GAMETOGENESIS

August Weismann (1834-1914) – germ plasm vs. somatoplasm

death

senescence

ADULT juvenile ADULT

reproductive life cycle

gametogenesis hatching or birth gametogenesis

egg sperm fetal growth

fertilization organogenesis

gastrulation
cleavage
FIG. 1-2
 GAMETOGENESIS

What is gametogenesis (oogenesis and spermatogenesis)?

Four phases:
1. origin and migration to the gonads
2. germ cell multiplication
3. meiosis
4. final maturation prior to fertilization
Origin amphibian
endodermal
mammal
bird

FIG. 3-1
 GAMETOGENESIS

Germ cell migration routes

mammals
birds/reptiles 33 hrs.

24 hrs.

18 hrs.

4 hrs.

72 hrs.

48 hrs. FIG. 3-3

 GAMETOGENESIS

Germ cell proliferation pattern

males = spermatogonia
females = oogonia
number of germ cells (millions)

age
FIG. 3-6
 GAMETOGENESIS

Germ cell meiosis

2n2c
Meiosis I

2n4c 1n2c

1n2c 1n2c 1n1c

Meiosis II

FIG. 3-7
 GAMETOGENESIS

Spermatogenesis and oogenesis compared

spermatogonium 2N2C 2N2C oogonium

primary spermatocyte 2N4C primary oocyte
2N4C (arrested meiosis I)

secondary spermatocytes 1N2C

1N1C
spermatids 1N2C secondary oocyte
(arrested meiosis II)
+ polar body I)

fertilization –
meiosis II completed
spermatazoa
1N1C fertilized ovum
+ sperm + polar body II

FIG. 3-8 and 3-9

 SPERMATOGENESIS

Three principal phases:

1. mitosis
2. meiosis
3. spermiogenesis
Cell types:
1. spermatogonia
2. primary spermatocytes
3. secondary spermatocytes
4. spermatids
5. spermatozoa

FIG. 3-10
 SPERMATOGENESIS

Spermiogenesis

FIG. 3-11 and 3-12

 SPERMATOGENESIS

Gene expression during spermatogenesis

Sperm maturation
external fertilizers
mammals
time in the ductus epididymis
activation
capacitation
 OOGENESIS

Ovarian cycle in mammals

Primordial follicle
Primary unilaminar follicle
(zona pellucida)
Primary multilaminar follicle
Secondary follicle
(antrum formation)
Tertiary (Graafian) follicle
Ovulation
Corpus luteum
Corpus albicans
FIG. 3-21
Atresia
 OOGENESIS

Follicles in detail

primary follicles

antrum
follicular cells
coronary radiata
secondary follicles
zona pellucida
secondary oocyte
(arrested in meiosis II)

cumulus oophorus tertiary follicles

FIG. 3-21
 OOGENESIS

Hormonal control of mammalian (human) oogenesis

 ACCESSORY COVERINGS OF EGGS

Why have coverings?

Comparison of various eggs

AMPHIBIAN

vitelline envelope

SEA URCHIN
jelly
coat
BIRD

zona pellucida

MAMMAL corona radiata

FIG. 3-25
 ACCESSORY COVERINGS OF EGGS

Vitelline envelope
glycoprotein make-up, including species-specific sperm receptors
Jelly coat
mostly polysaccharides, with some glycoproteins and peptides
Corona radiata
follicular cells surrounding zona pellucida
protective role (?)
required for transport of ovum down oviduct in some mammals
secrete estrogen, then form corpus luteum after ovulation to
secrete estrogen and progesterone
Zona pellucida
glycoprotein make-up, including species-specific sperm receptors