Stage 3: Hygrothermal design

___________________________________________________________________
Hygrothermal design
Characteristics:
The building is situated in the city Iasi, in the climatic zone III, with a respective
exterior temperature T
e
=-18
0
C. It has a height of 14m(from ground level) (S+P+4E) and a
structure of reinforced concrete frames with cladding of BCA masonry with a thickness
of 25 cm. The top of the building has a non-circulable terrace.
The purpose of thermal dimensioning is the meeting of confort requirements, the
reduction of fuel consumption necessary to assure a confortable temperature and the
reduction of pollution from fuel consumption.
The thermal dimensioning calculus for the exterior walls and the terrace is made
in agreement with the conforming standards. According to the normative C107/1-1997
the thermal verification is made using the relation :
GN G
Where :
- GN is the normated global coefficient of thermal insulation [W/m
2
K]
- G is the global coefficient of thermal insulation [W/m
2
K]
The factor of thermal insulation reflects the sum of all thermal loss trough all the
building envelope elements for a thermal difference of 1 Kelvin () plus the losses
because of ventilation and air infiltration.
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
Thermal Design
1. Calculus of the global coefficient of thermal insulation
(Romanian Code C107/1,2,3,4-2005)
1.1 Specific thermal resistance
Thermal resistance of the material of construction is determined by the
relationship:
0 i e
R R R R + +
, where:
i e
R
, - means the thermo transfer resistance through internal surface, respective
external of the construction element[m
2
K/W].
Ri =
i

1
=
8
1
=0,125 m
2
K/W
R
e
=
e

1
=
24
1
= 0,042 m
2
K/W
R the thermo permeability resistance of a layer from the construction element, which
has homogeneousness by both directions .

n
i j
j
d
R
1

where:
dj- the layers thickness(m).
j- coefficient of thermal conductivity of the material from layer j(W/m K).
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
Finally, the relationship is obtained for calculating the thermal resistance of the
element of construction:

+ +
n
i
e
j
j
i
R
d
R R
1
0

(
2
/ m K W ).
a)Exterior walls
According to C107/2005, in case of the external walls we have the followings:
R
si
= 0.125[m
2
K/W];
R
se
= 0.042[m
2
K/W];
R
min
= 1.80[m
2
K/W]; (from 10.6.2011)
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
2
0.125 (0.017 0.085 2.273 0.017) 0.042 2.786( / )
i e
d
R R R m K W

+ + + + + + +
b)lower slab:
According to C107/2005, for slab over basement we have:
R
si
= 0.167[m
2
K/W];
R
se
= 0.125[m
2
K/W];
R
min
= 2.90[m
2
K/W]; (from 10.6.2011)
No
crt
Name of the material layer
d (m) (W/mK)
d/
1. Interior plaster M50T 0.01
5
0.87 0.017
2. Brickwork BCA 0.25 0.34 0.085
3. Thermal Insulation 0.10 0,044 2.273
4. Exterior plaster M100 0.01
5
0.87 0.017
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
Nr.
crt
Name of the material
layer
d (m)
(W/m
K)
d/
1 Ceiling plaster M50T 0.015 0.87 0.017
2 Thermal insulation 0.20 0.044 4.545
3 Reinforced Concrete
Plate
0.15 1.74 0.086
4 Equlizing cement
flooring (M100)
0.03 0.93 0.032
5
Sand Stone 0.01 1.2 0.083
2
0.125 (0.017 4.545 0.086 0.032 0.083) 0.167 4.93( / )
i e
d
R R R m K W

+ + + + + + + +
c)Roof floor:
According to C107/2005 we have the followings:
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
R
si
= 0.125[m
2
K/W];
R
se
= 0.048[m
2
K/W];
R
min
= 5 [m
2
K/W]; (from 10.6.2011)
Nr.
crt
Name of the
material layer
d (m) (W/mK) d/
1 Ceiling Plaster
M50T
0.015 0.87 0.017
2 Reinforced
Concrete Plate
0.15 1.74 0.086
3 Equlizing cement 0.03 0.93 0.032
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
flooring (M100)
4 Vapor barrier - - -
5 Protection layer - - -
6 Support layer 0.03 0.93 0.032
7 Diffusion layer - - -
8 Protection layer - - -
9 Thermal insulation 0.2 0.048 4.5
10 Protection screed 0.03 0.91 0.032
11 Waterproofing
- - -
12 Gravel - - -
2
0.125 (0.017 0.086 0.032 0.032 4.5 0.32) 0.167 5.326( / )
i e
d
R R R m K W

+ + + + + + + + +
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
1.2. Thermal bridges
Calculation of areas of building elements (closing). These areas are calculated
from their inner face.
2
.
3
. .
2
. .
4 1 .
int
int
7 . 20 1 2 . 2 8 . 1 2 1 . 2 9 . 0 2 2 . 1 9 . 0 4 6 . 0 6 . 0 4 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 2 . 1 5 . 1
81 . 2735 4 8 . 2 93 . 160 8 . 2 93 . 160 3 93 . 160 5
4 . 972 4 8 . 2 2 . 57 8 . 2 2 . 57 3 2 . 57 5
; 2 . 57 ; 2 . 57 ; 2 . 57
93 . 160
7 . 7
9 . 20
m S
m h S h S h S V
m h P h P h P S
m P m P m P
m S
m l
m L
woodwork fl
floor floor floor gr floor gr basement basement
floor floor floor gr floor gr basement basement
floors floor gr basement
floor
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

] [ 47 . 0
81 . 2735
26 . 1294
26 . 1294 93 . 160 5 . 103 9 . 868 93 . 160
9 . 868 5 . 103 4 . 972
5 . 103 7 . 20 5
3
2
2
. inf
2
.
2
.
m
m
V
A
m S S S S A
m S S S
m S
T wood opac pl
T wood opac
T wood

+ + + + + +


Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
Determination of the length of thermal bridges
Thermal bridges are parts of elements covering the construction with non-
homogenous structures, through which the propagation of heat is more intense.
a. Vertical joint (end or corner exiting)
m h n l 56 8 . 2 20
05 . 0
int
2 1


b. Vertical joint intersection between the reinforced concrete columns and the
exterior wall of BCA
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
m h l 112 8 . 2 40 10
04 . 0
int
2 1


c.Horizontal joint roof floor -attic terrace and exterior wall of BCA
m l 20 . 57
27 . 0
01 . 0
2
1

d.Horizontal joint intersection between current floor and main girder
1=0.10
2=0.15 L=286 m

Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
e.Horizontal joint intersection between inferior floor over foundation and exterior wall
m l 2 . 57 1 2 . 57
25 . 0
06 . 0
2
1



f.Jamb for windows and doors
m l 75
25 . 0
1

g.Horizontal joint current floor with balcony
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
m l 79
21 . 0
2 . 0
2
1

Specific thermal resistance corected
'
R
(mk/W):
/
/
1
R
U

/
U - coefficient of thermal transfer
/
( )
1
l
U
R A

(mk/W)
R- thermal resistance by category placement element
For exterior wall:
) / ( 478503 . 0
9 . 868
89 . 103
786 . 2
1
2 '
W k m U +
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
For roof floor:
) / ( 28728 . 0
93 . 160
016 . 16
326 . 5
1
2 '
W k m U +
For inferior floor:
) / ( 31302 . 0
93 . 160
732 . 17
93 . 4
1
2 '
W k m U +
For exterior woodwork :
) / ( 1811 . 2
5 . 103
75 . 18
5 . 0
1
2 '
W k m U +
inf
/ / / /
inf
1
0.34
perext acop pl tamplarie
perext acop pl tamplarie
A A A A
G n
V R R R R

1
+ + + +
1
1
]
3 3
1 868.9 160.93 160.93 103.5
1 1 0.5 1 0.34 0.5
2735.81 2.08985 3.4809 3.19468 0.4584
0.4306( / ) 0.61( / )
(0.5 1.5);
G
G W m k GN W m k
n G GN
1
+ + + +
1
]
<

from C107/1 pg.28
]] [ 47 . 0
81 . 2735
26 . 1294
3
2
m
m
V
A

Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
3.2 Sweat calculus
3.2.1 Sweat calculus on the interior surface of exterior walls
Sweat on the interior elements of construction is due to increased partial pressure
of vapor on the interior, with a tendency for equalization of the saturation pressure of the
air inside. This is because the interior surface temperature decreases, caused by decreased
air temperature on the outside.
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
Sweat on the inside of the building element can be avoided if the inequality is
satisfied:
si r
T f
T
Si
= temperature on the inside of exterior wall
r

= dew temperature and the temperature at which the actual vapor pressure of
water becomes equal to the saturation pressure
( ; )
r i i
f T
Ti = indoor air temperature
i = indoor air humidity
I = outside air temperature
Indoor climate parameters:
20
o
T C
i

- According to SR 1907-2
% 60
1
- According to table VI of normative C107/3
2
8 / W m K
i

- According to normative C 107/3
Outdoor climate parameters:
T
e
= -18
0
C

e
= 85%

2
24 /
e
W m K

Determining the characteristics of the outer wall structure:
Layer I : Interior plaster M50T (interior plaster)
d=0.015m
=1700kg/m
=0.87W/mK

d
=8.5
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
Layer II: BCA masonry
d=0.25m
=825kg/m
=0.34W/mK

d
=4.4
Layer III : thermal insulation

150
/ 044 . 0
/ 25
10 , 0
3

d
u
mK W
m kg
m d

layer IV: exterior plaster M100

5 . 8
/ 87 . 0
/ 700 . 1
015 . 0
3

d
u
mK W
m kg
m d

where
d
- permeability factor in resistance to water vapor
- thermal conductivity for calculating j layer
a) Thermal resistances calculus
Thermal resistances of the layers of the elements of construction
R =0.125
si
mk/W - According to normative C 107/3
W k m
d
R
W k m
d
R
W k m
d
R
W k m
d
R
IV
IV
sIV
III
III
sIII
II
II
sII
I
I
sI
/ 0172 . 0
087 . 0
015 . 0
/ 272 . 2
044 . 0
10 . 0
/ 735 . 0
34 . 0
25 . 0
/ 0172 . 0
87 . 0
015 . 0
2
2
2
2

R =0.043
se
mk/W - According to normative C 107/3
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
Thermal resistance of the unidirectional element of construction:
W k m R
R R R R
se s si
/ 207 . 3 043 . 0 272 . 2 735 . 0 0172 . 0 * 2 125 . 0
2
+ + + +
+ +

b) The temperatures of the exterior wall, setting the saturation pressure
j
T -T k
e
i
T =T - R
k i
R
j=1

where:
T =
k
represents the temperature inside the element of construction of the k surface of
each layer
j
k
R
j=1
permeability amount resistances to heat parts of the layers between the inner
surface and k
R - thermal resistance of the element of construction
0
20
i
T C
2340
si a
p P
C R
R
T T
T T
i
e i
i si

5 . 18 125 . 0
207 . 3
) 18 ( 20
20
for Pa p C T
ssi si
2132 5 . 18 >

from C107/3 (anexa C)
for:
i
= 60%


C C T
r si
5 . 11 5 . 18 does not produce condensation on the interior surface of
exterior wall
0
si
T ( ) C
12 14 16 18 20 22
0
( )
r
C
4.5 6.4 8.2 10.
1
12.0 13.9
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
3.2.2 Sweat calculus in the inner structure of the exterior wall
Sweat of water vapor in the item of construction will occur in areas where vapor
layer face temperature lower than the dew point. The decrease in the thickness of the
element temperature will lead to a decrease of the saturation pressure. In areas where
partial vapor pressure will be greater than the saturation pressure, vapor will condense.
Pa p
C R R
R
T T
T T
Pa p
C
R R R R R
R
T T
T T
Pa p
C R R R R
R
T T
T T
Pa p
C R R R
R
T T
T T
Pa p
C R R
R
T T
T T
sse
e
em i
i sse
s
sIV sIII sII sI i
em i
i
s
sIII sII sI i
em i
i
s
sII sI i
em i
i
s
sI i
em i
i
131
49 . 17 ) 043 . 0 207 . 3 (
207 . 3
) 18 ( 20
20 ) (
131
5 . 17
) 0172 . 0 272 . 2 735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
207 . 3
) 18 ( 20
20 ) (
133
3 . 17 ) 272 . 2 735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
207 . 3
) 18 ( 20
20 ) (
1195
6 . 9 ) 735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
207 . 3
) 18 ( 20
20 ) (
2105
3 . 18 ) 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
207 . 3
) 18 ( 20
20 ) (
4
4
3
3
2
2
1
1

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + +

+ + +

+ +

+ +

+

+

se
18 p 125
a
o
T C P
e

a) The strength of the exterior wall at the permeability of vapours:
v vI vII vIII vIV
R R R R R + + +
( )
vj j d j
R d M +
8
54 10 M
1
( ) s

diffusion coefficient of water vapor in the air

s m R
s m M d R
s m M d R
s m M d R
s m M d R
v
IV d IV vV
III d III vIII
II d II vII
I d I vI
/ 10 17 . 983
/ 10 885 . 6 10 54 5 . 8 015 . 0 ) (
/ 10 910 10 54 150 05 . 0 ) (
/ 10 4 . 59 10 54 4 . 4 25 . 0 ) (
/ 10 885 . 6 10 54 5 . 8 015 . 0 ) (
8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8

b) Calculation of partial pressure of water vapor in the outside and inside air
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________
100
i si
vi
p
p


100
e se
ve
p
p

i
;
e
= relative air humidity inside respectively outside

i
= 60%;
e
= 85%
Pa p
Pa p
ve
vi
25 . 106
100
125 85
1218
100
2030 60

3.2.3 Verification of lack of water accumulation in the structure elements of construction

from one year to another
0
20
i
T +
60%
i

0 0
18 8, 5
e em
T T + (Iasi climate area III)
85%
e


We remake the
k
T
calculus inside the construction elements, to restore the saturation
pressure of water vapor.
( 1; )
1
k
i em
k i s j j
j
T T
T T R
R

C R
R
T T
T T
P p C T
si
em i
i
si i

+
5 . 19 125 . 0
207 . 3
5 . 8 20
20
2340 20
1
0
Pa p
C R R R
R
T T
T T
Pa p
C R R
R
T T
T T
Pa p
s
sII sI i
em i
i
s
sI si
em i
i
ssi
1914
8 . 16 ) 735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
1324 . 2
5 . 8 20
20 ) (
2268
49 . 19 ) 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
207 . 3
5 . 8 20
20 ) (
2268
2
2
1
1

+ +

+ +

Stage 3: Hygrothermal design

___________________________________________________________________
Pa p
C
R R R R R
R
T T
T T
Pa p
C R R R R
R
T T
T T
s
sIV sIII sII sI i
em i
i
s
sIII sII sI i
em i
i
1117
64 . 8
) 0172 . 0 272 . 2 735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
1324 . 2
5 . 8 20
20 ) (
1125
7 . 8 ) 272 . 2 735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0 (
207 . 3
5 . 8 20
20 ) (
4
4
3
3

+ + + +

+ + + +

+ + +

+ + +

Pa p R R
R
T T
T T
sse e
em i
i se
1125 7 . 8 ) ( > +

0
8.5 1119
em sem a
T C p P
We calculate the corrected values of the saturation pressure:
for area III
2
142
s
scorectat s
R
p p
R
1
+
1
]

Pa
R
R R R
p p
Pa
R
R R
p p
Pa
R
R
p p
sII sI si
s cor s
sI si
s cor s
si
ssi ssicor
62 . 1924
207 . 3
735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0
142 1914 142
62 . 2278
207 . 3
0172 . 0 125 . 0
142 2268 142
21 . 2268
207 . 3
125 . 0
142 2268 142
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 1
2 2

,
_

+ +
+
1
]
1

+ +
+

,
_

+
+
1
]
1

+
+

,
_

+
1
]
1

+
Pa
R
R R R R
p p
sIV sII sI si
s cor s
92 . 1347
207 . 3
272 . 2 735 . 0 0172 . 0 125 . 0
142 1211 142
2 2
3 3

,
_

+ + +
+
1
]
1

+ + +
+
Pa
x
R
R R R R R
p p
sV sIV sII sI si
s cor s
01 . 1351
207 . 3
272 . 2 734 . 0 0172 . 0 2 125 . 0
142 1203 142
2 2
4 4

,
_

+ + +
+
1
]
1

+ + + +
+
Pa
R
R R
p p
se si
or s or s
21 . 1263
207 . 3
043 . 0 207 . 3
142 1125 142
2 2
sec sec

,
_

+
1
]
1

+
For area III:
Pa p p
sen mcor se
1261 142 1119 142
3
+ +
Stage 3: Hygrothermal design
___________________________________________________________________