Houssem Rafik El-Hana BOUCHEKARA

2009/2010 1430/1431
KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA
Ministry Of High Education
Umm Al-Qura University
College of Engineering & Islamic Architecture
Department Of Electrical Engineering


Fundamentals of Electrical
Engineering
5. Fundamentals of
Electrical Machines

2
5 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES ................................................................. 3
5.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3
5.2 INTRODUCTION TO MACHINERY PRINCIPLES ......................................................................... 3
5.2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 3
5.2.2 Rotational Motion, Newtons Law and Power Relationship .................................. 4
5.2.2.1 Angular position, u ....................................................................................................... 4
5.2.2.2 Angular Velocity, e ...................................................................................................... 4
5.2.2.3 Angular acceleration, o ................................................................................................ 4
5.2.2.4 Torque, t ...................................................................................................................... 5
5.2.2.5 Work, W ....................................................................................................................... 5
5.2.2.6 Power, P ....................................................................................................................... 5
5.2.2.7 Newtons Law of Rotation ............................................................................................ 6
5.2.3 1.2 The Magnetic Field ........................................................................................ 6
5.2.3.1 Production of a Magnetic Field .................................................................................... 6
5.2.4 Magnetics Circuits ................................................................................................. 8
5.2.5 Production of Induced Force on a Wire. .............................................................. 14
5.3 TRANSFORMERS............................................................................................................ 15
5.3.1 Construction of Transformers .............................................................................. 15
5.3.2 Types of transformers: ........................................................................................ 17
5.3.3 The Ideal Transformer ......................................................................................... 18
5.3.4 Power in an Ideal Transformer ............................................................................ 19
5.4 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS ........................................................................... 20
5.4.1 Diodes .................................................................................................................. 20
5.4.2 Silicon Controlled Rectifiers ................................................................................. 21
5.4.3 Triacs ................................................................................................................... 21
5.4.4 Transistors ........................................................................................................... 21
5.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION ..................................................................................... 22
5.5.1 Classification Of Electric Machines ...................................................................... 23
5.5.2 Basic Features Of Electric Machines .................................................................... 25
5.5.3 Electric Machines Applications ............................................................................ 25
5.5.3.1 Asynchronous Machines ............................................................................................ 25
5.5.3.2 Synchronous Machines .............................................................................................. 25
5.5.3.3 D.C. Machines ............................................................................................................ 26


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5 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The objective of this Module is to introduce the basic operation of rotating electric
machines. The operation of the three major classes of electric machines is described. The
emphasis of this module will be on explaining the properties of each type of machine, with
its advantages and disadvantages with regard to other types; and on classifying these
machines in terms of their performance characteristics and preferred field of application.
5.2 INTRODUCTION TO MACHINERY PRINCIPLES
This section will develop some basic tools for the analysis of magnetic field systems.
These results will then be applied to the analysis of transformers. In later sections they will
be used in the analysis of rotating machinery.
5.2.1 INTRODUCTION
1. Electric Machines mechanical energy to electric energy or vice versa.
Mechanical energy Electric energy : GENERATOR
Electric energy mechanical energy : MOTOR.

2. Almost all practical motors and generators convert energy from one form to
another through the action of a magnetic field.

3. Only machines using magnetic fields to perform such conversions will be
considered in this course.

4. When we talk about machines, another related device is the transformer. A
transformer is a device that converts ac electric energy at one voltage level to ac
electric energy at another voltage level.

5. Transformers are usually studied together with generators and motors because
they operate on the same principle, the difference is just in the action of a
magnetic field to accomplish the change in voltage level.

6. Why are electric motors and generators so common?

6.1 Electric power is a clean and efficient energy source that is very easy to
transmit over long distances and easy to control.

6.2 Does not require constant ventilation and fuel (compare to internal-
combustion engine), free from pollutant associated with combustion.


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5.2.2 ROTATIONAL MOTION, NEWTONS LAW AND POWER
RELATIONSHIP
Almost all electric machines rotate about an axis, called the shaft of the machines. It
is important to have a basic understanding of rotational motion.
5.2.2.1 Angular position, u
Is the angle at which it is oriented, measured from some arbitrary reference point.
Its measurement units are in radians (rad) or in degrees. It is similar to the linear concept of
distance along a line.
Conventional notation: + value for anticlockwise rotation
- value for clockwise rotation
5.2.2.2 Angular Velocity, e
Defined as the velocity at which the measured point is moving. Similar to the
concept of standard velocity where:
=

(5. 1)
where:
r distance traverse by the body
t time taken to travel the distance r
For a rotating body, angular velocity is formulated as:
=

(rad/s)
(5. 2)
where:
u - Angular position/ angular distance traversed by the rotating body
t time taken for the rotating body to traverse the specified distance, 0.
5.2.2.3 Angular acceleration, o
is defined as the rate of change in angular velocity with respect to time. Its
formulation is as shown:
=

(rad/s
2
)
(5. 3)


5
5.2.2.4 Torque, t
In linear motion, a force applied to an object causes its velocity to change. In the
absence of a net force on the object, its velocity is constant. The greater the force applied to
the object, the more rapidly its velocity changes. Similarly in the concept of rotation, when
an object is rotating, its angular velocity is constant unless a torque is present on it. Greater
the torque, more rapid the angular velocity changes.
Torque is known as a rotational force applied to a rotating body giving angular
acceleration, a.k.a. twisting force.
Definition of Torque: Product of force applied to the object and the smallest
distance between the line of action of the force and the objects axis of rotation.
= Force perpondicular distance = sin (5. 4)
5.2.2.5 Work, W
Is defined as the application of Force through a distance. Therefore, work may be
defined as:
= (5. 5)
Assuming that the direction of F is collinear (in the same direction) with the direction
of motion and constant in magnitude, hence,
= (5. 6)
Applying the same concept for rotating bodies,
= (5. 7)
Assuming that t is constant,
= (Joules) (5. 8)
5.2.2.6 Power, P
Is defined as rate of doing work. Hence,
=

(watts)
(5. 9)
Applying this for rotating bodies,
=

=
(5. 10)

6
This equation can describe the mechanical power on the shaft of a motor or
generator.
5.2.2.7 Newtons Law of Rotation
Newtons law for objects moving in a straight line gives a relationship between the
force applied to the object and the acceleration experience by the object as the result of
force applied to it. In general,
= (5. 11)
where:
F Force applied
m mass of object
a resultant acceleration of object
Applying these concept for rotating bodies,
= (Nm) (5. 12)
where:
t - Torque
J moment of inertia
o - angular acceleration

5.2.3 THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Magnetic fields are the fundamental mechanism by which energy is converted from
one form to another in motors, generators and transformers.
First, we are going to look at the basic principle A current-carrying wire produces a
magnetic field in the area around it.
5.2.3.1 Production of a Magnetic Field
Amperes Law the basic law governing the production of a magnetic field by a
current:
=

(5. 13)
where H is the magnetic field intensity produced by the current I
net
and dl is a
differential element of length along the path of integration. H is measured in Ampere-turns
per meter.

7

Figure 5. 1: Simple Magnetic Circuit.
Consider a current currying conductor is wrapped around a ferromagnetic core;
applying Amperes law, the total amount of magnetic field induced will be proportional to
the amount of current flowing through the conductor wound with N turns around the
ferromagnetic material as shown. Since the core is made of ferromagnetic material, it is
assume that a majority of the magnetic field will be confined to the core.
The path of integration in Amperes law is the mean path length of the core, l
c
. The
current passing within the path of integration I
net
is then Ni, since the coil of wires cuts the
path of integration N times while carrying the current i. Hence Amperes Law becomes,

= =

(5. 14)
In this sense, H (Ampere turns per meter) is known as the effort required to induce a
magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic field flux produced in the core also depends on
the material of the core. Thus,
= (5. 15)
B = magnetic flux density (webers per square meter, Tesla (T))
= magnetic permeability of material (Henrys per meter)
H = magnetic field intensity (ampere-turns per meter)
The constant may be further expanded to include relative permeability which can
be defined as below:
=
0

(5. 16)
where:
o
permeability of free space (a.k.a. air)
Hence the permeability value is a combination of the relative permeability and the
permeability of free space. The value of relative permeability is dependent upon the type of
material used. The higher the amount permeability, the higher the amount of flux induced in
the core. Relative permeability is a convenient way to compare the magnetizability of
materials.

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Also, because the permeability of iron is so much higher than that of air, the majority
of the flux in an iron core remains inside the core instead of travelling through the
surrounding air, which has lower permeability. The small leakage flux that does leave the
iron core is important in determining the flux linkages between coils and the self-
inductances of coils in transformers and motors.
In a core such as in the figure 5.1,
=

(5. 17)
Now, to measure the total flux flowing in the ferromagnetic core, consideration has
to be made in terms of its cross sectional area (CSA). Therefore,
=

(5. 18)
Where: A cross sectional area throughout the core
Assuming that the flux density in the ferromagnetic core is constant throughout
hence constant A, the equation simplifies to be:
= (5. 19)
Taking into account past derivation of B,
=

(5. 20)
5.2.4 MAGNETICS CIRCUITS
The flow of magnetic flux induced in the ferromagnetic core can be made analogous
to an electrical circuit hence the name magnetic circuit.
The analogy is as follows:
+
-
A
R V
+
-
|
Reluctance, R
F=Ni
(mmf)

Electric Circuit Analogy Magnetic Circuit Analogy
Figure 5. 2: Analogy between Electric and Magnetic circuits.

9
Referring to the magnetic circuit analogy, F is denoted as magnetomotive force
(mmf) which is similar to Electromotive force in an electrical circuit (emf). Therefore, we can
safely say that F is the prime mover or force which pushes magnetic flux around a
ferromagnetic core at a value of Ni (refer to amperes law). Hence F is measured in ampere
turns. Hence the magnetic circuit equivalent equation is as shown:
= Similar to = (5. 21)
The polarity of the mmf will determine the direction of flux. To easily determine the
direction of flux, the right hand curl rule is utilized:
a) The direction of the curled fingers determines the current flow.
b) The resulting thumb direction will show the magnetic flux flow.

The element of R in the magnetic circuit analogy is similar in concept to the electrical
resistance. It is basically the measure of material resistance to the flow of magnetic flux.
Reluctance in this analogy obeys the rule of electrical resistance (Series and Parallel Rules).
Reluctance is measured in Ampere-turns per Weber.
Series Reluctance,

=
1
+
2
+
3
+ (5. 22)
Parallel Reluctance
1

=
1

1
+
1

2
+
1

3
+ (5. 23)
The inverse of electrical resistance is conductance which is a measure of conductivity
of a material. Hence the inverse of reluctance is known as permeance, P where it represents
the degree at which the material permits the flow of magnetic flux.
=
1

(5. 24)
Since
=

(5. 25)
Thus,
= (5. 26)
Also,
=

(5. 27)
Thus

10
=

(5. 28)
And
=

(5. 29)
By using the magnetic circuit approach, it simplifies calculations related to the
magnetic field in a ferromagnetic material; however, this approach has inaccuracy
embedded into it due to assumptions made in creating this approach (within 5% of the real
answer). Possible reason of inaccuracy is due to:
a) The magnetic circuit assumes that all flux are confined within the core, but in reality
a small fraction of the flux escapes from the core into the surrounding low-
permeability air, and this flux is called leakage flux.
b) The reluctance calculation assumes a certain mean path length and cross sectional
area (csa) of the core. This is alright if the core is just one block of ferromagnetic
material with no corners, for practical ferromagnetic cores which have corners due
to its design, this assumption is not accurate.
c) In ferromagnetic materials, the permeability varies with the amount of flux already
in the material. The material permeability is not constant hence there is an
existence of non-linearity of permeability.
d) For ferromagnetic core which has air gaps, there are fringing effects that should be
taken into account as shown:


Figure 5. 3: Air gap.
Example 5. 1:
A ferromagnetic core is shown. Three sides of this core are of uniform width, while
the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The depth of the core (into the page) is 10cm, and the
other dimensions are shown in the figure. There is a 200 turn coil wrapped around the left
side of the core. Assuming relative permeability
r
of 2500, how much flux will be produced
by a 1A input current?


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Figure 5. 4: For this example.
Solution:
3 sides of the core have the same csa, while the 4
th
side has a different area. Thus
the core can be divided into 2 regions:
(1) the single thinner side
(2) the other 3 sides taken together
The magnetic circuit corresponding to this core:

Figure 5. 5: For this example.

Example 5. 2:

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Figure 5. 6: For this example.
Figure shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40cm. There is a
small gap of 0.05cm in the structure of the otherwise whole core. The csa of the core is
12cm
2
, the relative permeability of the core is 4000, and the coil of wire on the core has 400
turns. Assume that fringing in the air gap increases the effective csa of the gap by 5%. Given
this information, find
(a) the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap)
(b) the current required to produce a flux density of 0.5T in the air gap.

Solution:
The magnetic circuit corresponding to this core is shown below:

Figure 5. 7: For this example.
Example 5. 3:
A ferromagnetic core is shown in Figure 5.4. The depth of the core is 5 cm. The other
dimensions of the core are as shown in the figure. Find the value of the current that will
produce a flux of 0.005 Wb. With this current, what is the flux density at the top of the core?
What is the flux density at the right side of the core?

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Assume that the relative permeability of the core is 1000.

Figure 5. 8: For this example.
Solution:
There are three regions in this core. The top and bottom form one region, the left
side forms a second region, and the right side forms a third region. If we assume that the
mean path length of the flux is in the center of each leg of the core, and if we ignore
spreading at the corners of the core, then the path lengths are
1
= 2(27.5 ) = 55 ,

2
= 30 , and
3
= 30 . The reluctances of these regions are:

The total reluctance is thus

and the magnetomotive force required to produce a flux of 0.003 Wb is

and the required current is

14

The flux density on the top of the core is

The flux density on the right side of the core is

5.2.5 PRODUCTION OF INDUCED FORCE ON A WIRE.
A current carrying conductor present in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B,
would produce a force to the conductor/wire. Dependent upon the direction of the
surrounding magnetic field, the force induced is given by:
= ( ) (5. 30)
where:
i represents the current flow in the conductor
l length of wire, with direction of l defined to be in the direction of current
flow.
B magnetic field density
The direction of the force is given by the right-hand rule. Direction of the force
depends on the direction of current flow and the direction of the surrounding magnetic
field. A rule of thumb to determine the direction can be found using the right-hand rule as
shown below:

Figure 5. 9: Right-hand rule for determining the direction magnetic-field component of the Lorentz force.


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5.3 TRANSFORMERS
Before we proceed with a study of electric machinery, it is desirable to discuss
certain aspects of the theory of magnetically-coupled circuits, with emphasis on transformer
action.
Although the static transformer is not an energy conversion device, it is an
indispensable component in many energy conversion systems. A significant component of ac
power systems, it makes possible electric generation at the most economical generator
voltage, power transfer at the most economical transmission voltage, and power utilization
at the most suitable voltage for the particular utilization device.
The transformer is also widely used in low-power, low-current electronic and control
circuits for performing such functions as matching the impedances of a source and its load
for maximum power transfer, isolating one circuit from another, or isolating direct current
while maintaining ac continuity between two circuits.
The transformer is one of the simpler devices comprising two or more electric
circuits coupled by a common magnetic circuit. Its analysis involves many of the principles
essential to the study of electric machinery. Thus, our study of the transformer will serve as
a bridge between the introduction to magnetic-circuit analysis and the study of electric
machinery to follow.
5.3.1 CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMERS
Essentially, a transformer consists of two or more windings coupled by mutual
magnetic flux. If one of these windings, the primary, is connected to an alternating-voltage
source, an alternating flux will be produced whose amplitude will depend on the primary
voltage, the frequency of the applied voltage, and the number of turns. The mutual flux will
link the other winding, the secondary, and will induce a voltage in it whose value will depend
on the number of secondary turns as well as the magnitude of the mutual flux and the
frequency. By properly proportioning the number of primary and secondary turns, almost
any desired voltage ratio, or ratio of transformation, can be obtained.
The essence of transformer action requires only the existence of time-varying
mutual flux linking two windings. Such action can occur for two windings coupled through
air, but coupling between the windings can be made much more effectively using a core of
iron or other ferromagnetic material, because most of the flux is then confined to a definite,
high-permeability path linking the windings. Such a transformer is commonly called an iron-
core transformer. Most transformers are of this type. The following discussion is concerned
almost wholly with iron-core transformers.
Types of cores for power transformer (both types are constructed from thin
laminations electrically isolated from each other minimize eddy currents)



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Core Form: a simple rectangular laminated piece of steel with the transformer windings
wrapped around two sides of the rectangle.

Shell Form: a three legged laminated core with the windings wrapped around the centre
leg.
Figure 5. 10: Transformers construction.
The primary and secondary windings are wrapped one on top of the other with the
low-voltage winding innermost, due to 2 purposes:
1. It simplifies the problem of insulating the high-voltage winding from the core.

2. It results in much less leakage flux


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5.3.2 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS:
1. Distribution transformers are generally used in power distribution and
transmission systems.
2. Power transformers are used in electronic circuits and come in many different
types and applications.
3. Control transformers are generally used in circuits that require constant voltage
or constant current with a low power or volt-amp rating.
4. Auto transformers are generally used in low power applications where a variable
voltage is required.
5. Isolation transformers are normally low power transformers used to isolate
noise from or to ground electronic circuits.
6. Instrument potential and instrument current transformers are used for
operation of instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, watt meters, and relays
used for various protective purposes.




Figure 5. 11: Examples of Transformers.

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5.3.3 THE IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Definition a lossless device with an input winding and an output winding. Figures
below show an ideal transformer and schematic symbols of a transformer.



Figure 5. 12: Ideal transformer and schematic symbols of a transformer.
The transformer has N
p
turns of wire on its primary side and N
s
turns of wire on its
secondary sides. The relationship between the primary and secondary voltage is as follows:

= (5. 31)
where a is the turns ratio of the transformer.

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The relationship between primary and secondary current is:

=
1

(5. 32)
Note that since both types of relations give a constant ratio, hence the transformer
only changes ONLY the magnitude value of current and voltage. Phase angles are not
affected.
5.3.4 POWER IN AN IDEAL TRANSFORMER
The power supplied to the transformer by the primary circuit:

cos

(5. 33)
Where
p
= the angle between the primary voltage and the primary current. The
power supplied by the transformer secondary circuit to its loads is given by:

cos

(5. 34)
Where
s
= the angle between the secondary voltage and the secondary current.
The primary and secondary windings of an ideal transformer have the SAME power
factor because voltage and current angles are unaffected = =
How does power going into the primary circuit compare to the power coming out?

cos (5. 35)

Also,

(5. 36)

cos
(5. 37)
So,

cos =

(5. 38)
The same idea can be applied for reactive power Q and apparent power S.
= (5. 39)



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5.4 INTRODUCTION TO POWER ELECTRONICS
Until the last few decades of the twentieth century, ac machines tended to be
employed primarily as single-speed devices. Typically they were operated from fixed-
frequency sources (in most cases this was the 50- or 60-Hz power grid). In the case of
motors, control of motor speed requires a variable-frequency source, and such sources were
not readily available. Thus, applications requiring variable speed were serviced by dc
machines, which can provide highly flexible speed control, although at some cost since they
are more complex, more expensive, and require more maintenance than their ac
counterparts.
The availability of solid-state power switches changed this picture immensely. It is
now possible to build power electronics capable of supplying the variable voltage/ current,
variable-frequency drive required to achieve variable-speed performance from ac machines.
Ac machines have now replaced dc machines in many traditional applications, and a wide
range of new applications have been developed.
Power electronics is a discipline which can be mastered only through significant
study. Many books have been written on this subject. It is clear that a single lesson cannot
begin to do justice to this topic. Thus our objectives here are limited. Our goal is to provide
an overview of power electronics.
5.4.1 DIODES
Diodes constitute the simplest of power switches. The essential features of a diode
are captured in the idealized v-i characteristic of Figure 5.14.a. The symbol used to represent
a diode is shown in Figure 5.14.b.


Figure 5. 13: (a) v-i characteristic of an ideal diode.(b) Diode symbol.
We can see that the ideal diode blocks current flow when the voltage is negative (i =
0 for v < 0) and passes positive current without voltage drop (v - 0 for i > 0). We will refer to
the negative-voltage region as the diode's OFF state and the positive current region as the
diode's ON state.
The diode is the simplest power switch in that it cannot be controlled; it simply turns
ON when positive current begins to flow and turns OFF when the current attempts to
reverse. In spite of this simple behavior, it is used in a wide variety of applications, the most
common of which is as a rectifier to convert ac to dc.

21
Example 5. 4:
Consider the half-wave rectifier circuit of Figure 5.15 in which a resistor R is supplied
by a voltage source

() =
0
sin through a diode. Assume the diode to be ideal.
Find the resistor voltage

() and current

().

Figure 5. 14: Half-wave rectifier circuit for this Example
Solution :

Figure 5. 15: Resistor Voltage.

() =

0
sin

0
0

< 0


The current has the same form of the voltage and is found simply as

.
The terminology half-wave rectification is applied to this system because voltage is
applied to the resistor during only the half cycle for which the supply voltage waveform is
positive.
5.4.2 SILICON CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
5.4.3 TRIACS
5.4.4 TRANSISTORS


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5.5 TERMINOLOGY
The parts of an alternator or related equipment can be expressed in either
mechanical terms or electrical terms. Although distinctly separate, these two sets of
terminology are frequently used interchangeably or in combinations that include one
mechanical term and one electrical term. This may cause confusion when working with
compound machines such as brushless alternators, or in conversation among people who
are accustomed to work with differently configured machinery.
In alternating current machines, the armature is usually stationary, and is known as
the stator winding. In DC rotating machines other than brushless DC machines, it is usually
rotating, and is known as the rotor. The pole piece of a permanent magnet or electromagnet
and the moving, iron part of a solenoid, especially if the latter acts as a switch or relay, may
also be referred to as armatures.
Mechanical
Rotor: The rotating part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.
Stator: The stationary part of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor
Electrical
Armature: The power-producing component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor.
The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator.
Field: The magnetic field component of an alternator, generator, dynamo or motor. The field
can be on either the rotor or the stator and can be either an electromagnet or a permanent
magnet.

5.6 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
Electric motors and generators are a group of devices used to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy or electrical energy into mechanical energy, by electromagnetic
means. A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy is called a
generator, alternator or dynamo, and a machine that converts electrical energy into
mechanical energy is called a motor.
Two related physical principles underline the operation of generators and motors.
The first is the principle of electromagnetic induction discovered by Michael Faraday in
1831. If a conductor is moved through a magnetic field, or if the strength of a stationary
conducting loop is made to vary, a current is set up or induced in the conductor. The
converse of this principle of the electromagnetic reaction, first discovered by Andr Ampere
in 1820. If a current is passed through a conductor located in a magnetic field, the field
exerts a mechanical force on it.
Both motors and generators consist of two basic units, the field, which is the
electromagnets with its coils, and the armature (the structure that supports the conductors
which cut the magnetic field and carry the induced current in a motor). The armature is
usually a laminated soft-iron core around which conducting wires are wound in coils.

23

Figure 5. 16: Functional block diagram of electromechanical energy conversion devices as (A) motor, and (B)
generator.

5.7 CLASSIFICATION OF ELECTRIC MACHINES
There are several methods of classifying electric machines:
Electric power supply - Electric machines are classified as D.C. and A.C. machines as
well as according to their stator and rotor constructions as shown in Figure
5.18.

24

Figure 5. 17: Classification of Electric Machines.
It is also useful to classify electric machines in terms of their energy conversion
characteristics. A machine acts as a generator if it converts mechanical
energy from a prime movere.g., an internal combustion engineto
electrical form.
Examples of generators are the large machines used in power-generating plants, or
the common automotive alternator.
A machine is classified as a motor if it converts electrical energy to mechanical form.
The latter class of machines is probably of more direct interest to you,
because of its widespread application in engineering practice.
Electric motors are used to provide forces and torques to generate motion in
countless industrial applications. Machine tools, robots, punches, presses,
mills, and propulsion systems for electric vehicles are but a few examples of
the application of electric machines in engineering.
AC Machines
Universal Machines
Single phase
Synchrounous Induction
Single
cage
Wound
rotor
Polyphase
Synchrounous
Salient
Permanent
Magnet
Induction
Single
cage
Wound
rotor
DC Machines
Permanent
magnet
Series Wound Shunt Wound Compound Wound

25

Figure 5. 18: Stator and rotor fields and the force acting on a rotating machine.
In most industrial applications, the induction machine is the preferred choice,
because of the simplicity of its construction. However, the analysis of the performance of an
induction machine is rather complex. On the other hand, DC machines are quite complex in
their construction but can be analyzed relatively simply with the analytical tools we have
already acquired.
5.8 BASIC FEATURES OF ELECTRIC MACHINES

5.9 ELECTRIC MACHINES APPLICATIONS
5.9.1.1 Asynchronous Machines
- Petroleum and chemical pumps..
- Cooling towers.
- Air-handling equipment.
- Compressors.
- Process machinery.
- Blowers and fans.
- Drilling machines.
- Grinders.
- Lathes.
- Conveyors.
- Crushers, etc.
5.9.1.2 Synchronous Machines
- Power generation
- Wind energy turbines
- Power factor correction

26
- Voltage regulation improvement of transmission lines.
- Electric clock drives.
- Servo drives.
- Compressors.
5.9.1.3 D.C. Machines
- Rolling mills
- Elevators
- Conveyors
- Electric locomotives
- Rapid transit systems
- Cranes and hoists
- Lathes
- Machines tools
- Blowers and fans, etc.