Ch 22: Respiratory system Function of the respiratory system

Pick up O2 from air and deliver to blood

4 Parts of Respiration

Pulmonary ventilation-movement of air into and out of the lungs (breathing)

Transport of respiratory gases- heart propels blood through the body carrying O2

and CO2 with it

Anatomy of the respiratory system

Divided into the conducting zone- air is moved through these structures

Conducting zone

Nose

Only externally visible portion of the respiratory tract

Protruding from the lateral walls are 3 conchae

On exhalation: reclaims moisture and heat

Sinuses


Help warm and moisten air

Pharynx

Larynx

Connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus Subdivided into NasopharynxOropharynxLaryngopharynx-

Epiglottis Connects the pharynx and the trachea 3 functions

During swallowing larynx moves superiorly and the epiglottis covers the opening

Voice production

How fast the air moves past controls how loud the speech is

Trachea About 4 inches long

Also very flexible

Layers of the trachea Mucosa

Submucosa Has larger mucus glands Adventitia

Trachealis muscle helps us cough

Bronchial tree- conducting zone

Trachea splits into left and right primary bronchi Lobar (secondary) bronchi Segmental (tertiary) bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles

Bronchial Tree- Respiratory zone Identified by the presence of alveoli

Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts

Alveolar sacs

Structure of the alveolus Type I cells Simple squamous epithelium

Type 2 cells

Also has macrophages

Surfactant Reduces water tension

Gross anatomy of the lungs

Left lung is subdivided into two lobes

Each lobe is divided into bronchopulmonary segments

Pleurae

Segments are subdivided into lobules

Next to the lungs is the visceral pleura

Between the two pleurae is the pleural cavity filled by pleural fluid


Fit in the thoracic cavity

The pleural cavity clings to the wall of the thoracic cavity -

Breathing/pulmonary ventilation

Inspiration- inhalation

Expiration- exhalation Resting inhalation Diaphragm contracts

External intercostals contract

The combination increases the volume of the thoracic cavity by 500 ml As the cavity changes shape so do the lungs

Deep or forced inhalation

Resting exhalation

Diaphragm and external intercostals relax

Forced Exhalation

Oblique muscles and transverse muscle of the abdomen contract


Respiratory volumes Residual Volume (RV)- the amount of air that stays in your lungs Tidal volume (TV)- amount of air moved during resting breathing

Respiratory capacities

These are combinations of the respiratory volumes Inspiratory capacity (IC)= TV + IRV Functional residual capacity (FRC)= RV+ ERV

Daltons Law of Partial Pressures

In the air at sea level Atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg N2 is about 79% of the gas in the air, so its PN2 is 597 mm Hg O2 is about 21% of the gas in the air, so its PO2 is 159 mm Hg Gas composition in the lungs is different, but the same laws apply

Henrys Law

Movement of gasses Gases also dissolve according to how soluble they are and the temperature.


Partial pressures

Deoxygenated blood entering lungs PO2 is 40 mm Hg PCO2 is 45 mm Hg Air in the alveoli PO2 is 104 mm Hg PCO2 is 40 mm Hg

Partial pressures

Pressure of gases in tissues PO2 is 40 mm Hg PCO2 is 45 mm Hg Pressure of oxygenated blood entering the tissue PO2 is 104 mm Hg PCO2 is 40 mm Hg

How O2 is transported

O2 does not dissolve well in fluid

O2 binding

When the first O2 molecule binds to one of the 4 iron molecules in the Hb, Hb

molecule changes shape -This makes it easier for 2 more O2 to bind

-And the 4th binds even easier

Anything less is partially saturated

Factors of binding strength Affinity between O2 and hemoglobin is influenced by

Partial pressure of CO2

Temperature, acidity, and CO2 influence

Bicarbonate reaction Meaning that more O2 will be delivered to the tissues All 3 of these can be increased during exercise

CO2 transport in the blood 7-10% is dissolved in plasma

CO2 + H2O

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3carbonic acid hydrogen ion + bicarbonate ion

Carbon dioxide + water

Chloride shift

CO2 + H2O

H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

Once the HCO3- forms in the RBC it diffuses out of the cell


In the lungs

Chloride shift is reversed

Haldane Effect The less Oxygen there is the blood, the more CO2 the blood can carry CO2 diffusing in encourages more O2 to unload Process reverses in the lungs

Control of respiration

Medullary Respiratory centers Pontine Respiratory centers Variables that change breathing

Medullary Respiratory Centers Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

Ventral Respiratory Group(VRG)

Eupnea

Pontine/pneumotaxic centers Muscle contract, causing inhalation

Modifies breathing

Also when you are speaking or exercising

Variables that change breathing Chemical factors

Higher brain centers

Levels of CO2

Levels of O2 Central chemoreceptors Located within the brainstem CO2 diffuses across the blood brain barrier Bicarbonate reaction occurs and the increase in H+ (decrease in pH) stimulates the

chemoreceptors

to O2

Chemoreceptors in the aorta and bifurcation of the common carotid are sensitive

pH

However, only huge drops in O2 simulate these chemoreceptors

Decreasing pH will stimulate breathing

Metabolic acidosis (ketosis) will too H+ cant diffuse into the brain so this will be controlled by peripheral receptors

Hypothalamic centers

Cortical controls

We have voluntary control of breathing too (to a certain extent)

Lung diseases COPD Asthma Tuberculosis Lung Cancer

COPD Mostly caused by emphysema or chronic bronchitis More than 80% of patients have a history of smoking Treated with bronchodilator and corticosteroid inhalers Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Emphysema Accessory muscles are used during breathing requiring 3-4 times the energy a

healthy person needs to breathe When they exhale the bronchioles collapse trapping air Right ventricle has to work harder and becomes enlarged

Chronic bronchitis

Pulmonary infection is frequent

Asthma

Acute periods with long symptom free periods Now much better treated

Tuberculosis Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread by coughing

Lung Cancer

Leading cause of cancer death in North America Aggressive cancer, metastizing quickly and widely