xIxlt,

THE PRESENCE OF THE KINGDOM

Introduction

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(not in the sense of replying,but in that of mine is answered pole) by a biblicalor theological noting the otherdialectical I analysis.I Societ) correspond The Meaning of the To The Technologlcal (the and Apocalypse, city epitomizing human technique) City which "setsforth the dialectical position I can have in regard to society, human works, and especially technique."32The Politics of God and the Politics of Man brings a dialectical of this counterpoint to ThePolicicallllusion.The consequence is that one overarchingdialectic throughout all of his works must ' read widely in his corpusor risk misinterpretation. At a third level, the theological one, the historical and epistemologicaldialectics combine. According to Ellul the biblical revelation provides the prototypical dialectic, for dialectic "is specificallya biblical concept," in contrast to philosophical thinking which tends to resolveand eliminate This biblical or theological dialectic funccontradictions.33 tions at both of the levels just discussed:it is a mode of orientation by which one underrhinking, an epistemological standsthe scriptures,and a mode of Christian existenceor "style of life" within history itself. In addition to the five examplesof biblical dialectic just how thorothersdemonstrate alreadymentioned,several oughly Ellul carriesout this hermeneutic. He interprets the Bible asa whole and eachof im individual topicsdialectically. His works on 2 Kings (The Politicsof Cod and the Politicsof stand in dialectical relaMan) and Revelation (Apocalypse) tion to other books in his corpus, and the text itself, in its structure,movement,organization,and relation to culture, is read dialectically.r+ \7e alsoseethis by looking at how Eltul treatsscriptural standout. His commentson natural or themes.Fourexamples
3 1 .l b i d . p. 13. 32. SeeApocalypse, of tlv'Vord, p. 253. 33. Ellul, Humiliation pp. 52.54. 34. Ellul, APocalyPse,

p'sitive law leadone to think he is an absolute iconoclast, but .r t krserreadingwhich takesaccountof the dialectic shows rlr;rthe considers civil law to be ordainedby God, servingnot ,rrrly a useful but indispensable function.35A reciprocal r.l;rtionship exists between divine and human law which any dichotomy betweenthem, and thus the Chrisf'r.l1i['1i1r f r,rnmust cultivate a "double attitude" to civil law.36 \Uhile r.t ognizingthe God-appointed roleof civil law,the Christian n('\'crimaginesthat it can embodytrue justice or goodness. llrrrrranlaw existsas "an intermediateentity'' betweenGod's ,rrl.rro2lcovenant and the final eschaton. It is a relative rrrrtitution,but not merelyrelative,"because God endowsit ,r rrlrdignity."lTOnly the dialecticalperspective doesjustice r,r lroth perspectives. Closely related to this treatment of divine and human l.rrvis Ellul'spositionon the state. "The biblical perspective ,r'r.s rhe stateasordainedby God, in harmonywith the divine ,,rrlt'r,and at the same time as the Beastof the Abyss, the ( ,rt'r[ Babylon."38 It hasbeengiven the swordto restrainevil rn(llrromotegoodbut at the sametime hasinflicted pain and rrrllt'ringupon untold millions. While many Christians are rlrrrt k to justify the statebased on passages suchasRomans13, I llrrl, without denyingthosepassages, drawsour attention to rlrt'orherpoleof the dialecticby pointing out passages suchas | \;rnruel8, Zechariah1l:6, Ecclesiastes, Matthew 4:9 and .' | 4, :rnd I Corinthians l5:24-all of which castthe statein r r,nrewhatnegativelight and challengeits validity. Chrisr r,rn\rnustneverseparate themselves from the political arena, l, ,r r lurt would grant the state more uncontestedpower, but rlr.rr involvement must involve "a subtleinterplayof No and \, ,, ot'approval and rejection, of caution and support, of
| ', l.r..1rrcs Ellul, The TheologlcalFoundotionof Law (New York: Seabury, , r , , r )P , .68. r/ ll'r,1. p, . 1 0 0 . I ll'r,, f p.94. i ' l.r,,;rrcsEllul, Violence;Reflections (New from a Christian Perspective , , | :t.;rlrrrr!,1969),p. 2.