A catalogue of analytic functions.

Exponential in basis
Exponential in basis
Definition 4.1.1 If

.
, with real . , we define:

For example, Note that the main requirement is fulfilled:

and

Proposition 4.1.2 (i) The exponential is defined on and (ii) The exponential is an entire function. (iii) (iv) (v) Proof. (i) Let , , we have . . Then we have: . . Then . As for any real number . . .

(ii) As above, let

It can be easily shown that the functions and verify the Cauchy-Riemann equations over the whole plane. As the plane is open, the exponential function is differentiable at every point of an open set, whence analytic at every point. This means that the function is an entire function. (iii) Denote and , with . Then we have:

(iv) Proceed as for (iii). (v) For any , we have:

Example 4.1.3 Let

and

. Then:

Example 4.1.4 Solve the equation Let , where

in

are real numbers. We have:

As

, for any

, we have , with . , with

, i.e. , we have

. We consider now . The first equation has one . The first equation implies now

two cases: (i) If solution, given by (ii) If that

, we have

, and has no solution. is , where . are real

We conclude: the solution set of the given equation in Example 4.1.5 Solve the equation numbers. We have: in . Let

As

, for any

, we have , for . , for

, i.e. , we have , we have

. We consider now . The second equation .The second equation

two cases: (i) If implies , i.e. (ii) If implies

,which has no real solution. is .

We conclude: the solution set of the given equation in

Trigonometric functions

Trigonometric functions.
Definition 4.2.1 1. 2. . .

3.

Example 4.2.2

Proposition 4.2.3 1. 2. 3. .

4.

5. Example 4.2.4 Proposition 4.2.5 1. 2. 3. Example 4.2.6 . . .

Hyperbolic functions
Hyperbolic functions.
Definition 4.3.1 1. 2. . .

3. Example 4.3.2

Proposition 4.3.3 1. 2. 3. .

4.

5.

. .

Example 4.3.4 (A nice equation) We solve the equation Let 1. , where . Then:

2. We have now:

3. 4. We take care of the second equation:

5. 6. We substitute into the first equation: 1. 2. . This equation has no real solution. . This equation is equivalent to

3.

Its (real) solutions are 4.

and

. . This equation has no solution. are:

In conclusion, the complex solutions of the equation

and

Example 4.3.5 (A nice equation - second way) We solve the equation

We substitute

and solve for the equation

. The solutions are:

and . In order to find the corresponding values of , we need logarithms. They will be defined in the next paragraph (v.i. 4). This exercise will be finished in example 4.6.

The logarithm of a complex number

The logarithm of a complex number.

Definition 4.4.1 ,

where is defined up to an additive multiple of Example 4.4.2

We denote Log of Example 4.4.3 Log Log

the principal value of (recall that

, i.e. the value corresponding to the principal value ).

Proposition 4.4.4 1. 2. 3. . . .

Proposition 4.4.5 The logarithmic function is analytic on its domain. For a proof, use Cauchy-Riemann equations (v.s. 3). Example 4.4.6

Analyticity of the logarithmic function

Analyticity of the logarithmic function.
Definition 4.5.1 Let be a multivalued function. A branch of is a single valued function, which is analytic on some domain . At every point of , the value of the branch is exactly one of the multiple values of Example 4.5.2 The principal part Log of the over . at that point. function is a branch of , defined

Complex exponentials
Complex exponentials.
Definition 4.6.1 For any and every

Example 4.6.2

. <>

Proposition 4.6.3 For the proof, we use the definition

. . Then we have:

Proposition 4.6.4 For the proof, we use the definition

. . Then we have:

Inverse trigonometric functions

Inverse trigonometric functions.
Theorem 4.7.1 For any complex number :

Example 4.7.2

Inverse hyperbolic functions

Inverse hyperbolic functions.

Theorem 4.8.1 For any complex number :

Example 4.8.2