Julius M.

Magpantay MSF
M.S. Chemical Engineering July 10, 2012
2003 - 00259
6.3.1. Elements of Mathematical Analysis
Assumptions
1. Distillate product is salt free.
2. Specific heat at constant pressure, Cp, (for all liquid streams, brine, distillate and seawater) is constant and equal to 4.18 kJ/kg C.
3. The overall heat transfer coefficient in the brine heater and preheaters is constant and equal to 2 kW/m
2
C.
4. Sensible heat value (subcooling of condensate and/or superheating of steam) has negligible effect on system energy balance.
5. Power requirements for pumps/auxiliaries are not included.
6. Heat losses to surroundings are negligible (well insulated flashing stage and brine heater).
Data used for performance evaluation
- Top brine temperature, T
o
= 90 C - Thermodynamic loss, T
loss
= 2 C
- Temperature of reject brine, T
b
= 40 C - Condenser Terminal Temperature Difference, TTD
c
= 3 C
- Temperature of motive steam, T
s
= T
o
+ 10 C - Salinity of intake seawater, X
f
= 42,000 ppm
- Temperature of intake seawater, T
cw
= 30 C - Max salinity of rejected brine, X
b
= 70,000 ppm
6.3.2. Single Stage Flashing
Overall mass balance: Salt balance:
[1] [2]
Brine heater energy balance: Condenser energy balance:
[3] [4]
Heat transfer rate for brine heater: Heat transfer rate for condenser:
[5] [7]
[6] [8]
f f b b d d b b
X M X M X M X M = + =
f b d
M M M = +
( )
1 s s f p o
M M C T T =
( ) ( )
( )
1 d v f cw p cw
d v f p o b
M M M C T T
M M C T T

= +
=
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
ln
s s h h h
s s o
h
s s o
M U A LMTD
T T T T
LMTD
T T T T
=

=
(

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
ln
d v c c c
v cw v
c
v cw v
M U A LMTD
T T T T
LMTD
T T T T
=

=
(

Unit thermal performance ratio: (ratio between mass of distillate produced versus mass of steam used)
[4] / [3]
Data:
Note: Latent heat of vaporization for water is taken at 38 C instead of 40 C because of a thermodynamic loss of 2 C, which is the difference
between the reject brine temperature, T
b,
and the temperature of the condensation vapor, T
v
.
The thermal performance ratio can now be computed:
From [4], we can get the specific seawater feed rate:
Again from [4], we can get the specific cooling seawater flow rate:
With a basis of 1 kg. distillate produced, from [1] and [2], we can get the following:
The log mean temp. differences are calculated for the brine heater and condenser:
From [5] and [7], we can get the specific area for the brine heater and condenser:
( ) ( )
1
;
f p o b f p o
d s
v s
M C T T M C T T
M M


= =
( )
( )
1
o b s d
s o v
T T M
PR
M T T

= =

( ) ( ) 2, 256 100 ; 2, 412.5 38

s v
kJ kJ
at C at C
kg kg
= =
( )
( )
( )( )
( )( )
1
90 40 2, 256 .
0.850
90 35 2, 412.5 .
o b s d
s o v
T T M kg distillate
PR
M T T kg steam

= = = =

( ) ( )( )
2, 412.5 .
11.54
4.18 90 40 .
f
v
d p o b
M
kg feed seawater
M C T T kg distillate

= = =

( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
1
1
2, 412.5 .
11.54 103.9
4.18 35 30 .
d v f cw p cw
f
cw v
d p cw d
M M M C T T
M
M kg CW
M C T T M kg distillate

= +
= = =

.
11.54 1 10.54
.
b f d
b
M M M
kg brine
M
kg distillate
=
= =
11.54
42, 000 45, 984.8
10.54
f f b b d d b b
f f
b
b
X M X M X M X M
X M
X ppm
M
= + =
= = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
ln
100 35 100 90
29.4
ln 100 35 100 90
s s o
h
s s o
h
T T T T
LMTD
T T T T
LMTD C

=
(


= =
(

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
1
ln
38 30 38 35
5.1
ln 38 30 38 35
v cw v
c
v cw v
c
T T T T
LMTD
T T T T
LMTD C

=
(


= =
(

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2, 256
45.1
0.85 2 29.4
s s h h h
h s s
d d h h
h
d
M U A LMTD
A M
M M U LMTD
A m
M kg s

=
( | |
=
( |
\ .
(
| |
= =
( |
\ .

( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2, 412.5
236.5
2 5.1
d v c c c
c v
d c c
c
d
M U A LMTD
A
M U LMTD
A m
M kg s

=
=
= =
6.3.3. Once Through
Overall mass balance: Salt balance:
Brine heater energy balance: Condenser energy balance per stage:
Using 23 flashing stages, we can get: The latent heat of condensation is calculated at average stage temperature:
Performance Ratio:
Specific Feed Flowrate:
With a basis of 1 kg./s. of distillate produced:
f f b b d d b b
X M X M X M X M = + =
( )
( )
st d s
s st loss c v
n T M
PR
M T T TTD

A
= =
A + A +
f b d
M M M = +
( )
s s f p st loss c
M M C T T TTD = A +A +
( )
( ) ( )
1
i
d v f p i i
d v f p o b f p st
M M C T T
M M C T T M C n T

+
=
= = A
90 40
2.174
23
st
T C

A = =
(90 40)
65
2
2, 346.5
v
T C
kJ
kg

+
= =
=
( )
( )
( )
( )
23 2.174 2, 256 .
6.7
2.174 2 3 2, 346.5 .
st d s
s st loss c v
n T M
PR
M T T TTD
kg distillate
PR
kg steam

A
= =
A + A +
= =
+ +
( )
( ) ( )( )
2, 346.5 .
11.23
4.18 23 2.174 .
d v f p st
f
v
d p st
M M C n T
M
kg feed seawater
M C n T kg distillate

= A
= = =
A
11.23 1 10.23
b f d
kg
M M M
s
= = =
11.23
42, 000 46,105.6
10.23
f f
b
b
X M
X ppm
M
= = =
11.23
42, 000 46,105.6
10.23
f f
b
b
X M
X ppm
M
= = =