Tecnologia de Poos & Perfurao Downhole & Drilling Technology

A abordagem do operador para tornar as operaes de perfurao mais econmicas e confiveis Operators approach to make drilling operations more economical and reliable

s engenheiros de perfurao enfrentam inmeros desafios em ambientes de perfurao atuais, incluindo altas taxas de plataforma, geometrias de poos mais complexas, reservatrios mais profundos e mais quentes, fontes de hidrocarbonetos cada vez menos convencionais e locaes mais remotas. Para vencer esses desafios de forma segura e com mnimo impacto para os critrios do projeto preciso que perfuradores tenham um entendimento e controle das condies do poo em tempo real conforme perfuram. A telemetria de colunas de perfurao cabeada/interligada em rede incorpora uma coluna de perfurao que similar coluna de perfurao convencional em termos de funcionalidade, manuseio e especificaes. No entanto, ela modificada para assegurar que todos os componentes do conjunto de fundo do poo (Bottom Hole Assembly BHA) superfcie sejam cabeados/interligados em rede para carregarem um sinal de banda larga. O diferenciador de tecnologia da telemetria de coluna de perfurao interligada em rede consiste de trs elementos integrados. O primeiro um cabo coaxial de ao inoxidvel protegido que passa entre o pino e a caixa de cada tubo. O segundo elemento, uma srie de bobinas de induo, colocado no pino e na caixa de cada conexo e serve para transmitir dados da junta de um tubo de perfurao para outro. Booster subs so o terceiro elemento, que so componentes eltricos a aproximadamente 1500 ps de distncia um do outro e previnem que sinais de dados sejam degradados conforme viajam o comprimento da coluna da e para a superfcie. Esses subs movidos a bateria tambm medem vrios parmetros ao longo da coluna de perfurao. A integrao desses sistemas leva em conta um sistema de transmisso de dados de alta velocidade, alto volume, bidirecional juntamente com a avaliao de coluna para operaes de fundo de poo de alta definio. O equipamento interligado em rede, fornecido pela IntelliServ Broadband Network, integrado com os processos e especialistas de

A coluna de perfurao interligada em rede permite a interpretao de dados de poos em alta definio no lugar certo, no tempo certo, para drasticamente reduzir perodos com problemas Networked drill string allows for interpretation of high-definition downhole data in the right place at the right pace to drastically reduce trouble time

rilling engineers face innumerable challenges in todays drilling environment, including high rig rates, more complex well geometries, deeper and hotter reservoirs, increasingly

Components of the networked drillstring, stainless steel armored coax and the induction coils located at both the pin and box of each connection to transmit data from one drill join to the next

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Tecnologia de Poos & Perfurao Downhole & Drilling Technology

Networked components to provide broadband networking and along string evaluation services for downhole and sub-surface operations

Comparison between mud pulse and broadband network telemetry system - the increased bandwidth provides bi-directional communication with downhole tools

campo para implementar o servio com sucesso na rea, pode ser comparado a uma super rodovia. A analogia da rodovia referese taxa de transmisso de at 57.600bps, que tem uma rea de frequncia mais de 1000 vezes maior do que sistemas convencionais de telemetria eletromagntica ou de pulso por meio de lodo. A Tecnologia de Petrleo & Gs conversou com Martyn Fear, gerente geral da rea de perfurao e finalizaes da Husky Energy, em Newfoundland, Canad, para descobrir a perspectiva de um perfurador sobre comunicaes de fundo de poo. Tecnologia de Petrleo e Gs: Quais so as velocidades tradicionais da comunicao no fundo de poos? Martyn Fear: Tradicionalmente, a indstria tem usado taxas de transmisso que podem ser quantificadas em dzias de bit por segundo. As tpicas taxas de dados por telemetria de pulso por meio de lodo a que estou acostumado esto na faixa de 10 a 20 bits por segundo. TPG: Esses tipos de velocidade no atrapalham engenheiros de perfurao? MF: Essas taxas eram timas quando foram introduzidas, pois no havia nada antes disso, mas agora elas foram claramente substitudas pelos 57.600 bits por segundo que vemos. A telemetria de pulso por meio de lodo coloca limitaes bastante restritas faixa e frequncia de dados que podem ser transmitidos do fundo do poo para a superfcie enquanto se perfura. A natureza dos problemas que isso cria depende se voc um engenheiro de perfurao que se interessa por medidas mecnicas ou um gelogo que se interessa pela avaliao de formaes. TPG: A telemetria hardwired algo que a indstria tem buscado? MF: Espervamos que um dia a indstria oferecesse uma maneira de faz-lo. O que foi uma surpresa o grau de confiana que pudemos alcanar por meio de uma coluna de perfurao que, penso, era algo sobre o que a comunidade de perfurao era grandemente pessimista. TPG: Quando voc se deparou pela primeira vez com essa tecnologia? MF: A primeira vez que me deparei, pessoalmente, com essa tecnologia foi numa anlise pela BP do rastreamento de um campo

unconventional hydrocarbon sources, and more remote locations. Overcoming these challenges safely, and with minimum impact to project metrics, requires drillers to have real-time understanding and control of downhole conditions as they are drilling. Wired pipe/networked drill string telemetry incorporates a drill string that is similar to conventional drill string in terms of functionality, handling and specifications. However, it is modified to ensure that all components, from the bottomhole assembly (BHA) to the surface, are wired/networked to carry a broadband signal. The technology differentiator of networked drill string telemetry consists of three integrated elements. The first is a stainless steel armoured coax cable that runs between the pin and box of each tubular. The second element, a series of induction coils, are placed at both the pin and box of each connection and serve to transmit data from one drill pipe joint to the next. Booster subs are the third element, which are electrical components spaced approximately 1500ft apart and prevent data signal from degrading as it travels the length of the string to and from surface. These battery-powered subs also measure various parameters along the drill string. The integration of these systems allows for high speed, high volume, bi-directional data transmission system and along string evaluation for high definition downhole operations. The networked equipment provided by the IntelliServ Broadband Network, coupled with the processes and field specialists to successfully implement the service in the field, can be thought of as a super highway. The highway analogy is in reference to the transmission rate of up to 57,600 bps, which is more than 1000 times greater bandwidth than conventional mud pulse or electromagnetic telemetry systems. Oil & Gas Technology spoke to Martyn Fear, General Manager, Drilling and Completions at Husky Energy in Newfoundland to discover a drillers perspective on downhole communications. Oil & Gas Technology: What are the traditional downhole communication speeds? Martyn Fear: The industry has traditionally used transmission rates that can be numbered in dozens of bits per second. Typical mud pulse

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Tecnologia de Poos & Perfurao Downhole & Drilling Technology

onshore nos EUA, feita mais ou menos 2007, e que criou toda uma configurao de dados em tempo real nunca vista antes. Na poca, a comunidade de perfurao na BP ficou bastante animada. TPG: O que as velocidades mais altas de comunicao ajudaram os engenheiros de perfurao a realizar que no era possvel antes de seu surgimento? MF: No meu envolvimento tardio com as operaes de Trinidad, entre 2008 e 2010, isso capacitou o operador a reduzir dramaticamente os perodos de problemas em poos de alcance estendido por meio da identificao de fenmenos que estavam ocorrendo no fundo do poo e dos quais no estvamos cientes previamente. Permitiu tambm que os especialistas relevantes interpretassem e entendessem esses fenmenos e que o time de operaes refinasse suas prticas, as dominassem e resgatasse o controle das condies do fundo do poo. Isso reduziu significantemente os perodos de problemas. TPG: Claramente, crucial um melhor entendimento das condies do fundo do poo? MF: A indstria de perfurao tem operado por muito tempo e h vrias reas onde isso ainda verdade sem a compreenso das condies do fundo do poo e como control-las. Esse entendimento inadequado mais punitivo conforme o envelope de perfurao estendido. Mas sempre houve uma lacuna no conhecimento. Quando voc est gastando em torno de um milho de dlares por dia em uma operao, cada minuto de falha devido a problemas importante. TPG: H aplicaes que precisam muito dessa tecnologia? MF: Claramente, se tem algo acontecendo no fundo do poo que voc precisa controlar ou se voc precisa de dados brutos de alta frequncia ou dados mais rpidos ou dados de melhor resoluo que previamente voc no conseguia reunir, ento voc tem uma aplicao candidata. Esses cenrios fornecem o incentivo para usar o sistema. Uma vez que tenha decidido utilizar o sistema, as barreiras so apenas as de praticidade. Voc consegue fazer a conexo e atingir confiabilidade?
Networked drillstring allows for measurements and evaluation all along the drillstring. (Measurements shown in blue are available today, while the measurements shown in red are in development)

telemetry date rates that I am used to are in the range of 10 to 20 bits per second. OGT: These types of speeds must hamper drilling engineers? MF: These rates were great when they were introduced because there was nothing there before that, but that has clearly been superseded by the 57,600 bits per second that we see now. Mud pulse telemetry puts very tight limitations on the range and frequency of data that can be transmitted from downhole to surface while drilling. The nature of the problems that creates depends on whether you are a drilling engineer who might be interested in mechanical measurements or a geologist that might be more interested in formation evaluation. OGT: Has hardwired telemetry been something that the industry has been asking for? MF: We all hoped that one day the industry would provide a way to do it, what has been surprising is the degree of reliability that we have been able to achieve through a drillstring that was something that I would say that the drilling community was largely pessimistic about. OGT: When did you first come across this technology? MF: The first time that I came across the technology personally was in a BP analysis of the onshore US field trail that I think was done in about 2007, and which created a whole real-time data set that had never existed before. The drilling community in BP at that time was quite excited about it. OGT: What did this allow drilling engineers to accomplish that they couldnt before the higher communication speeds? MF: In my later involvement in Trinidad operations, between 2008 and 2010, what it enabled the operator to do was to dramatically reduce the problem time on extended reach wells, by identifying phenomena that were occurring down hole that we previously werent aware of and allowing the relevant experts to interpret and understand those phenomena and the operations team to refine its practices, to get on top of them and regain control of downhole conditions. That delivered a very significant reduction in problem time. OGT: Clearly a better understanding of downhole conditions is crucial? MF: The drilling industry has operated for a very long time, and there are plenty of areas where this is still true, without having a grasp of downhole conditions and how to control them. That inadequate grasp of downhole conditions is more punishing the further the drilling envelope is pushed out. But it has always been a knowledge gap. When you are spending as much as a million dollars a day on an operation every minute of downtime due to problems is important. OGT: Are there any applications that cry out for this technology? MF: Clearly if you have to have something going on downhole that you need to get control of, or you need high frequency raw data, or faster data or higher resolution data than you previously been able to gather, then you have a candidate application. These scenarios provides the incentive to use the system. Once you have made the decision to use

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the system, the barriers are just those of practicality. Can you hook it up and achieve reliability? Can you keep the drill string in good enough condition for the transmission infrastructure to survive? OGT: Can you put a value on the data this technology makes available? MF: From my experience I would say that the value of this technology is project specific. It depends on what type of problem you are trying to solve. A word of caution is relevant here because there are services and specialisations in the drilling business which are a solution looking for a problem as opposed to being a solution for a problem. This is certainly a lot more powerful than that and based on the experience that I have had with it a very powerful and clear enabler of added value. OGT: What are the key benefits? MF: The reliability of it is key it has been demonstrated that it is reliable over time and we have seen this in different environments, so that is definitely going in the right direction and seems to be up to very respectable levels now. I think the biggest attraction lies in matching

Comparison of memory versus real-time available wellbore image logs. Standard mudpulse telemetry uses 3 bps bandwidth, while advanced mud pulse uses about half of the 12 bps telemetry bandwidth. Full-detail fractures are only visible in the 64-sector image log transmitted in real time up the networked drillstring at the same resolution as the memory log, while just the bedding is visible using mud pulse telemetry. Source: SPE 119808

Voc consegue manter a coluna de perfurao em boa condio o bastante para a infraestrutura da transmisso sobreviver? TPG: Voc pode atribuir um valor aos dados que essa tecnologia disponibiliza? MF: A partir da minha experincia, eu diria que o valor dessa tecnologia especfica para cada projeto. Depende do tipo de problema que voc est tentando resolver. Uma palavra de alerta relevante aqui, pois h servios e especializaes no negcio de perfurao que so uma soluo procurando um problema, ao invs da soluo para um problema. Este certamente muito mais forte que aquele e baseado na experincia que tive, um capacitador muito potente e claro de valor adicional. TPG: Quais so os principais benefcios? MF: A sua confiabilidade chave foi demonstrado que a tecnologia confivel ao longo do tempo e vimos isso em ambientes diferentes, de forma que ela tem caminhado na direo certa e parece ter alcanado nveis bastante respeitveis agora. Penso que a maior atrao est na combinao das vantagens propostas com os problemas que qualquer projeto especfico est encontrando e, ento, assegurar que h um especialista presente para transformar os dados para um controle aprimorado das condies do fundo de poo por meio da aquisio e interpretao de dados e da interveno especialista em prticas de perfurao otimizadas, todas in loco e, por conseguinte, em tempo real. TPG: Os dados brutos nem sempre so o bastante. No a capacidade de interpret-los que crucial? MF: Particularmente quando se relaciona a fenmenos complexos ou caractersticas geolgicas muito especficas, eles precisam ser suportados por bastante experincia para interpretar as medidas e isso precisa ser feito no lugar certo e no ritmo certo para contribuir com as operaes conforme progridem.

Real-time images obtained through networked drillstring in real time. This level of detail allowed the operator to make real-time decisions on well placement based on geological/geomechanical factors. Source: SPE 119808

up the proposed advantages with the problems that any specific project might be encountering, and then making sure that the expertise is present to translate the data into an improved control of downhole conditions, via data acquisition, interpretation, and expert input into optimised drilling practices, all onsite and hence in realtime. OGT: Raw data is not always enough, is it not the ability to interpret this that is crucial? MF: Particularly when it is relating to complex phenomena or very specific geological characteristics, it needs to be supported by enough expertise to interpret the measurements and that needs to be done in the right place and at the right pace to contribute to the operations as it progresses. n

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