DERIVATION OF THE NAVIER STOKES EQUATION

1. CAUCHYS EQUATION
First we derive Cauchys equation using Newtons second law.
We take a differential fluid element. We consider the element as a material element ( instead of a
control volume) and apply Newtons second law
m o = F

or since o(t) =
v(t)

t

m
I

t
= F

(Eq 1)
We express the total force as the sum of body forces and surface forces
F

= F

bod
+ F

su]ucc
. Thus (Eq 1) can be written as
m
I

t
= F

bod
+ F

su]ucc
(Eq 2)







We cosider the x-component of (Eq 2).
Since m = pJxJyJz and I

= (u, :, w) we have
pJxJyJz
u
t
= F

x,bod
+ F

x,su]ucc
(Eq S)
We denote the stress tensor o
]
( pressure forces+ viscous forces)
o
]
= _
o
xx
o
x
o
xz
o
x
o

o
z
o
zx
o
z
o
zz
_ ,
Body forces:
Gravity force
Electromagnetic forse
Centrifugal force
Coriolis force

Surface forces:
Pressure forces
Viscous forces

the viscous stress tensor
]
= _

xx

x

xz

zx

z

zz
_
and strain ( deformation) rate tensor e
]
where
e
]
= _
e
xx
e
x
e
xz
e
x
e

e
z
e
zx
e
z
e
zz
_ =

z
w
z
v
y
w
z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
y
v
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1




Let I

x
= (o
xx
, o
x
, o
xz
) , I

= (o
x
, o

, o
z
), I

z
= (o
zx
, o
z
, o
zz
) be stress vectors on the planes
perpendicular to the coordinate axes.









Then the stress vector F

at any point associated with a plane of unit normal vector n = (n

1
, n
2
, n
3
)
can be expressed as


F

= n
1
I

x
+ n
2
I

+n
3
I

z
= (n
1
, n
2
, n
3
) _
o
xx
o
x
o
xz
o
x
o

o
z
o
zx
o
z
o
zz
_.
I

x

yz- plane
I

xz-plane
I

z

xy-plane
z
x
y

We consider the x-component of the net surface force F
x,su]ucc
using the figure below.


Using Taylors formula we get
F1 = (o
xx

dx
2
c
xx
x
)JyJz F2 = (o
xx
+
dx
2
c
xx
x
)JyJz
FS = (o
x

Jy
2
oo
x
oy
)JxJz F4 = (o
x
+
Jy
2
oo
x
oy
)JxJz
FS = (o
zx

Jz
2
oo
zx
oz
)JxJy F6 = (o
zx
+
Jz
2
oo
zx
oz
)JxJy
Thus
F
x,su]ucc
= F1 +F2 +FS +F4 +FS +F6 = (
oo
xx
ox
+
oo
x
oy
+
oo
zx
oz
)JxJyJz
If we assume that the only body force is the gravity force, we have
F
x,bod
= m g
x
= p JxJyJz g
x

Now from (Eq S)
pJxJyJz
u
t
= F
x,bod
+ F
x,su]ucc
(Eq S)
we have
p JxJyJz
u
t
= p JxJyJz g
x
+ (
oo
xx
ox
+
oo
x
oy
+
oo
zx
oz
)JxJyJz
We divide by JxJyJz and get the equation for the x-component:
p
u
t
= pg
x
+
oo
xx
ox
+
oo
x
oy
+
oo
zx
oz

or
p (
u
t
+u
u
x
+ :
u

+ w
u
z
) = pg
x
+
c
xx
x
+
c
jx

+
c
zx
z
eq x
In the similar way we derive the following equations for
y component:
p (

t
+ u

x
+w

+ w

z
) = pg

+
c
xj
x
+
c
jj

+
c
zj
z
eq y
z component:
p (
w
t
+ u
w
x
+ :
w

+ w
w
z
) = pg
z
+
c
xz
x
+
c
jz

+
c
zz
z
eq z
Equations eq x,y,z, are called Cauchys equations.

THE NAVIER STOKES EQUATION
When considering F
x,su]ucc
we can separate x components of pressure forces
and viscous forces:
oo
xx
ox
=
oP
ox
+
o
xx
ox
,
oo
x
oy
=
o
x
oy
,
oo
zx
oz
=
o
zx
oz

In the similar way we can change y-component and z-component
Thus Cauchys equations become
p (
u
t
+u
u
x
+ :
u

+ w
u
z
) = pg
x

P
x
+
:
xx
x
+
:
jx

+
:
zx
z
eq A
In the similar way we derive the following equations for
y component:
p (

t
+ u

x
+w

+ w

z
) = pg

+
:
xj
x
+
:
jj

+
:
zj
z
eq B
z component:
p (
w
t
+ u
w
x
+ :
w

+ w
w
z
) = pg
z

P
z
+
:
xz
x
+
:
jz

+
:
zz
z
eq C
According o the NEWTONS LOW OF VISCOSITY the viscous stress components are related ( throw a
linear combination) to the ( first) dynamic viscosity p and the second viscosity z.

xx
= 2p
u
x
+ zJi:I

,
x
= p(
u

+

x
) ,
xz
= p(
u
z
+
w
x
) (*)

x
= p(
u

+

x
) ,

= 2p

+ zJi:I

,
z
= p(

z
+
w

) (**)

zx
= p(
u
z
+
w
x
) ,
zx
= p(

z
+
w

)
zz
= 2p
w

+ zJi:I

(***)
We substitute this values
]
in to Cauchys equations eq A, B, C and get
THE NAVIER STOKES EQUATIONS for the compressible flow:
x-component:
p (
ou
ot
+u
ou
ox
+:
ou
oy
+ w
ou
oz
)
= pg
x

oP
ox
+
o
ox
_2p
ou
ox
+ zJi:I

_ +
o
oy
_p(
ou
oy
+
o:
ox
)_ +
o
oz
_p(
ou
oz
+
ow
ox
)_
y-component:
p (
o:
ot
+ u
o:
ox
+ w
o:
oy
+ w
o:
oz
)
= pg

oP
oy
+
o
ox
_p(
ou
oy
+
o:
ox
)_ +
o
oy
_2p
o:
oy
+ zJi:I

_ +
o
oz
_p(
o:
oz
+
ow
oy
)_
z-component:
p (
ow
ot
+ u
ow
ox
+ :
ow
oy
+ w
ow
oz
)
= pg
z

oP
oz
+
o
ox
_p(
ou
oz
+
ow
ox
)_ +
o
oy
_p(
o:
oz
+
ow
oy
)_ +
o
oz
2p
ow
oy
+ zJi:I

Remark: For an incompressible flow we have Ji:I

= u and hence from (*), (**) and (***)

]
= 2pe
]

where e
]
is the strain rate tensor for the velocity field ) , , ( w v u V =
r
in Cartesian coordinates:
.
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2 2

= =
z
w
z
v
y
w
z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
y
v
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
z
w
z
v
y
w
z
u
x
w
y
w
z
v
y
v
y
u
x
v
x
w
z
u
x
v
y
u
x
u
ij ij






In the case when we consider an incompressible , isothermal Newtonian flow (density =const,
viscosity =const), with a velocity field )) ( ) ( ) ( ( x,y,z , w x,y,z , v x,y,z u V =
r

we can simplify the Navier-Stokes equations to his form:


x component:
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
u
y
u
x
u
g
x
P
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
t
u
x

+ +

y- component:
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
v
y
v
x
v
g
y
P
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
t
v
y

+ +

z component:
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
z
w
y
w
x
w
g
z
P
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
t
w
z

+ +

[ The vector form for these equations: V g P
Dt
V D
r
r
r
2
+ + = ]