MATH 37 Lecture Guide UNIT 4

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UNIT 4. POLAR COORDINATES and POLAR GRAPHS MATH 37 LECTURE GUIDE

Objectives: By the end of the unit, a student must correctly and confidently be able to:
convert Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinates, and vice-versa;
convert Cartesian equations to polar equations , and vice-versa;
graph polar curves;
determine intersections of polar curves; and
find area of polar regions.

It will be helpful to review your circular function values.
1 0= cos
2
3
6
=
t
cos
2
2
4
=
t
cos
2
1
3
=
t
cos 0
2
=
t
cos . . .
0 0= sin
2
1
6
=
t
sin
2
2
4
=
t
sin
2
3
3
=
t
sin 1
2
=
t
sin . . .
__________________________

4.1 Relation between Cartesian and Polar Coordinate Systems (TC7 pp. 790-796)

Cartesian coordinate: ( ) y , x P
x : directed distance from the y axis
y : directed distance from the x axis

Polar coordinate: ( ) u , r P
r

r : distance from the origin (maybe less than 0)
u : angle in standard position made by segment u
OP with the positive x axis
(measured in radians)

Remarks:

1. The polar coordinate of a point is NOT unique.

2. A negative r is a distance towards the opposite
direction of u .

2
t
axis
POLE
( ) y , x

y
x
TO DO!!! Plot the following points in polar
coordinates.
1. |
.
|
\
|
6
2
t
,
2.
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5
3
t
,
3.
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
2
1
t
,
4.
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
2
5
t
,
5.
|
|
.
|
\
|
6
5
4
t
, ,
|
|
.
|
\
|
6
11
4
t
, ,
|
|
.
|
\
|
6
7
4
t
,
and
|
|
.
|
\
|

6
4
t
, are coordinates
of the same point.
polar
axis

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TRY THIS!!!
Determine the other coordinates of the point |
.
|
\
|
6
5
3
t
, P such that:
a.) 0 0 < > u , r b.) 0 0 > y )
or
2
3t
- axis (if 0 < y ).
If 0 = y , the point is either at the polar axis (if 0 > x )
or t - axis (if 0 < x ).
If ( ) y , x P is in the 1
st
or 4
th
quadrant,
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
y
tan Arc u .
If ( ) y , x P is in the 2
nd
or 3
rd
quadrant, t u +
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
x
y
tan Arc .

Polar coordinate: ( ) u , r P

to CARTESIAN: u cos r x = u sin r y =
TO DO!!!

Convert the following to polar coordinates. Convert the following to Cartesian coordinates.

1. ( ) 4 4 , 5. |
.
|
\
|
6
7
3
t
,

2. ( ) 4 3 , 6. |
.
|
\
|
3
2
2
t
,

3. ( ) 1 3, 7. |
.
|
\
|
4
3
5
t
,

4. ( ) 4 0 ,

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Converting Cartesian equations to polar, and vice-versa

Convert the equation of a circle 4
2 2
= +y x to polar.

Remark: The polar equation
o
r r = , where
o
r is a constant, is a graph of a circle centered at the
pole of radius
o
r .

The following are circles tangent to the pole where a is the diameter of the circle:

u cos a r = u cos a r = u sin a r = u sin a r =

The following are equation of lines:

vertical line: a cos r = u
hoizontal line: b sin r = u diagonal line through the pole:
o
u u =

TO DO!!! Sketch the graphs of the following.

1. u cos r 8 = 2. u sin r 10 =

TO DO!!!
1. Convert the Cartesian equation
2
x y = to its polar form. Simplify the expression.

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Exercise Set. Try to solve the following.

1. Determine the other coordinates of the point |
.
|
\
|

3
6
t
, P such that:
a.) 0 0 > > u , r b.) 0 0 > > u , r b.) 0 0 > u , r b.) 0 0 > > u , r

4. Convert the following equations to polar equations. Express your answers in simplest form.
a.) 0 2 3 = + y x d.) 16
2 2
= y x
b.) 0 = + + C By Ax e.) 4
2 2
= + + y xy x
c.) py x 4
2
= f.) 36 9 4
2 2
= + y x

5. Convert the following equations to Cartesian forms. Also, identify the respective graphs.
a.)
u cos
r
5 5
3
+
= d.) 0 9 4 6
2
= + u u sin r cos r r
b.)
u sin
r
2 1
4
+
= e.) u sin r r 8
2
=
c.)
u sin
r
=
4
6
f.) u cos r 3 4 =

6. Show that u u cos b sin a r + = is an equation of a circle. Also, determine the center and radius.

_________________________

TO DO!!! Convert the following polar equations to Cartesian form. Then, identify the graph.
2.
u u cos sin
r
+
=
2
6
3.
u cos
r
=
1
4

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4.2 Graphs of Polar Equations (TC7 pp. 798-803)

Consider the polar equation u cos r 2 2 = .

u 0
6
t

4
t

3
t

2
t

3
2t

4
3t

6
5t
t

r

0 3 2 2 2
1 2 3
2 2+ 3 2+ 4

u
6
7t

4
5t

3
4t

2
3t

3
5t

4
7t

6
11t
t 2

r

3 2+ 2 2+
3 2 1
2 2 3 2 0

Sketch the graph of u cos r 2 2 =
using the data from the given table.

Use the following approximate values.

73 1 3 . ~ 41 1 2 . ~

MUST REMEMBER!!! LIMAONS

The graphs of u cos b a r + = u cos b a r = u sin b a r + = u sin b a r = 0 0 > > b , a

are called limaons. The values of a and b determine the limaons shape.

1 
b
a

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To graph limaons: u sin b a r + =

1. Identify the type of limaon by considering
b
a
.
2. Plot points at
2
3
2
0
t
t
t
u , , , = . u cos b a r = u cos b a r + =
3. Using the four points you plotted, trace the
proper graph as identified. Remember that
limaons are smooth, rounded graphs.

The illustration on the right should give you some
hints as to what axis your limaon should be
pointing. u sin b a r =


1. u sin r 2 1+ =

2. u cos r 2 3+ =

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MUST REMEMBER!!! ROSES

The graphs of u n sin a r = u n cos a r = where n is a positive integer

are called roses. If n is even, there are n 2 petals/leaves.
If n is odd, there are n petals/leaves.

To graph roses:

1. Determine the number of petals/leaves.

2. For the tips of the petals, solve for u such that 1 = u n sin or 1 = u n cos .

3. The curve passes through the pole (origin) at such that 0 = u n sin or 0 = u n cos .

4. Using the points you solved for, trace the proper graph as identified. Remember that petals of
a rose are smooth and rounded.

3. u cos r = 3

4. u sin r 3 3 =

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Examples.

A five-leaf rose An 8-leaf rose


1. u 2 3sin r =

0 = r at = u

max r at = u

min r at = u

2. u 3 4cos r =

0 = r at = u

max r at = u

min r at = u

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LEMNISCATES (propellers): u 2
2 2
cos a r = u 2
2 2
sin a r =

For u 2
2 2
cos a r = ,
2
r is defined only when 0 2 > u cos
(
e t
t t t t
u 2
4
7
4
5
4
3
4
0 , , , .
For u 2
2 2
sin a r = ,
2
r is defined only when 0 2 > u sin
(
e
2
3
2
0
t
t
t
u , , .

Examples.

For u 2
2 2
cos a r = ,
2
r is defined only when 0 2 s u cos
(
e
4
7
4
5
4
3
4
t t t t
u , , .
For u 2
2 2
sin a r = ,
2
r is defined only when 0 2 s u sin
(
e t
t
t
t
u 2
2
3
2
, , .

Examples.

SPIRALS: 0 > = u u , r (Spiral of Archimedes) 1 > = u u , ln r (Logarithmic Spiral)

Examples.

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Supplement. Test of Symmetry.

A polar graphs is

i. symmetric with respect to the polar axis if an equivalent equation is obtained when ( ) u , r is
replaced by either ( ) u , r or ( ) u t , r ;
ii. symmetric with respect to the
2
t
axis if an equivalent equation is obtained when ( ) u , r is
replaced by either ( ) u t , r or ( ) u , r ; or
iii. symmetric with respect to the pole if an equivalent equation is obtained when ( ) u , r is
replaced by either ( ) u , r or ( ) u t + , r .


Sketch the graphs of the curves defined by the given polar equations. Identify the graphs. Use the
methods prescribed to graph each type of polar curves.

1. ( ) 0
4
3 = |
.
|
\
|

t
u r 9. u 5 7cos r =
2.
u cos
r
=
1
2
10. u 4 5sin r =
3. u sin r 2 5+ = 11. u 2 16
2
cos r =
4. u cos r 3 3 = 12. u 2 5
2
sin r =
5. u cos r 4 2+ = 13. 0
1
> = u
u
, r (spiral)
6. u sin r 5 5+ = 14. 0 > = u
u
, e r (spiral)
7. u sin r 3 1 = 15.
2
5
u
cos r = CHALLENGE!!!
8. u cos r 2 6 = 16. u 3 3 2 sin r = CHALLENGE!!!

17. Investigate the family of curves defined by the polar equations u n cos r = , where n is a positive
integer. How do the number of leaves depend on n ? Do the same for u n sin r = .

18. Find the conditions on k to determine how the spiral u k r = unwinds (whether clockwise or
counter-clockwise).

19. In many cases, polar graphs are related to each other by rotation.

a. How are the graphs of |
.
|
\
|
+ =
3
1
t
u sin r and |
.
|
\
|
+ + =
3
1
t
u sin r related to the graph of
u sin r + =1 ?

b. In general, how is the graph of ( ) k f r = u related to the graph of ( ) u f r = ?

20. Investigate the family of curves given by ( ) | | o u + + = n cos b a r , where a , b and o are real
numbers and n is a positive integer.

a. How are the graphs when 0 = o and 0 = o related?
b. How does the graphs change as n increases?

_________________________

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4.3 Intersections of Polar Curves (TC7 pp. 810-12/TCWAG pp. 622-624)

Equations of polar curves are NOT unique. The polar curve defined by the equation ( ) u f r =
is the same as the curve given by ( ) ( ) t u n f r
n
+ = 1 , where n is an integer. This is because of the
periodic nature of circular functions.


Determine the area of the following region. Try using both vertical and horizontal strips, if possible.

1. the region bounded by x sin y = and x cos y = ,
2 2
t t
s s x .

To solve for intersections of polar curves, the different equations identifying the curves should
be considered. In some cases, curves intersect at a point but at different values of u . For example,
the pole is given by ( ) u , 0 , for any u as long as 0 = r .

TO DO!!!
1. Identify the other equations which give the curve defined by u 2 2sin r = .

2. Identify the other equations which give the curve defined by u cos r + =1 .

MUST REMEMBER!!!
Solving intersections of polar curves given by ( ) u f r : C =
1
and ( ) u g r : C =
2
.

1. Determine all the distinct equations of the curves using ( ) ( ) t u n f r
n
+ = 1 and
( ) ( ) t u n g r
n
+ = 1 .

2. Solve every pair of equations defining the two curves. This should exhaust every possible
pair of equation for
1
C and for
2
C .

3. For the intersection at the pole, set both equations to zero ( ( ) 0 = u f and ( ) 0 = u g ) and solve
for u . Note that the two curves can intersect at the pole but at different values of u .

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Solve for the intersections of the following pairs of graphs. It will help to identify first if the equivalent
equations are needed or not. Graphs can greatly help determine the number of intersections.

1. u cos r + =1 and u sin r =1 6. u cos r + =1 and u sin r =1
2. 6 = r and u cos r 4 4+ = 7. u 2 3sin r = and u 2 3cos r =
3. u cos r 3 3 = and u sin r 3 = 8. u 2 2
2
cos r = and 1 = r
4. u cos r + =1 and u sin r =1 9. u 2 2sin r = and u sin r 2 =
5. 5 = r and
u cos
r
2 1
5
= 10. u 2 4
2
cos r = and u sin r 2 2 =
_________________________
TO DO!!!

1. Solve for the intersections of the curves given by u 2 2
1
sin r : C = and 1
2
= r : C .

2. Solve for the intersections of the curves given by u cos r : C 4 1
1
+ = and 2
2
= r : C .

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4.4 Area in Polar Coordinates (TC7 pp. 807-812)

Area of a sector of a circle = u
2
2
1
r , where u is in radians

Consider the region bounded by ( ) 0 > = u f r
from o u = to | u = .

Dividing the sector to n sub-sectors,
| u u u u u o = < < < < < =
n n
...
1 2 1 0

such that the i th sector is from
1
=
i
u u to
i
u u = .

The area of the i th sector is
u A
i i i
r A
2
2
1
~ ( ) | | u A u
i i
f
2
2
1
= .

The area of the region is given by ( ) | |

= =
~ =
n
i
i i
n
i
i
f A A
1
2
1
2
1
u A u .
Hence, ( ) | |
=
+
=
n
i
i i
n
f lim A
1
2
2
1
u A u .
Thus, area of the region bounded by the curve ( ) u f r = , | u o s s , is given by
( ) | |
}
|
o
u u d f
2
2
1
.

Suppose ( ) ( ) 0 > > u u g f for | u o s s .

The area of the region bounded by the curves

( ) u f r = and ( ) u g r = , | u o s s ,
is given by
( ) | | ( ) | | | |
}

|
o
u u u d g f
2 2
2
1
.

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TO DO!!! SET-UP the definite integral that will solve for the volume of the following regions.

1. the region inside the cardioid u cos r 5 5 =

2. the shaded region bounded by u = r

3. the region inside the circle 3 = r
and the cardioid u cos r 2 2 =

4. the region outside the circle 3 = r
but inside the cardioid u cos r 2 2 =

5. the region inside the circle 3 = r
but outside the cardioid u cos r 2 2 =

So, what is the total area of the region enclosed by 3 = r and u cos r 2 2 = ?

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Set-up the definite integrals that will solve for the area of the following regions. Then, if possible or the
integral is easy to evaluate, determine the area of the region.

1. the region enclosed by one petal of the rose u 3 4cos r =
2. the region enclosed by u cos r 2 5+ =
3. the region inside the small loop of u sin r 4 2 =
4. the region inside the large loop of u sin r 4 2 =
5. the intersection of the regions enclosed by u 2 2sin r = and u sin r 2 =
6. the intersection of the regions enclosed by u 2 3sin r = and u 2 3cos r =
7. the region inside u cos r 3 3+ = but outside u sin r 3 3+ =
8. the region outside 2 = r but inside u 2 8
2
cos r =
9. the region inside the loop of u cos r 4 1+ = but outside 1 = r
10. the region outside u cos r + =1 but inside u sin r 3 =
TO DO!!! SET-UP the definite integral that will solve for the volume of the following regions.

5. the region inside the rose u 2 2sin r =
but outside the circle 1 = r

6. the region inside the circle 3 = r but outside
the limaon with a loop u cos r 2 1+ =

How will you solve for the region inside the loop of u cos r 2 1+ = ?

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11. Determine the value of a for which the area of the region enclosed by the cardioid u cos a a r + =
is t 9 square units.

12. Find the area of the region inside the cardioid u cos a a r + = but outside the circle u cos a r 2 = .

13. Find the area of the region inside the circles given by u sin a r 2 = and u cos b r 2 = with 0 > b , a .

14. Consider the two shaded regions below. The one on the left is given by the curve 0 > = u u , r .
The one on the right is given by the curve 1 > = u u , ln r . Determine the values of u at which the
curves intersect the axes up to the second revolution of the curve. The, set-up the integrals that
will solve for the area of the shaded region.

15. A classmate computes the area of the region in #12. The answer he/she gave was
( ) ( ) | |
}
+
t
u u u
2
0
2 2 2
2 1
2
1
d cos cos a . Is this answer correct? Justify your answer.

16. A goat is tethered to the edge of a circular
pond of radius a by a rope of length ka
( 2 0 s < k ). Using polar coordinates,
determine the grazing area. In the figure on
the right, the grazing area is the shaded
region.

17. CHALLENGE!!! Find the area of the loop of u u cos sec r 2 = . The graph of this equation is
called a strophoid.

18. CHALLENGE!!! Find the total area inside the petals of the rose u n cos a r = where is a positive
integer.
_________________________

END OF UNIT 4 Lecture Guide

MATH 37 Lecture Guide UNIT 4

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