0 )

" * * * 4 0> C D C D C D C D C D 3 N <

^ C D ^

OQOQOQOQCrQOQOQOQOQOQCrQCrQOQOQ S S S S 5 S f * ' * .3 3 3 3 3 ? *

* 1
fD

C D C D C D N

"< > , 3 .

* 0 4

t? 3 c d

* 3 2.
3 5
*

2 3

>:

S 5 3 ^

"

<

P '43 U 43 P 'P ^ ' ^ ^I l P '3 P ' f f

^ ' C D C D Cl ^

0Q 00 I : cd 2. **

8 0 Q C D

00 00 00 0Q 00 I I I < rt I-f

4 1C D 4

3 3 p p p 3 3 3 j 3 J U C D C D p 3 00 C D C D p a 00 p

3 3

5 s 3 3 o' p C DC l J S

* , ,, , ^ " ~ ' ,", ^ J O "Q O ' * ' " ' D C D O 00 QCDOOO _ C C D

2 2 2 2 1 5 ! 2 ^

C L3

2 2 4 C D

S S S S ' < -D ^ ^ ' 3 3 * 3 C D C D 3 * C D C D 24 3 p 4 3

2 P P fij 4 3 )

P P P p 3 P

o p fc . C D P P

2 X

3 3

3^ sT

.S

-0 r X* X x X * jr jr jr r X > -i *-i )0 0C T Q 0 < ?0 S 3

X * x* sr x* X * Q C D ^

3 3 3 3 S * ^43
^
cd

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 - . (D , C D 3 * 3 S i _ 4 3

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 * ' * ' * 1 1 > "* & % 3 3 3 - D . C I 1 C D C D *

3 3 3C 3 D3 C 3D 3C 3D D C DC D C
^ "*

2. 3

C T Q P. P P4 O O 3

3 2 & 3
V. 3
3 T

<. & 3

a > c d o e ft 00 . '

p* S P p ; Ti C D > P* 43 -

3 ^ S {if C ^

3 S 3 <

* 3 3

S S 3 3 < 2. S

3 3 3 3 3-5 ? a %
& t=l

: T = 4 3 4 3 = 3 3 ^ 3 -

= t= t= t: = i > >

S 3 C D X4 2

3 3

43 4 3 43 4 3 43 p4 C D C D P P P 3 C D a U i

4 3 P ^ a I a I a

43 43 434343 43434 3 \ ' >&3&;, 5><:

2 4 3 43 4 C D 3 r\ & D3 -J C ^

C D

00

z 5 c d D 3 I C E L

C D C D S

Jd JD

l l 4 3.

P P P P

3C D C D PP ? C L ,

v >

., * * '

C D I C D^ S 3 p 4 3

4 3 4 34 3 4 3 3 < C D4 2 ? 4 3 * W W

4 34 3 4 3 43 4 3 -9 ^ = > * 4 3 4 3

X
g p - N

' ^

2- z

2: z

ra d io fre q u en c y (a d j.) radius (n o p eriod when a unit) red b lo o d c e l l (co u n t) r e fe r e n c e (s) r e la tiv e h u m id ity respiratory qu otien t r e tic u lo e n d o th e lia l system rev ised (s p e ll out i f confu sing) revolu tion s per m in u te revolu tion s per second ribon u clea se (e n z y m e ) rib o n u c le ic a c id roen tg en (u n it o f exposure dose o f x or rad ia tio n ) ro o t-m ea n -sq u a re rydberg secant second (a n gu la r m easu re) second ( t im e ) section series siem ens signum sine s lu g - fe e t 2 south s p e c ific g r a v ity s p e c ific h eat square c e n tim e te r square fo o t square in ch square m e te r square m illim e t e r standard d e v ia tio n standard error standard tem peratu re and pressure steradian

rf rad. RBC r e f. (r e fs .) s p e ll out RQ RES rev. rpm rps RNase RNA R rms Ry sec

stoke tangent tem peratu re tesla (W b / m 2) tera (p r e fix , 1012) that is (id est) th e o r e tic a l thousand pounds ton torr tra ce u ltrahigh fre q u en c y u ltr a v io le t U n ited States P h arm acop o eia u n iversity v a r ie t y (ie s ) (in ta x o n o m y o n ly ) v e lo c it y versus v o lt vo lu m e v o lu m e / v o lu m e (c o n c n .) w ater lin e w att w eb er w e e k (s )

St tan tem p. T T i.e . theor. kip s p e ll out s p e ll out Tr uhf

u v

AM ER ICAN INSTITU TE O F PHYSICS JOURNALS O ver the years, the form at o f the journals we translate and publish fo r the Am erican Institute o f Physics (A IP ) has come to d iffer in certain respects from the Consultants Bureau form at. This affects mainly the introductory m aterial and the citation of references in the text. T o fa c ili tate editing and composition, please distinguish between A IP and Consultants Bureau translation assignments and rendering each in the ap propriate form at. The following journals are produced by Consultants Bureau fo r the Am erican Institute of Physics (the underlined part is the proper abbre viation): Akusticheskii Zhurnal (SP-AC ) Astronom icheskii Zhurnal (S-ASTR) Doklady Akadem ii Nauk SSSR (SP-DOK) F iz ika Nizkikh Tem peratur (S J -L T P ) F iz ika Plazm y (SJ-PP) F iz ika i Tekhnika Poluprovodnikov (SP-SEM I) F iz ika Tverdogo T ela (SP-SS) K rista llografiya (SP-CR Y) P is'm a v Astronomicheskii Zhurnal (SAL) P is'm a v Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi F iz iki (S T PL ) Zhurnal Tekhnicheskoi F iz iki (S P -T P ) INTRODUCTORY M A T E R IA L 1. Only the initial letter o f the fir s t word o f the a rticle title and any proper nouns in the title should be capitalized (see the example on p. 29). The line giving the citation o f the original journal should take the following form : F iz. Tekh. Poluprovodn. 9, 1962-1965 (October 1975) Note that the words "Translated from " are omitted, and there is no comma before the underlined volume number nor between the month and year. The submission date should read: (Submitted A p ril 17, 1974; resubmitted October 9, 1974) Do not w rite "O riginal a rticle submitted... ." Do not use the five-d ot convention in the abstract. Do not use r e fe r ence numbers in the abstract - give the referen ce instead, as shown in the example on p. 29). REFERENCES 1. For referen ce citations in the text, please use superscript numbers instead o f square brackets ([ ]) o r slashes (/ / ), e.g., 27

USP u niv. var. v e l. vs V v o l. v/v WL W Wb sp ell out (o r wk w ith nu m era l in ta b le ) w t. w t. l w /v W

XU

sec S e c. ser. S sgn sin s lu g -ft2 S sp. g l. sp. ht. cm 2 ft2 in 2 m2 mm SD SE STP sr

w eig h t w e ig h t p ercen t w e ig h t/ v o lu m e (c o n c n .) west x unit x irra d ia tion yard year

2.

s p e ll out yd
y r

Abbreviations of Common P re fix e s 3.

M u ltip ly in g P r e fix A b b r e v ia tio n fa ctor 11
i o - 2 i o - 3

M u ltip ly in g P r e fix at to deca h e cto k ilo m eg a g ig a tera A b b r e v ia tio n a da h M G T fa cto r -18 10 102 10s 106 109 1012

deci c e n ti m illi m ic r o nano p ic o fe m to

d m M n P f

4.

IO 6 1 0 "9 10 ' u IO -15

26

B elov 5 has shown that... An e a rlie r paper 2 described the... If the use o f superscripts is not convenient or is inappropriate, as in constructions like "T h is equation was derived in [2]," you may use the abbreviation " r e f . followed by the number, e.g., in this case: "T h is equation was derived in ref. 2 ." It is not necessary to type the words LITE R A TU R E CITED right above the list of referen ces at the end of the article. In this- section, the numbers of the references are also to be typed as superscripts,
e .g .,

EX AM PLE O F M ANUSCRIPT PR E PA R A TIO N O F THE INTRODUCTORY PAGE FROM AN A IP A R T IC L E

2.

SP-SEM T-10, pp .

1962-1965

AX

F orm ing and s w it c h in g e f f e c t s

in CdTe c r y s t a l s

1A . B. Lugovoi and V. G. Sologob, Zh. Tekh. F iz. 43, 678 (1973).

N. V . A g r in s k a y a , . V . A le k s e e n k o , and 0 . A . M a tv e e v

2K. P . Belov, Rare-E arth Ferrom agnetic M aterials [in Russian], Nauka, Moscow (1965). FOOTNOTES 1. Use superscript numbers followed by a closing parenthesis, e.g., The dielectric constant1 ^ is calculated....

A. F.

Io ffe

P h y s i e o t e c h n i c a l I n s t i t u t e , Academy

o f S c ie n c e s o f th e

USSR,

L e n in g ra d

(S u b m itte d March 24, 1975)

F iz .

Tekh. P o lu p ro v o d n .

9,

1962-1965 (O c t o b e r 1975)

A stu d y was made o f th e s w it c h in g e f f e c t com p en sated p - t y p e C d T e:C l c r y s t a l s . c r y s t a ls , th e

i n h e a v i l y doped and

In c o n t r a s t t o n - t y p e

s w it c h in g e f f e c t was o b s e r v e d o n l y a f t e r a fo rm in g B e rn a rd , W. R in d n e r , and H. R o th , J . A p p l. P h ys .

tre a t m e n t /W.

3 5 . 1860 (1 9 6 5 )/ . in

F ila m e n ts w ith n - t y p e c o n d u c tio n w ere o b s e r v e d th e fo rm in g t r e a t m e n t . t o th e d i f f u s i o n r e g io n s . The of

th e b u lk o f p - t y p e c r y s t a l s a f t e r

fo r m a tio n o f t h e s e

f ila m e n t s was a t t r i b u t e d lim ite d

cadmium v a c a n c ie s o u t o f c e r t a i n

The r e s u l t s o f an i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f s w it c h in g i n s i n g l e - c r y s t a l sam ples o f CdTe w e re in g in ce n te rs . re p o rte d in r e f s . 1 -3 .

and l i q u i d

T h ere was e v id e n c e t h a t s w it c h

t h i s m a t e r i a l c o u ld b e

a s s o c i a t e d w ith th e d e l o c a l i z a t i o n o f donor