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02T
P01 - 1
Class 1: Outline
Hour 1:
Why Physics?
Why Studio Physics? (& How?)
Vector and Scalar Fields
Hour 2:
Gravitational fields
Electric fields
P01 - 2
Why Physics?
P01 - 3
Why Study Physics?
Understand/appreciate nature
• Lightning
• Soap Films
• Butterfly Wings
• Sunsets
P01 - 4
Why Study Physics?
Electromagnetic phenomena
led directly to Einstein’s
discovery of the nature of
space and time, see his
paper
ON THE
ELECTRODYNAMICS
OF MOVING BODIES
A. Einstein June 30, 1905
In the last class of the term before the review,
we will explain to you how this comes about
P01 - 5
Why Study Physics?
• Understand/Appreciate Nature
• Understand Technology
§ Electric Guitar
§ Ground Fault Interrupts
§ Microwave Ovens
§ Radio Towers
P01 - 6
Why Study Physics?
• Understand/Appreciate Nature
• Understand Technology
• Learn to Solve Difficult Problems
• It’s Required
P01 - 7
Why Studio Physics?
P01 - 8
Why The TEAL/Studio Format?
Problems with Large Lectures:
Lecture/recitations are passive
No labs Æ lack of physical intuition
E&M is abstract, hard to visualize
P01 -11
Personal Response System
(PRS) Question:
Physics Experience
P01 -14
Honesty Issues
Problem Sets:
Please work together BUT
Submit your own, uncopied work
In Class Assignments:
Must sign your own name to submitted work
Signing another’s name is COD offense
PRS:
Use only your assigned PRS
Using another’s PRS is COD offense
P01 -15
Physics 8.02 Staff
Includes:
Lecturer
Demo Group
Graduate TA
UGrad TAs
P01 -16
Textbooks
Required:
“Introduction to E & M”
Liao, Dourmashkin, and Belcher
Supplemental (not required):
Serway & Jewett 6th Edition; Giancoli;
…
Prefer something else? Let me know!
Any Questions?
P01 -18
Physics is not Math…
P01 -19
…but we use concepts from 18.02
G
•Gradients E = −∇ V
B G G
•Path Integrals ∆ V ≡ −∫ E⋅d s
A
G G Qin
•Surface Integrals ∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
w
S
ε0
•Volume Integrals Q = ∫∫∫ ρ dV
P01 -20
PRS Question:
Math Background
P01 -21
Don’t Worry!
Math introduction/review:
A time will be scheduled
Presentation slides will be posted
P01 -22
So what physics do we learn in
8.02 anyway????
P01 -23
What’s the Physics?
8.01: Intro. to basic physics concepts:
motion, force, energy, …
P01 -24
8.02: Electricity and Magnetism
Also new way of thinking…
How do objects interact at a distance?
Fields We will learn about E & M Fields:
how they are created & what they effect
Big Picture Summary:
G G Qin G G dΦB
Maxwell ∫∫ E ⋅ dA =
w
S
ε0 vC∫ E ⋅ d s = − dt
Equations: G G G G dΦE
∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
w
S
vC∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt
G G G G
(
Lorentz Force: F = q E + v × B ) P01 -25
Today: Fields
In General, then
Gravitational & Electric
P01 -26
Scalar Fields
• T = T(x,y,z)
• Hard to visualize
Æ Work in 2D
P01 -29
Vector Fields
Vector (magnitude, direction) at every
point in space
P01 -31
Vector Field Examples
Flows With Sources
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/vectorfields/02-particleSource/02-
ParticleSource_320.html)
P01 -32
Vector Field Examples
Flows With Sinks
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/vectorfields/01-particleSink/01-
ParticleSink_320.html)
P01 -33
Vector Field Examples
Circulating Flows
(http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/vectorfields/03-
particleCirculate/03-PartCircMotion_320.html)
P01 -34
Visualizing Vector Fields:
Three Methods
Vector Field Diagram
Arrows (different colors or length) in direction of field
on uniform grid.
Field Lines
Lines tangent to field at every point along line
Grass Seeds
Textures with streaks parallel to field direction
P01 -36
PRS Question:
Vector Field
P01 -37
Vector Fields – “Grass Seeds”
Source/Sink Circulating
P01 -39
Weird Field Contest
Purpose
Gain familiarity with vector fields
Winner
Displayed in MIT Museum Exhibit
Due Date
Turn in with 2nd PSet in Separate Box
P01 -40
Another Vector Field:
Gravitational Field
P01 -41
Example Of Vector Field:
Gravitation
Gravitational Force: G Mm
Fg = −G 2 rˆ
r
Gravitational Field:
G
G Fg GMm / r 2 M
g= =− rˆ = −G 2 rˆ
m m r
P01 -45
Electric Charge (~Mass)
Two types of electric charge: positive and negative
Unit of charge is the coulomb [C]
Charge of electron (negative) or proton (positive) is
−19
±e, e = 1.602 × 10 C
Charge is quantized
Q = ± Ne
Charge is conserved
n → p + e +ν−
e +e → γ +γ
+ −
P01 -46
Electric Force (~Gravity)
The electric force between charges q1 and q2 is
(a) repulsive if charges have same signs
(b) attractive if charges have opposite signs
4πε 0
q1 = 6 C q2 = 3 C r = 1m
G G 1 ˆ
i − 3 (
ˆj m )
( )
r
F32 = ke q3 q2 3 = 9 ×10 N m C ( 3C )( 3C )
9 2 2 2
(1m )
3
r
81×109 ˆ
=
2
(
i − 3ˆj ) N
P01 -49
The Superposition Principle
Many Charges Present:
Net force on any charge is vector sum of forces
from other individual charges
Example: G G G
F3 = F13 + F23
In general:
G N G
F j = ∑ Fij
i=1
P01 -50
Electric Field (~g)
The electric field at a point is the force acting
on a test charge q0 at that point, divided by
the charge q0 :
G
G F
E≡
q0
G q
For a point charge q: E = ke 2 rˆ
r
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/electrostatics/04-MovingChargePosElec/04-
MovChrgPosElec_f223_320.html P01 -51
Superposition Principle
G G G N G
Etotal = E1 + E2 + ..... = ∑ Ei
i=1
P01 -52
Summary Thus Far
Mass M Charge q (±)
G M G q
CREATE: g = −G 2 rˆ E = ke 2 rˆ
r r
G G G G
FEEL: Fg = mg FE = qE
P01 -54