Table of Contents

Preface ..................................................................................................................................... ii
Table of Contents .................................................................................................................. iv
List of Figures and Tables ..................................................................................................vii
HOW TO READ THIS GUIDE .......................................................................................... 1
1. STATISTICS AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING ................................................ 6
1.1
Introduction.......................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2
Material Classes .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2.1 General Material Considerations...................................................................................................... 6
1.2.2 Metals................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 Ceramics ............................................................................................................................................ 8
1.2.4 Polymers ............................................................................................................................................ 9
1.2.5 Composites......................................................................................................................................11
1.2.6 Elastomers .......................................................................................................................................13
1.2.7 Specialty Materials..........................................................................................................................14
1.3
Material Properties...........................................................................................................................14
1.3.1 Mechanical.......................................................................................................................................15
1.3.2 Electrical..........................................................................................................................................17
1.3.3 Thermal............................................................................................................................................17
1.3.4 Optical..............................................................................................................................................17
1.3.5 General Testing Issues....................................................................................................................17
1.4
Design and Manufacture ..................................................................................................................18
1.4.1 Processing........................................................................................................................................18
1.4.2 SPC and SQC ..................................................................................................................................18
1.4.3 Design Allowables ..........................................................................................................................19
1.4.4 Standards..........................................................................................................................................19
1.4.5 Data Pedigree...................................................................................................................................20
1.5
Accepting and Rejecting Data.........................................................................................................20

2. DATA, ITS QUALITY AND PEDIGREE ................................................................ 22

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10

Summary.............................................................................................................................................22
Introduction........................................................................................................................................22
Data and Metadata ...........................................................................................................................24
Types of Data and Databases..........................................................................................................26
Data Accreditation............................................................................................................................28
An Illustrative Example of Data Comparison..............................................................................30
Uses and Cost of Good Data............................................................................................................30
Statistical Characteristics of Good Data .......................................................................................32
Some Statistical Sampling Schemes and their Characteristics..................................................33
Conclusions.........................................................................................................................................35

3. STATISTICAL DISTRIBUTIONS, RANDOM VARIABLES,

DISTRIBUTIONS AND PARAMETERS................................................................. 36
3.1
3.2
3.3

Summary.............................................................................................................................................36
Statistical Distributions - Generalities...........................................................................................36
Three Distributions of Interest in Material Data Analysis .........................................................40

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3.3.1 The Normal Distribution................................................................................................................40

3.3.2 The Lognormal Distribution ..........................................................................................................41
3.3.3 Weibull Distribution.......................................................................................................................43
3.3.4 Distribution Parameters ..................................................................................................................44
3.4
Example of Material Exploratory Data Analysis.........................................................................49
3.4.1 Example from the Normal Distribution: the samnor data set...................................................52
3.4.2 Example from the Lognormal Distribution: the samlog data set:.............................................54
3.4.3 Example from the Weibull Distribution: the samweb data set.................................................56
3.5
Extreme Values or Outliers .............................................................................................................57
3.6
Conclusions and Summary ..............................................................................................................59
3.7
Suggested Further Reading .............................................................................................................60

4. ESTIMATION AND TESTING.................................................................................. 61

4.1
Summary.............................................................................................................................................61
4.2
Estimation...........................................................................................................................................61
4.2.1 Sampling Revisited .........................................................................................................................61
4.2.2 Point Estimation..............................................................................................................................62
4.2.3 The Central Limit Theorem............................................................................................................62
4.2.4 Interval Estimation of the Mean.....................................................................................................64
4.2.5 Confidence Bounds.........................................................................................................................67
4.2.6 Tolerance Limits .............................................................................................................................67
4.2.7 Weibull Distribution.......................................................................................................................69
4.2.8 Other Distributions .........................................................................................................................69
4.2.9 Confidence Intervals for Other Distributions................................................................................70
4.3
Hypothesis Testing ............................................................................................................................71
4.3.1 Testing for the Mean.......................................................................................................................71
4.3.2 A Conceptual Comparison .............................................................................................................73
4.3.3 Step-by-Step Testing Procedure.....................................................................................................74
4.3.4 Other Issues About Hypothesis Testing ........................................................................................75
4.3.5 Goodness-of-Fit Tests.....................................................................................................................76
4.4
Summary and Conclusions ..............................................................................................................80
4.5
Suggested Further Reading .............................................................................................................80

5. MULTIVARIATE STATISTICS ............................................................................... 81

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8

Introduction........................................................................................................................................81
The Case of Bivariate Data..............................................................................................................81
Contingency Tables...........................................................................................................................82
Regression Analysis...........................................................................................................................84
ANOVA (one way analysis of variance) ........................................................................................95
Non-Parametric Alternatives to ANOVA .....................................................................................99
Summary...........................................................................................................................................101
Suggested Further Readings..........................................................................................................102

6. CASE STUDIES WITH ANOVA .............................................................................103

6.1
Summary...........................................................................................................................................103
6.2
Introduction and Background.......................................................................................................103
6.3
Case Examples.................................................................................................................................107
6.3.1 Case 1: A Simple Data Set ..........................................................................................................107
6.3.2 Case 2: A More Complicated Data Set.......................................................................................110
6.3.3 Case 3: One-Way ANOVA Revisited ........................................................................................113
6.3.4 Case 4: A Large Data Set With Two Factors.............................................................................117
6.4
Summary...........................................................................................................................................125
6.5
Suggested Further Readings..........................................................................................................125

7. CASE STUDIES WITH REGRESSION .................................................................126

7.1
Summary...........................................................................................................................................126
7.2
Introduction......................................................................................................................................126
7.3
Case Studies .....................................................................................................................................128
7.3.1 Case One: An Example In Stress-Strain Curves........................................................................128
7.3.2 Case Two: Surface Damage Example Revisited: Modeling The Data....................................133
7.3.3 Case Three: Ex3.Dat Revisited: Regression Data Constraints.................................................135
7.3.4 Case Four: A Small But More Complex Data Set .....................................................................136
7.4
Conclusions.......................................................................................................................................147
7.5
Suggested Further Readings..........................................................................................................147

8. CONCLUSIONS..........................................................................................................148
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4

Summary...........................................................................................................................................148
What Has Been Accomplished ......................................................................................................148
Data and Software...........................................................................................................................149
Future Work ....................................................................................................................................150

Appendix A: Bibliography ..............................................................................................154

Appendix B: Recipe Data Sets Description ..................................................................156
Appendix C: Data Sets Used in Data Analyses ............................................................164

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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Figure 20
Figure 21
Figure 22
Figure 23
Figure 24
Figure 25
Figure 26
Figure 27
Figure 28

Statistical Distributions and Material Behavior .........................................................7

Atomic Arrangement of a Typical Metal ...................................................................7
Atomic Arrangement of a Typical Ceramic...............................................................9
Monomers and Polymers ..........................................................................................9
Morphology of a Thermoplastic Polymer ................................................................10
Morphology of a Thermosetting Polymer................................................................10
The Effect of Molecular Weight Distribution on Mechanical Properties ..................11
Structure of a Fiber-Reinforced Composite .............................................................12
Fiber Orientations Effect on Behavior of Polymer-Matrix Composites...................13
Typical Structure of an Elastomer ...........................................................................14
Distribution Type and Shape Indicative of Material Behavior and Variability..........15
Sources of Error in Strength Data............................................................................16
Mass Function (Pattern) for X.................................................................................38
Normal Distribution Example .................................................................................41
LogNormal Density Function .................................................................................42
Example of Weibull Distributions...........................................................................44
Probability Plot Example ........................................................................................54
Distribution of the Test Statistic under the Null Hypothesis (Ho) .............................71
Normal Probability Plot and AD Test......................................................................78
Anderson Darling Normality Test ...........................................................................90
Time Series Plot .....................................................................................................91
Probability Plot.......................................................................................................98
MIL-HDBK-17 ROADMAP.................................................................................104
Anderson-Darling Normality Test.........................................................................108
Probability Plot.....................................................................................................118
Probability Plot for Subset 1 .................................................................................119
Probability Plot for Subset 2 .................................................................................120
Regression Analysis Roadmap..............................................................................127

Table 1
Table 2

Statistical Distributions May Be Indicative of Intrinsic Material Behavior...............16

Possible Outcomes for a Pair of Honest Dice ..........................................................36

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