Arhitekonski Atlas Crne Gore

commissioned by:
Republika Crna Gora Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj
Njemaka tehnika saradnja | German Technical Cooperation
arhitektonski atlas crne gore architectural atlas of montenegro

Mart | 2008 | March
preporuke za graenje
recommendations for construction
Teritoriija Crne Gore (preuzeto sa Google Earth) | Territory of Montenegro (Google Earth)
SADRAJ
uvod 1. Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije 2. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja
2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama 2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama 2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti 2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih planina
CONTENTS
introduction 1. Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context of the topic of publication 2. Typology of the traditional settlements
2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions 2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions 2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas 2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of high mountains
3. Tipologija tradicionalne varoke i seoske kue i elementi arhitekture

3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru june regije 3.1.1. Tipologija varoke kue 3.1.2. Elementi varoke arhitekture u primorju 3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kue u primorju 3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sredinje regije 3.2.1. Tipologija varoke kue u karstnoj oblasti 3.2.2. Elementi varoke arhitekture 3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kue u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju Skadarskog jezera 3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije 3.3.1. Tipologija varoke kue u oblasti visokih planina 3.3.2. Elementi varoke arhitekture 3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kue u oblasti visokih planina
3. Typology of the traditional houses in urban settlements and in villages and elements of architecture
3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Southern region 3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements 3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast 3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the Coast 3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Central region 3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area 3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture 3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar Lake coast 3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Northern region 3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of high mountains 3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture 3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area of high mountains 3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture
4. Savremene realizacije i preporuke za graenje na nivou regija

4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije 4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne arhitekture 4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke za graenje na nivou regija 4.4. Preporuke za graenje - elementi za urbanistiko-tehnike uslove
4. Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction at the level of regions

4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials of the study 4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional architecture 4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations for constructing at the level of regions 4.4. Recommendations for construction elements for urban-technical conditions
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arhitektonski atlas crne gore preporuke za gra enje architectural atlas of montenegro recommendations for construction
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uvod
Publikacija Arhitektonski atlas Crne Gore je analiza karakteristinih tipologija i elemenata arhitekture koja je u najveoj mjeri posveena oblikovnim aspektima i materijalizaciji elemenata arhitekture, kao i preporukama za gradjenje. Ovaj atlas prua investitorima informacije o arhitekturi i tradicionalnoj arhitekturi u Crnoj Gori i daje primjere uspjenih i neuspjenih rjeenja arhitektonskih elemenata kao i preporuke za gradnju u tipoloki karakteristinim oblastima u Crnoj Gori. S obzirom da je ideja o formulisanju strunih smjernica zasnovana na elementima arhitekture kao regionalnim tipolokim karakteristikama, ove smjernice ne pretenduju na sugerisanje bilo kakvih tipskih ili unificiranih projektnih rjeenja, kao administrativnih instrumenata koji ograniavaju kreativnost u arhitekturi. Prilikom projektovanja novih objekata kao i rekonstrukcije postojeih, uoeno je i dugogodinje zapostavljanje potovanja tipologije i elemenata autentine arhitekture, nekontrolisane izgradnje i nepotovanje zakonskih propisa. Posljedica neosmiljene novogradnje i loe sanacije tradicionalne arhitekture su devastacija i erozija predjela i kulturne batine. Aktuelni tretman graditeljskog nasljedja i pejzaa u cjelini, prirodnog i kulturnog, podrava reafirmaciju lokalnihh identiteta i posebnosti. Savremene potrebe i nove tehnologije nalau transponovanje lokalnih graditeljskih obrazaca, kao zasnovani princip u odnosu prema tradiciji, to znai reinterpretaciju, a ne imitaciju, uz ouvanje ambijentalnih kvaliteta. Stare kue, primjeri tradicionalnog graenja, pojedinani ili u grupama, tvore likovno i istorijski vrijedan ambijent. Novi vlasnici stare objekte kupuju uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. Objektima se zadaju nove funkcije, a onda se poinje sa njihovim prilagoavanjem. Objekti se nadograuju, dograuju, proiruju.
introduction
The Publication Architectonic Atlas of Montenegro is an analysis of characteristic typologies and elements of architecture dedicated mainly to shape aspects and materialization of architectural elements, as well as to recommendations for construction. This Atlas provides to investors information on architecture and traditional architecture in Montenegro and gives examples of successful and unsuccessful solutions of architectural elements, as well as recommendations for constructions in typologically characteristic areas of Montenegro. Considering the fact that the idea of formulation of professional guidelines is based on elements of architecture as regional typological characteristics, these guidelines are not aspiring to suggest any typical or unified project solutions, as administrative instruments limiting creativity in architecture. When designing new projects, as well as when reconstructing the existing ones, long-standing neglecting of legal regulation is noticed. The result of badly though-out new construction and bad reconstruction of traditional architecture is devastation and erosion of areas and cultural heritage. Actual treatment of construction heritage and landscape in total, both natural and cultural, supports reaffirmation of local identities and particularities. Modern needs and new technologies impose application of local construction patterns as based principle in relation to tradition, which implies reinterpretation not imitation, with preservation of ambient qualities. Old houses, examples of traditional construction, individual or in groups, create pictorially and historically valuable ambient. New owners buy old objects mainly because of their location. New functions are given to objects, and then their adjustments are started. The objects are being overbuilt, extended. Instead of selecting the
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Umjesto da funkciju biraju u skladu sa ogranienjima objekta dogaa se obrnuti postupak koji vodi od zadate funkcije i kapaciteta prema rekonstrukciji i obnovi, to rezultira agresivnim intervencijama na objektima i u prostoru. U vremenu kada atraktivan, raznolik i specifian prostor Crne Gore, kako Primorje, tako i djelovi planinske oblasti postaju veoma privlani investitorima, evidentna je potreba da se svim uesnicima u aktivnostima vezanim za intervencije u prostoru ponude informacije i smjernice koje treba da doprinesu kvalitetnijem odnosu prema prostoru. Thomas Waldraff Direktor GTZ za Crnu Goru function in accordance with the limitations of the objects, the contrary procedure happens which leads from given function and capacities towards reconstruction and renewal, which results in aggressive interventions on objects and in space. In this time when an attractive, various and specific space of Montenegro, the Coast as well as parts of mountain area, are becoming very attractive to investors, the necessity to provide information and guidelines to all participants in the activities related to interventions in space which should contribute to a more qualitative space relation is evident. Thomas Waldraff Head of GTZ Coordination Office
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Za realizaciju ove publikacije GTZ se zahvaljuje: Autorima publikacije Profesoru Dr Duanu Vuksanoviu, dipl. ing. arh., Docentu Mr Svetislavu Popoviu, dipl. ing. arh. sa saradnicima i Univerzitetu Crne Gore; Uredniku publikacije Sanji Ljekovi Mitrovi, dipl. ing. pejz. arh., GTZ projekt ininjeru za prostorno i urbanistiko planiranje;

For the realization of this publication GTZ is grateful to: Authors of the Publication professors Phd Duan Vuksanovi dipl. ing. architect, Doc mr Svetislav Popovi dipl. ing. architect with their associates and University of Montenegro; Editor of the Publication Sanja Ljekovi Mitrovi dipl. ing. landscape architect, GTZ Project engineer for spatial and urban planning; Lectors of the Publication Tijana Durkovi and Slavica Stojkovi; Cover page, design and computer graphic Dejan Mitrovi;
Lektorima publikacije Tijani Durkovi i Slavici Stojkovi; Za naslovnu stranu, dizajn i kompjutersku obradu Dejanu Mitroviu;
Za doprinos u izradi ove publikacije GTZ se posebno zahvaljuje: Dosadanjem Ministarstvu zatite ivotne sredine i ureenja prostora, Ministru Bori Vuiniu, pomoniku ministra za oblast urbanizma i graevinarstva Maji Velimirovi Petrovi, dipl. ing. arh.; Sadanjem Ministarstvu za ekonomski razvoj Republike Crne Gore, Ministru Branimiru Gvozdenoviu; kao i svima sa kojima smo saradjivali tokom posljednje dvije godine a koji su nam ukazali na posebnosti, probleme i otkrili ljepotu prostora Crne Gore.
For the contribution to elaboration of this publication GTZ is especially grateful to: Previous Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning, Minister Boro Vuini, Deputy Minister for urbanism and construction dipl. ing. Maja Velimirovi Petrovi, architect.
Current Ministry for Economic Development of the Republic of Montenegro, Minister Branimir Gvozdenovi; as well as to everybody with whom we cooperated during last two years, and who pointed out the distinctness, problems and discovered beauties of Montenegro.
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Primorje (Juni region) | Coast (Southern region)
Karstna oblast (Centralni region) | Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region)
Oblast visokih planina i rijenih dolina (Sjeverni region) | Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)
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1.
Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije
Tri oblasti u okviru teritorije Crne Gore koje su prepoznatljive po prirodnim, kao i odreenim kulturolokim odlikama; Osnov (glavni aspekt, kriterijum) zoniranja: geomorfoloke karakteristike oblasti. Oblasti prepoznatljive po prirodnim i kulturolokim karakteristikama: I Primorje (Juni region) II Karstna oblast sa Zetsko-Bjelopavlikom ravnicom (Centralni region) III Oblast visokih planina i rijenih dolina (Sjeverni region)
1.
Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context of the topic of publication
Three areas within the territory of Montenegro which are particular due to the natural, as well as certain cultural characteristics; Base (main aspect, criteria) of zoning: geomorphologic characteristics of the areas; Areas particular due to the natural and cultural characteristics: I Coast (Southern region) II Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region) III Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)
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2.
Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja
2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama 1878. g. proglaenjem Crne Gore nezavisnom dravom njena teritorija bila je udvostruena novim plodnom zemljama i gradovima Podgoricom, Nikiem, Kolainom, Barom, Ulcinjem i abljakom. Za privredni razvoj zemje znaajnu ulogu je dobilo Jadransko
2.
Typology of the traditional settlements
2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions In 1878, with proclamation of Montenegro as an independent state, its territory was doubled with new arable land and towns Podgorica, Niksic, Kolasin, Bar, Ulcinj and Zabljak. Adriatic Sea, with two towns, got an important role in economic development of the state.
Ulcinj, bakrorez iz doba mletake vladavine (dravni arhiv u Zadru) | Ulcinj, copper engraving from Venice rule period (state archive in Zadar)
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primorje, sa dva grada. Gradski ivot sveden, do 1878. g. na Cetinje i Danilovgrad, poeo se razvijati u irem obimu poslije prisajedinjenja novih gradova. Mijenja se odnos prema starim Urban life, which had come down to Cetinje and Danilovgrad till 1878, started to develop in wider scope after annexation of the new towns. Relation with old settlements has been changed and
Stari Nikiki grad, autor Artur Evans | Old Niksic town, author Arthur Evans
varoima, pored njih osnivaju se, po pravilnim planovima novi gradovi, koji e nositi isto ime, ali koji e se po novoj urbanistikoj strukturi i nainu izgradnje bitno razlikovati od starih varoi. Kao planske cjeline imaju posebnu vrijednost gradovi Podgorica, Danilovgrad i Niki. Plan Podgorice, posmatran samo u okviru pravougaonika, veliine 530 sa 480 metara (oko 25,92 ha), jedan
beside them, new towns have been established in line with correct plans, which have the same name but with significant differences compared to the old urban settlements especially regarding new urban structure and type of construction. Towns Podgorica, Danilovgrad and Niksic. The plan of Podgorica, observed only in the scope of rectangle, size 530 x 480meters (around 25.92ha) is
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je od najpoznijih ili najpozniji odjek renesansnih idealnih gradova. U oblasti visokih planina po karakteru stanovanja i djelatnostima naselja mogu se podijeliti na sela i katune. Aglomeracije koje su prerasle karakter sela su Varoi. Prva stalna naselja formiraju se one of the latest or the latest echo of renaissance ideal towns. In the area of high mountains settlements could be divided on villages and summer-pasture camps, regarding the character of habitation and activities. Agglomerations which have surpassed the character of villages are urban settlements. First permanent
Stari grad Kotor (Projekat Juni Jadran) | Old town Kotor (Proj. South Jadran) Cetinje 1873.
u dolini rijeka Tare, Morae, Lima, ehotine itd., gdje su postojeli najbolji uslovi za ivot (Berane, Kolain, Pljevlja itd.). Povremena naselja - katuni nastali zbog traenja ispae za stoku formiraju se na jezerskoj povri. (Plav, abljak itd.). Urbana matrica ovih naseljaje linearna sa strogo izraenim
settlements are being formed in the valleys of rivers Tara, Moraca, Lim, Cehotina etc., where the best conditions for living existed (Berane, Kolasin, Pljevlja, etc). Periodical settlements-summer pasture camps established because of the search for pasture for cattle are formed at the surfaces around lakes. (Plav, Zabljak etc.).
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Urban matrix of these settlements is linear with strictly marked center. Coastal settlements present specific characteristics. There are similarities and joint particularities of larger towns like Kotor, Budva, Bar and Ulcinj. Densely constructed agglomerations of the Old Towns as well as certain developed ensembles of Podgradje, Pristan, church complexes in the coastal strip and hinterland are adapted to the configuration of the terrain. Regarding the smaller town settlements, it could be supposed that they have a lot of joint characteristics. Mostly, they are established on slopes, and never at bottom of valley, as well as beside the rocks on sunny spot protected from natural disasters. Cetinje has in urban sense regular geometric shape, as additional building on two already constructed and formed streets-Katunska longitudinal and Dvorska transversal, which were crossing under right angle forming the structure of the town in the shape of the letter T.
Podgorica , danas | today
centrom. Primorska naselja predstavljaju specifine odlike. Slinosti i zajednike osobenosti veih gradova kao Kotor, Budva, Bar i Ulcinj postoje. Gusto izgraene aglomeracije Starih gradova te pojedini razvijeni ansambli Podgraa, Pristana, crkvenih kompleksa u priobalnom pojasu i zaleu prilagoavaju se konfiguraciji terena. to se tie manjih gradskih cjelina, moe se pretpostaviti da imaju dosta zajednikih karakteristika. Uglavnom su postavljeni na padinama, nikad u dnu doline, kao i pri stijenju na osunanom mjestu zatienom od prirodnih nepogoda. Cetinje je, u urbanom smislu, pravilnog geometrijskog oblika, kao nadogradnja na ve izgraene i formirane dvije ulice Katunska longitudinalnu i Dvorsku transvezalu koje su se ukrtale pod pravim uglom formirajui strukturu grada u obliku slova T.
Podgorica, Stara varo iz 1983. g.
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Urbana matrica oformljena u srednjem vijeku, mrea ulica koje su izlomljene i razliitih irina nepravilna je i vrlo razuena sa trgovima nepravilnog oblika.
Kolain 1930.
Urban matrix formed in medieval century, network of the broken lined streets with different width, is irregular and much dissected with straggling plazas. Nova Varos (New Urban Settlement), formed on orthographic scheme within the raster of regular set up of wide streets in direction north-south, east-west, with large rectangular plaza and blocks with dimensions 121 x 91m, dominant module of the front 4 x 30 m and 3 x 30 m with diagonal of 5 x 30 m. First known regulatory plan of the town was elaborated by engineer Vorman, immediately after annexation of Podgorica to the Princedom of Montenegro in 1789. Already in 1886, in the moment which totally reflects new epoch in the life of the Princedom and its desire for social, economic and technical progress, the construction of Nova Varos has been started on clean free terrains on the right side of river Moraca, in line with that plan. Respecting the main program and organizational premise of neoclassic urban planning from the end of last century, this plan had established development on widely set up orthographic raster of straight wide streets connected with town access roads, with large foursquare plaza placed on main connection of the new part and Stara Varos (Old Urban Settlement). Thought-out concept of forming a town with solid urban structure by applying the model on renaissance-baroque scheme of towns. Distinct center with radial streets.
Niki, danas | today
Nova Varo, zasnovana na ortogonalnoj emi u rasteru pravilno postavljenih irokih ulica u pravcu sjever-jug, istok-zapad, sa velikim pravougaonim trgom i blokovima dim. 121 x 91 m, dominantni modul fronta 4 x 30 m i 3 x 30 m sa dijagonalom 5 x 30 m. Prvi poznati regulacioni plan grada izraen je, odmah nakon pripajanja Podgorice knjaevini Crnoj Gori 1879. g., od strane ing. Vormana. Ve 1886. g. u trenutku koji potpuno odraava novu epohu u ivotu Knjaevine i elju za drutvenim, privrednim i tehnikim progresom, po tom planu, na istim neangaovanim terenima desne obale Ribnice, zapoeta je izgradnja Nove Varoi. Potujui osnovne programske i organizacione premise
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neoklasinog urbanistikog planiranja s kraja prolog vijeka, ovaj plan je razvoj zasnovao na iroko postavljenom ortogonalnom rasteru, pravih irokih ulica koje se ulivaju u prilazne gradske puteve, sa velikim etvorougaonim trgom naslonjenim na glavnu vezu novog dijela i Stare Varoi. Osmiljen koncept formiranja grada vrste urbane strukture primjenom modela na renesansnoj-baroknoj emi gradova. Naglaen centar sa radijalnim ulicama. Konfiguracija terena uticala je da gradski centar njegova struktura i ulina mrea dobiju oblik pravougaonika, orjentisanog zapadistok.
Struktura starog naselja Prno | Old settlement Przno
Brca, primorje | coast
Under the influence of the terrains configuration the center of the town, its structure and street network have the shape of rectangle, west-east oriented. 2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions 2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas Main characteristic of rural settlements at the coast and in Karst areas is dense type of village-groups of houses situated on small distance or physically connected in housing constructions. Due to the conditions caused by sloped terrain (slope) as common, certain types of housing construction have been developed, establishing in such manner subtypes within the frame of the basic type: lines of houses formed in parallel with contour lines and lines of the houses formed vertically on contour lines. Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines
2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama 2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja primorja i krasa predstavlja zbijeni tip sela - grupacije kua situirane na malom meusobnom rastojanju ili fiziki povezane u stambene sklopove. Iz uslova terena u nagibu (padina), kao uobiajenih, razvili su se odreeni tipovi stambenog sklopa, uspostavljajui na taj nain podtipove u okviru osnovnog tipa: nizovi kua formirani paralelno sa izohipsama i nizovi kua formirani upravno na izohipse. Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama
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Bajice, Karstna oblast | Karst region
a) Vrba; b) Tudorovii; c) Brca (primorje)
Dakovii, Bajice
Preovlaujui poloaj kue paralelno sa izohipsama znaio je istovremeno da su prilaz kui i njeno lice okrenuti niz padinu: ka poljoprivrednim povrinama (i ka moru - u primorju), ime je uslovljeno da i formiranje sklopa bude u vidu niza po izohipsi: dodavanjem novih jedinica u podunom pravcu. Ovakvi nizovi kua formirani su pod zajednikim sljemenom dvovodnog ili jednovodnog krova, uz strogo potovanje spontano usvojene (prave ili blago vijugave) regulacione linije, proistekle iz lokalnog reljefa, pri emu je prostorno definisana i seoska ulica.
Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama, Karstna oblast Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines, Karst region
Prevailing position of a house in parallel with contour lines meant that the access to the house and its front are at the same time turned down the slope: towards agricultural surfaces and towards sea (at the coast), what led to the fact that forming of the construction is done as a line on contour lines: with adding of new units in longitudinal direction. Such lines of houses are formed
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Naselja formirana upravno na izohipse | Settlem. formed vertically on contour lines
Naselja formirana upravno na izohipse Kod poloaja ku e upravno na izohipse, koji moemo dovesti u vezu sa odnosom prema terenu kod grkog megarona, zabatni zid je prema padini, a niz je formiran dograivanjem jedinica uz zabatne zidove, to uslovljava da segmenti niza, zbog nagiba terena, budu stepenasto smaknuti po visini. Kaskadirana fizika struktura stambenog niza praena je odgovarajuom G. Lastva, primorje | coast kaskadiranou ulice iji karakteristini izraz predstavljaju ulice - stepenita (kale). Grozdasti tip naseljskog sklopa Poseban i atipian oblik sklopa predstavljaju grozdaste grupacije naselja u Krtolima (prevlaka izmeu Tivatskog polja i poluostrva Lutice). Naselja su formirana grupisanjem domova - ograenih porodinih ekonomija, orijentisanih prema unutranjem dvoritu.
Gornjni Stoliv, primorje | coast
under joint shelter of single slope or double slope roof, with strict respect of the spontaneously adopted (straight or moderately
Godinje, Karstna oblast | Karst region
curved) regulative line, resulted from local relief, and where the village street is spatially defined. Settlements formed vertically on contour lines At the position of the house vertically on contour lines, which we
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Koncepcija samodovoljnosti i stvaranja uslova za to uspjeniju
Gusinje
can compare with terrain at Greek megaron, gable wall is turned towards the slope, and the line is formed with overbuilding of units beside the gable walls, what creates precondition that the segments of the line, because of the terrain inclination, are gradually staggered according to the height. Cascade (stepped- hillside) physical structure of dwelling line is followed by appropriate cascade (stepped-hillside) streets characterized by streets-stairs (kale).
Oblast visokih plnina, Roaje | Region of high mountains Plav
Cluster structure of the settlement construction Special and atypical shape of the construction presents cluster structured groups of the settlements in Krtole (isthmus between Tivatsko field and peninsula Lustice). The settlements are formed by grouping homes-fenced family economies, oriented towards inside garden. The conception of self-sufficiency and creation of conditions for as successful as possible defense led to the specific character of the spatial matrix of krtoljskih villages, which comprises of extremely dense cluster grouping instead of longitudinally formed lines. 2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of high mountains
odbranu uslovili su specifinosti prostorne matrice krtoljskih sela koju, umjesto longitudinalno formiranih nizova, ine izrazito zbijene grozdaste grupacije. 2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih planina Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja u oblasti visokih planina i kanjona predstavlja razbijeni tip sela - kue sa prateim objektima (seoska domainstva) situirane na veim meusobnim rastojanjima, to znai da se ne moe govoriti o nekim posebnim pravilima grupisanja kua. Prostorne matrice, zasnovane na odre enim
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principima, nisu uspostavljene ni u sluaju poluurbanih naselja kao to je Roaje. Princip slobodno stojee odijeljenosti, nastao u istorijskim okolnostima, rezultirao je prostornim rasporedima kua, kod kojih nije dolo do formiranja sklopa i grupacije u uobiajenom smislu. Main characteristic of rural settlements in the area of high mountains and canyons present fractured type of the village-houses with neighborhood facilities (rural households) situated on larger distance, what means that we can not talk about some special rules for house grouping. Spatial matrixes, based on certain principles, are not established even in the case of semi-urban settlements like Rozaje. The principle of free standing separation, created in historical circumstances, resulted in spatial disposition of the houses where forming of the construction and grouping did not occur in habitual sense.
3.
Tipologija tradicionalne varoke i seoske kue i elementi arhitekture
3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru june regije 3.1.1. Tipologija varoke kue Unutranja funkcija formirana je prema potrebama tradicionalnog stanovanja. Prizemna etaa koriena je kao ostava, magaza, konobe, zanatske radnje itd., a na gornjim etaama smjenjuju se prostorije za dnevni boravak - salone, spavanje i pripremu hrane. Pristup gornjim etaama se odvija preko dvorita vanjskim stepenicama koje se zavravaju bogatim terasama. Drugi tip varoke kue posjeduje toplu vezu izmeu etaa formiranjem unutranjih stepenica koje se nalae pored magaze. U veini promorskih gradova preovladava koncept Barokne kue sa radionicom u prizemljui stambenim prvim i drugim spratom. Pompeznost koju barok posjeduje ublaena je uticajem tradicije prisutne u vrstim, jednostavnim volumenima, primjeni materijala i umjerenosti u pogledu ukrasa. 3.1.2. Elementi varoke arhitekture u primorju Kue imaju jednostavni oblik nepravilne pravougaone osnove sa naglaenom linijom mirnog sklada, ali zato svojim slobodnijim i ivopisnim krovnim rjeenjima Arhitektura zgrada je dosta jednostavna, tradicionalna sa zidovima od tesanog kamena golog ili malterisanog i krovoma pokrivenim kamenim ploama ili tiglom prema dosta tradicionalnim nacrtima. Nagib krovne ravni kree se od 15 - 22. Kao zavretak pojavljuje se
3.
Typology of traditional house in urban settlements and in village and elements of architecture
3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Southern region 3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements Inner function is formed in line with the needs of traditional habitation. Ground floor storey was used as pantry, store, cellar, craftsman store etc., and at the upper storey there are premises like living rooms-salons, sleeping rooms and kitchens. The access to the upper storey is realized with outside stairs which end with large terraces. Second type of the house in urban settlements has warm connection between the floors by forming the inside stairs placed beside the store.
Tipologija Bokeke palate: a) sobe; b) magazine; c) hol | Topology of Bokas palace: a) rooms; b) store; c) hall
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vijenac formiran od kamenih ploa. Malo je vanjskih ukrasnih elemenata (zbog karakteristike upotrijebljenog materijala) kao to su balkoni, krovovi itd. esto se vide vanjske stepenite koje vodi do prvog sprata i ono je napravljeno od tradicionalnih elemenata, kao to je kamen u ploama. Ba te strukturalne karakteristike, odreuju visoku pejsanu, ambijentalnu i formalnu vrijednost ovih urbanizovanih aglomeracija.
Perast
Budva
In most of the coastal towns the concept of Baroque house is prevailing with workshop at the ground floor, residential first and second floor. Grandiloquent of Baroque is mitigated by the influence of the tradition present in solid, simple volumes, use of the material and moderation regarding the ornaments. 3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast Houses have simple shape with irregular rectangular base with emphasized line of calm harmony, but with more free and picturesque roof solutions.
Kotor
Architecture of the buildings is pretty simple, traditional with walls
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Oblikovni elementi su kamene konzole oko otvora, zvekir na vratima, dimnjaci, prozor sa tipinim kurama. Prozori u prizemnom dijelu objekta su u odnosu irine i visine 1.5/1 do 2/1 to je rezultat dugogodinjeg uticaja Venecije i njene arhitekture. 3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kue u primorju Zajednike tipoloke odlike kue u primorju Opti tip kue u okviru Crnogorskog primorja je spratna kua (prizemlje, sprat i potkrovlje) sa kamenim zidovima i kosim dvovodnim krovom, pokrivenim eramidom. Kua se esto javlja kao dio stambenog niza, gdje segmenti niza zadravaju istu graevinsku liniju i osnovne elemente graditeljskog jezika. Prizemlje ima funkciju podrumske etae (konoba). Sprat ima stambenu funkciju (sobe), a u potkrovlju je kuhinja, jer se dimnjak nije koristio. Razvojni varijetet je izmijetanje kuhinje u dvorite kao dograenog objekta. Ulaz u kuu je preko terase, bilo da se radi o ograenoj terasi u nivou prizemlja, ili terasi na volat u nivou prvog sprata sa spoljnjim stepenitem. Kua Kotorskog zaliva Prepoznatljivu tipoloku posebnost kua Kotorskog zaliva predstavljaju krovne bade vielice. Obino mali dvovodni krovovi nad vielicama ponekad prerastaju u poseban popreno postavljen krov, ije sljeme nadviava glavno sljeme kue. Kao funkcionalna posebnost izdvaja se korienje prostora ispod svoda na kojem lei terasa kao cisterne za prikupljanje i uvanje kinice (bistijerna).
Karakteristini niz spratnih kua sa teracama ispred
made of dressed stone, plastered or not, and roofs covered with roughly dressed stone slabs or roofing tile in line with pretty traditional schemes. The roof slope is 15-22. As an end, a cornice formed of roughly dressed stone slabs occurs. There is a small number of outside decorative elements (because of the characteristics of used materials) like balconies, roofs etc. The outside stairs which lead to the first floor are often noticeable and made of traditional elements, like roughly dressed stone slabs. Those very structural characteristics, determine high landscape, ambience and formal value of those urbanized agglomerations. Shaped elements are stone consoles around the clear openings, knocker at the door, chimney shafts, and windows with typical skure (wooden shutters). The windows in the ground floor part of the facility are in width and height proportion 1.5/1 up to 2/1 what is a result of the long-lasting influence of Venice and its architecture. 3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the Coast Joint typological characteristics of the house at the Coast General type of the house in the frame of Montenegrin coast is storey house (ground floor, first floor and attic) with stone walls and oblique double slope roof, covered by hogs-back tile ceramida. The house often appears as a part
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Budva stari grad | Old town
Perast
Kotor stari grad | Old town
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Ulcinj
Kue Kotorskog zaliva, Gornji Stoliv | Houses of Kotors bay
Perast
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Patrovska kua, tipologija | Pastovska house, typology
of the residential line, where the segments of the line keep the same construction line and basic elements of constructing language. The ground floor has the function of cellar storey (cellar). The first floor has residential function (rooms), and at the attic there is a kitchen, because the chimney was not used. Development variety is transfer of the kitchen in the garden as an overbuilt facility. The entrance is through the terrace- fenced terrace in the level of ground floor or terrace ''na volat'' in the level of the first floor with outside stairs. House in Kotor bay Particular typological distinctiveness of the houses in Kotor bay present roof dormers vidjelice. Usually, small double slope roofs above vidjelice sometimes become a special transversally placed roof, which ridge is higher than the main ridge of the house. As a functional distinctiveness the use of the space under the archon on which the terrace is placed is distinguished, as a tank for collecting and keeping the rainwater (bistijerna). Pastrovska house Main element of distinctiveness of architecture of the Pastrovska house is single slope roof. The causes for forming and keeping such form of the roof are connected with allied functional reasons and local terrain morphology. Single slope roof, which is approximately parallel to the slope inclination, is characteristic for the houses placed along the contour lines, what creates an obstacle for damaging the back wall of the house by rainwater flow. Double slope roofs are connected with house site location vertically on contour lines. In line with construction response on the conditions of local relief, elongated double slope roofs appear-at lined houses with joint ridge and double slope roofs with saw-tooth
Tipina organizacija naselja na obali, naselje Orahovac Typical organization of settlements on the coast
Patrovska kua Glavni element prepoznatljivosti arhitekture patrovske kue je jednovodni krov. Uzroci nastajanja i odravanja ovakve forme krova povezani su sa spregnutim funkcionalnim razlozima i lokalnom morfologijom terena. Jednovodni krov, koji je priblino
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Patrovska kua, Tudorovii | Pastrovska house
Karakteristini detalji | Characteristic details Tudorovii
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paralelan nagibu padine, karakterie kue postavljene du izohipsi, ime je sprijeeno ugroavanje zadnjeg zida kue slivanjem kinice. Dvovodni krovovi vezani su za lociranje kue upravno na izohipse. U skladu sa graditeljskim odgovorom na uslove lokalnog reljefa, javljaju se izdueni dvovodni krovovi - kod kua u nizu sa zajednikim sljemenom i dvovodni krovovi sa testerastom siluetom - kod kua u nizu spojenih po duim stranama osnove. Kua u Krtolima (Lutica) U oblikovnom konceptu specifine jedinice grozdastog sklopa krtoljskog doma - ogleda se uticaj rimskog atrijumskog tipa kue (ideja ograenog dvorita kao cjeline sa kuom). Po toj orijentisanosti ivota prema dvoritu, kao prema okolini zatvorenom sreditu, kao i po nainu grupisanja, krtoljski domovi se razlikuju od uobiajene orijentisanosti seoskih kua na primorju prema zajednikoj terasi ili seoskoj ulici, kao elementima otvorenog prostora linearne prostorne matrice. 3.1.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture u primorju i krasu Za primorje i kras kamen je osnovni graevinski materijal i element regionalne prepoznatljivosti u graditeljskom smislu. Koristi se u svim zidanim elementima arhitekture: u zidovima, svodovima, stepenitima, podovima, ogradama i podzidama. Kvalitet i estetski dometi konstrukcija od kamena u zavisnosti su od upotrijebljenog materijala i zanatske tehnike. Zidovi Zidovi su od pritesanog ili tesanog kamena, zidanog u kreu ili krenom malteru. Zidani su sa dva lica u debljini 50 do 80 cm i sa priblino poravnatim horizontalnim spojnicama. Za strukturu kamenih zidova je karakteristino da su im i spoljnja i unutranja strana (oba lica) izraene od biranog i paljivo sloenog kamena, dok im je jezgro ispunjeno lomljenim i sitnijim kamenom trpancem. Otvori Prozori su malih dimenzija, na ta su presudno uticale tehnike mogunosti izvoenja otvora u zidovima od kamena. Za premoavanje otvora u zidu, u najveoj mjeri, korien je zidani luk sa unutranje strane masivnog zida. Poloaj prozora na spratu (shed roof) silhouette at lined houses connected with longer sides of the base. House in Krtole (Lutica) In shaped concept of specific unit of cluster construction krtoljski home the influence of Roman atrium type of the house is reflected (the idea of fenced garden as a whole with house). With that orientation of habitation towards the garden as a closed center towards the surrounding, as well as with the way of grouping, krtoljski homes are different from usual orientation of rural houses at the Coast towards joint terrace or village street, as the elements of open space of linear spatial matrix. 3.1.4. Elements of rural architecture at the Coast and in the Karts For the Coast and the Karst, basic construction material and element of regional particularity in constructing sense is a stone. It is used in all masonry elements of architecture: in walls, arches, stairs, floors, fences and underpinnings. The quality and esthetic achievement of stone constructions depend on the used material and techniques. Walls The walls are made of roughly dressed or dressed stone, constructed in lime or lime mortar. They are constructed with two faces with thickness from 50 to 80cm and with roughly leveled horizontal connections. For the structure of the stone walls it is characteristic that both outer and inner side (both faces) are made of selected and carefully piled up stone, while their center is filled with broken and smaller stone riprap. Openings The windows have smaller dimensions, under the influence of technical possibilities for making the openings in the stone walls. For over-bridging the opening in the wall constructed arch was mostly used from the inner side of the massive wall. The position of the windows at the first floor is such that the roofing cornice is placed directly on window beams hood. All openings are framed with stone squares, where the window beams are made of one part while the door beams are solved with two or three stone squares. Beside the vitrified window casement, the windows are
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Crmnica Kua u Krtolima | House in Krtole
Kua u Krtolima, Bjelila | House in Krtole, Bjelila Krtoljski dom, tipologija | Krtoles house, typology
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Elementi arhitekture u primorju i krasu | Elements of architecture in coast and karst
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Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs
je takav da se krovni vijenac naslanja direktno na nadprozornik. Svi otvori su uokvireni kamenim kvadrima, pri emu su doprozornici iz jednog dijela, dok su dovratnici rijeeni sa dva ili tri kamena kvadra. Pored zastakljenih krila, prozori su opremljeni i punim drvenim kapcima kurama, radi zatite od sunca, kao i od vjetra, a nekada su bili i jedini elementi za zatvaranje prozora. Karakteristine detalje predstavljaju kamene konzole, poznate u mediteranskoj arhitekturi. Gornje konzole ui (auriculi), u visini nadprozornika sa krunim rupama, slue kao nosai motke o koju se kai platneni zastor. Donje konzole zupci (dentes), u nivou kamenog podprozornika, namijenjene su oslanjanju daske na kojoj se sui voe.
equipped with full wooden shutters skure for of the protection from the sun as well as from the wind, and once they used to be the only element for closing the windows. Characteristic detail present stone consoles well-known in Mediterranean architecture. Top consoles ears (auriculi) in the height of window beam with circle holes serve as the holders of the pole on which cloth curtain is hitched. Bottom consoles toothed (dentes), in the level of stone podprozornika serve for placing the board for fruit drying. Roofs Dominant roofing is half-round ridge tile - (hogs-back tile). Stone blocks made of slate appear in a very limited scope: in certain
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Krovovi Dominantni krovni pokriva je koritasti crijep - eramida (tigla kanalica). Kamene ploe od kriljca javljaju se u vrlo ogranienom obimu: kod izvjesnog broja crkava i mlinova. Nagib krovne ravni kree se od 22 - 30. Slivanje kinice niz zabatne zidove sprijeeno je postavljanjem zavrnih redova kanalice sa uvalom prema gore. S obzirom da oluka nema, kanalice na vijencu su preputene 15 - 20 cm, ukljuujui i prepust vijenca formiranog od kamenih ploa, preputenih 10 - 15 cm. Terasa - elementi arhitekture Elemente arhitekture u okviru terase ine: pod poploan kamenom, zidana ograda od kamena sa profilacijom u vidu klupe (piun), i pergola sa vinovom lozom (odrina) sa drvenom konstrukcijom. Terasa se javlja na dva naina: u nivou prizemlja, i u nivou prvog sprata. number of churches and mills. The inclination of the roof slope is from 22 - 30. Rainwater flow along the gable walls is prevented with placing the last rows of hogs-back tile with channel facing sky. Since there is no gutter, the hogs-back tiles on the cornice are from 1520cm, including the nosing of the cornice constructed of stone blocks, toed 10-15cm. Terrace elements of architecture The elements of architecture in the frame of terrace are: tiled floor, constructed fence made of stone with ornament in the shape of bench (pizun) and pergola with grapevine (odrina) with timber construction. The terrace appears in two ways: in the level of the ground floor and in the level of the first floor.
When the terrace is in the level of ground floor it is a kind of garden through which the entrance in the house is realized (through the Starovaroka kapija u Podgorici | Gate in old town cellar) as well as the access to the neighboring facilities (kitchen, rainwater tank, stable). At lined houses, terraces make a unique surface and stone bench Kada je u nivou prizemlja, terasa je oblik dvorita preko kojeg se appears only towards the slope. ostvaruje ulaz u kuu (preko konobe) i pristup prateim objektima (kuini, bistijerni, staji). Kod kua u nizu, terase ine jedinstvenu When the terrace is in the level of the first floor it presents a direct access to the residential space-rooms at the first floor. At the lined povrinu, a kamena klupa se javlja samo prema padini. houses in Pastrovici the communication is possible even between Kada je terasa u nivou prvog sprata, preko nje se direktno ulazi u the very terraces, since the width of the terraces is usually the stambeni prostor - sobe na prvom spratu. Kod kua u nizu u same as the width of the house. In this case, a noticeable element Patroviima komunikacija je omoguena i izmeu samih terasa, of constructed arch volat appears as the bearing structure of the s obzirom da se irine terasa najee poklapaju sa irinom kue. terrace, through which the entrance into the cellar is realized. U ovom sluaju javlja se markantni element zidanog svoda volat, In Crmnica and Katunska nahija the terrace is always in the level kao nosea konstrukcija terase, kroz koji se ulazi u konobu. of the apartment, while its architectural elements depend from the U Crmnici i Katunskoj nahiji terasa je uvijek u nivou stana, dok su position of the house regarding the slope. In the case where the njeni arhitektonski elementi uslovljeni poloajem kue u odnosu house is parallel with contour lines, the type of the terrace is na padinu. U sluaju kue paralelne sa izohipsama, terasa je tipa terrace on volta, while at the house vertically positioned on contarace na voltama, dok je kod kue upravne na izohipse, zbog tour lines, because of the position of the entrance, the terrace is in uslovljenosti pozicije ulaza u kuu, terasa u nivou terena, sa the level of terrain, with appropriate underpinning. odgovarajuim podziivanjem.
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Kotor
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3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sredinje regije 3.2.1. Tipologija varoke kue u karstnoj oblasti Kue su prizemne i spratne, pokrivene dvovodnim krovom, gabarita u irini fronta 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m i dubine 10, 12 i 15 m, grade se u nizu, rijetko samostalno dim 12 sa 12 metara. Ulaz kod spratnih objekata, sa prizemlja na sprat je iz dvorita ili jednokrakim stepenicama iz hodnika koji spaja ulicu i dvorite. Kue imaju svijetlu visinu prizemlja i sprata 3.20 - 3.50 m, sa naglaenim ulazom sa ulice koji hodnik povezuje sa dvoritem. Prizemlja objekata su u ravni u odnosu na trotoar ili 15 cm izdignutog praga u odnosu na ulicu gdje nema trotoara. Gradska kua XX vijeka imala je prozore koji su bili veliine 1/6 od povrine prostorije min. irine 1.00 m i visine 1.80 m, vrata irine 1.25 m i visine 2.20 m. Prizemne kue su se iskljuivo koristile za stanovanje, dok kod spratnih kua prizemlje je odreeno za radnje, knjiare, mesare itd, kao i pazar od sitnica. Analizirajui tipologiju horizontalnog plana kue sa aspekta organizacije prostora kroz vrijeme, ista se moe svesti na prvobitni arhaini tip, tip pozemljue ili plotnjae. Ovaj tip je karakteristian do sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka. Njegov oblik je pravougaoni i obino je visine do poetka krova s vrha ovjeka. Od 1870. do 1941. g. prisutni su tipovi prizemnih i spratnih kua od kamena. Karakteristika funkcionalne organizacije moe se rangirati u pet kategorija. Naglaen je odnos komunikacija prema nivoima kue, kao i raspored radnih aktivnosti u objektu. Kod prizemnih objekata u veini sluajeva prostor je namijenjen za stanovanje, ili butige organizovane u prostorima koji gledaju na ulicu i imaju direktni izlazak na nju, a komunikacija sa prostorom za stanovanje odvija se preko toplih veza hodnikom koji povezuje ulicu sa dvoritem. Prizemne partije kod spratnih kua iskljuivo su namjenjene za ekonomiju domainstva ili butige, dok je sprat predvien za stanovanje. 3.2.2. Elementi varoke arhitekture Do ranih sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka graditeljstvo se zasnivalo na principu nacionalne tradicionalne gradnje. Kue su bile prizemne, gdje je zastupljeno vie suvomeih nego klaenih kua, kasnije su suvomee zidane krenim malterom. Pokrivane su rjee eramidom, a vie slamom ili daskama. Imaju jedna vrata sa vrlo uskim i malim prozorima kao pukarnice. Ove kue nemaju odaka ve dim izlazi kroz krov. Kue se stapaju sa okolnim 3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Central region 3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area The houses are low-rise and storey, covered by double slope roof, size in the front width 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m and depth 10, 12 and 15 m, they are constructed as a line, rarely independently, dimensions 12X12m. The entrance at storey facilities, from the ground floor to the first floor is from the garden or with one-leg stairs from the corridor which connects the street and the garden. The houses have bright height of the ground floor and first floor 3.20 3.50 m, with emphasized entrance from the street connected over the corridor with garden. The ground floors of the facilities are in plane with the pavement or with 15cm elevated doorstep comparing to the street where there is no pavement. Town house of XX century had windows with size 1/6 of the surface of the room with minimal width 1.00m and height 1.80m, door with width 1.25m and height 2.20m. The low-rise houses were only used for habitation, while at the storey houses the ground floor was determined for stores, bookstores, butchers etc., as well as for shops with small things for selling. Analyzing the typology of the horizontal plan of the house from the aspect of the space organization through the time, the same could be brought down on the primary archaic type, type pozemljusa or plotnjaca. This type is characteristic for the period till 70s in XIX century. The shape is rectangular and the height is usually to the beginning of the roof from the height of man. From 1870 till 1941 there are types of low-rise and storey houses made of stone. The characteristic of functional organization could be ranked in five categories. The relation towards communications according to the levels of the house, as well as the distribution of the working activities in the facility. At low-rise facilities the space in most of the cases serves for living, or for boutiques with direct entrance from the street and turned directly to the street, and communication with rooms for living is realized over the warm connections with hall which connects the street with garden. Ground floor rooms at storey houses primarily serve for economy of the household or boutiques, while the first floor serves for living. 3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture Until early 70s in XIX century the construction was based on the principle of national traditional constructing. The houses were low-
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Izgled gradske kue izmeu dva rata u Danilovgradu View of the house between two world wars in Danilovgrad
Tipologija varoke kue | Topology of urban settlements house
Izgled dvojne gradske kue u Danilovgradu | View of double city house
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kamenim ambijentom planina i brda. rise, and there were more suvomedje houses Graditelji su veinom Novljani kao i (houses made without mortar) then houses Dalmatinci koji su svoj istanani ukus i made with lime mortar klacene, and later the odgovornost graenja prenosili na first ones were constructed with lime mortar. domae majstore. Najvie They are rarely covered with hogs-back tile and graevinskog materijala se uvozilo iz usually covered with straw or timber boards. Austrougarske, Italije, Turske i They have one door with very narrow and small Engleske. Objekti su bili sli ni, windows like loop-holes. Those houses do not ujednaene spratnosti, razlika se have chimney and the smoke goes out through pojavljivala u visini samo zbog the roof. The houses are assimilated with surkonfiguracije terena. Jedino javne rounding rocky ambience of the mountains and zgrade isticale su se poloajem, hills. Constructors are mostly from Herceg Novi visinom i arhitekturom. Vea panja as well as Dalmatians who handed down their poklanja se ulazu, obradi oko prozora, refined taste and responsibility of constructing kao i balkonskim detaljima. Obzirom to domestic artisans. Most of the construction na vrijeme nastanka, strukturu funkcije material was imported from Austro-Hungary, i mogunost uklapanja u cjelinu Italy, Turkey and England. The facilities were gradskog organizma u jezgru se similar, with leveled storey, the difference in posebno izdvaja urbani milje mjeovite height appeared only because of the terrain stambeno poslovne strukture, formiran configuration. Only public buildings were norubnom izgradnjom blokova autentine ticeable because of their position, height and fizionomije i arhitektonskog izraza architecture. More attention is paid to the en(krovovi, vijenci, balkoni, plastika vrata trance, work around the windows and balcony Detalj ograde | Fence detail i prozora i sl.). Neovisno od razvoja details. Regarding the time of forming, structipologije Varoke kue krovovi su bili ture of the function and possibility of adapting uvijek dvovodni, osim trovodnih na uglovima. Nagib krovne ravni to the whole of town organism in the core urban milieu of residenkretao se od manje 25 - 30 i manje 30- 35. Prozori, naroito tial-business structure is specifically separated, formed by edged prema ulici bili su dvokrilni, kasnije trokrilni, izdijeljeni rasterno na construction of the block with authentic physiognomy and archimanje kvadratne prozorie (min. 100/180). Vrata na varokim tectonic expression (roofs, cornices, balconies, door and windows kuama prizemljuama su 110 cm i visine 160 - 170 cm. plastic, etc.). Independently from the development of typology of Izgraena primitivno od neobraenih drvenih dasaka sloenih u urban settlement house the roofs were always double slope roofs, horizontalnom slogu sa poprenim ukrutama. Razvojem i except the triple slope roofs at the angles. Roof slope was less modernizacijom stambene kue dimenzije vrata se poveavaju than 25 - 30 and less than 30- 35. Windows, especially those esto sa nadsvijetlom pravougaonog ili lunog oblika visine (55 facing the street were with double window panes, later triple win65 cm) i po irini i visini (110 - 130 cm odnosno 220 cm visine). dow panes, divided in raster on smaller square windows (min 100/180). The door on the provincial towns houses prizemljuse Ulazna vrata su naglaena kamenim okvirima, lijepom drvenom are with 110cm width and height 160-170cm, built from untreated rezbarijom, lunim ili pravougaonim zavretkom. wooden boards arranged horizontally with transversal stiffener 3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kue u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju plates. With development and modernization of residential house Skadarskog jezera dimensions of the door are increased often with hopper window of rectangular or arch shape with height (55 - 65 cm) and in width Slinost prirodnih odlika primorja i karstne oblasti nala je svoj and height (110 - 130 cm i.e. 220 cm height). The entrance doors odraz i u tipoloki veoma slinim kuama. Stepen slinosti je u direktnoj zavisnosti od intenziteta kulturnih uticaja koji su u
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Cetinje
Starovaroka kua u Nikiu | Old house in Niksic
Plavi dvorac, Cetinje | Blue castle
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Detalji Danilovrad, balkoni | Balcony details Francusko poslanstvo | French mission
Cetinje
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Cetinje, Njegoeva ulica | Njegoseva street in Cetinje Cetinje, Zetski dom
Niki, Dvorac Kralja Nikole | Castle of King Nikola
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prolosti dolazili sa primorja. Potvrdu ove teze nalazimo u injenici da je na podruju krasa narodna kua svoj najvii domet dostigla u Crmnici - na kontinentalnoj strani planinskog vijenca uz more (Sutorman, Sozina, Patrovska gora). Kao tipina, moe se izdvojiti spratna kua, izduenog oblika sa dvovodnim krovom. Pojam spratna kua, kao i u brojnim sluajevima na drugim lokalitetima, vezan je za postojanje prizemne poluetae, formirane podziivanjem padine, iz kojeg je nastao i naziv kua na konobu i kua na izbi. Kue sa zidovima od kamena javljaju se i van podruja primorja i krasa - u djelovima oblasti visokih planina kao podtip sa mjeovitim karakteristikama, to je uobiajeno za granine zone dviju oblasti. Pojava ovog tipolokog varijeteta rezultat je nedostatka kvalitetne drvene grae, kao i uvijek prisutnih kulturnih uticaja iz susjedstva. Kue obalnog podruja Skadarskog jezera kao tipoloke posebnosti. Kue prijezerskih naselja Skadarskog jezera, zbog svojih sadraja, mogu se nazvati ribarskim kuama. Formirale su se transformacijom - stalnim nastanjivanjem obalnih sezonskih objekata, nekada namijenjenih iskljuivo uvanju i obradi ribe, kao i suenju ita. Na primjere ovakve transformacije nailazimo na razliitim lokalitetima, kod kojih su se odigrali gotovo identini primjeri pretvaranja obalnih ekonomskih objekata u stalna naselja: u Patroviima (Prno, Rafailovii) i u Krtolima (Bjelila, Kakrc). Autentina ribarska kua bila je jednodjelna prizemljua, malih dimenzija, sa dvovodnim krovom. U skladu sa karakteristikama kamene prizemljue, umjesto prozora, postojali su samo mali nezastakljeni otvori (veliine kamenog bloka). Obavezni dio unutranje ugraene opreme bilo je kameno korito kopanja za soljenje ribe. Tipoloki varijetet predstavlja kua u Rijeci Crnojevia, u kojoj se prepliu karakteristike krasa i Mediterana sa orijentalnim karakteristikama, kao rezultat
Kua u Karstnoj oblasti, tipologija | House in karst region, typology
are emphasized with stone frames, lovely carved pieces of wood, arc or rectangular end. 3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar Lake coast Similarity of natural characteristics of the Coast and Karst area found its reflection also in typologically very similar houses. The degree of the similarity depends directly from intensity of cultural influences which used to come from the coast in the past. The confirmation of this thesis can be found in the fact that in the area of karst popular house achieved its highest limit in Crmnica at the continental side of mountain chain along the sea (Sutorman, Sozina, Pastrovska gora). A storey house of elongated shape with double slope roof could be distinguished as typical. The term storey house, like in many cases at other locations, is connected with existence of the ground floor semi-storey, formed by underpinning the slope, what caused the name for such houses house on the cellar and house on the shack. Houses with walls made of stone appear also out of the coastal area and the area of karst in some parts of the areas of high mountains-as a subtype with mixed characteristics, what is usual for boundary zones of two areas. The appearance of this typological variety is a result of the lack of qualitative timber, as well as always present cultural influences from neighbors. The houses of the coastal area of Skadar Lake as typological particularities. The houses of the settlements near the Skadar Lake, because of their contents, could be called fishing houses. They were formed by transformation-permanent positioning of coastal seasonal facilities which serve primarily for conservation and treatment of the fish, as well as corn drying. The examples of such transformation could be seen on different locations, on which almost identical examples of transformation of coastal economic facilities into permanent settlements were real-
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Seoske kue u priobalju Skadarskog jezera Village houses in the coast of Skadar lake
Rijeka Crnojevia
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Dodoi
mijeanja odgovarajuih kulturnih uticaja. Orijentalni uticaji najuoljiviji su kod terase, iji su svi elementi od drveta i koja po konceptu odgovara ardaku. Na tipoloke odlike kue u Rijeci Crnojevia uticao je i promjenjljivi sezonski vodni reim jezera. Kao rezultat prilagoavanja ovakvim uslovima okruenja, kue u Rijeci Crnojevia, locirane na samoj obali, imaju i neke odlike sojenica. Jedan od elemenata slinosti sa sojenicama su stubovi (masivni, kameni) u djelimino slobodnim prizemljima koja bivaju plavljena u vrijeme visokog vodostaja. Najoigledniji primjer odlika lokalne arhitekture je kua uz stari kameni most (Danilov most). Prednji dio kue sa volatom je u vodi, tako da poluetaa, koja uobiajeno pripada konobi, ovdje predstavlja natkriveno pristanite u okviru same kue sa direktnim pristupom za un sa jezera. 3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije 3.3.1. Tipologija varoke kue u oblasti visokih planina Karakteristika ovih kua je to su naslonjene jedna na drugu u nizu sa obije strane ulice. Kue su pravougaone osnove ili kvadratne sa prizemljem i spratom, poreane u nizu u sklopu veih ili manjih stambenih blokova uklapajui se u ulinu mreu. Fasade su ralanjene nizom simetrino rasporeenih vrata i prozora. U prizemlju su se nalazile zanatlijske radnje, trgovine i kafane, a na spratu prostorije za spavanje. Svaka kua imala je dvorite i batu. Kue sa dvorine strane imale su kao po pravilu
ized: in Patrovii (Prno, Rafailovii) and in Krtole (Bjelila, Kakrc). Authentic fishing house was one-part prizemljusa, with small dimensions, with double slope roof. In line with the characteristics of the stone prizemljuse, instead of the windows, there were only small non-vitrified openings (size of stone block). Necessary part of the inside built-in equipment was stone trough kopanja for fish salting. Typological variety presents a house in Rijeka Crnojevica, in which the characteristics of the karst and Mediterranean are mixed with oriental characteristics, as a result of mixture of relevant cultural influences. Oriental influences are most noticeable at terraces, where all elements are made of timber and which looks like enclosed porch regarding the concept. Typological characteristics of the house in Rijeka Crnojevica were influenced by unstable seasonal water regime of the lake. As a result of adaptation to such conditions of environment, the houses in Rijeke Crnojevica, located at the very coast, have some characteristics of pile dwellings. One of the elements of that similarity are pillars (massive, stone) in partly free ground floors which are flooded in the periods of high watermark. The most obvious example of the characteristics of local architecture is the house beside the old stone bridge (Danilov most). Frontal part of the house with volat is in the water, so the semi-storey which usually belongs to the cellar, here presents sheltered dock in the scope of the very house with direct access for the boat cun from the lake.
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doksat-balkon i stepenite koji su inili cjelinu sa osnovnim gabaritom kue. Kue imaju dva ulaza od ulice za poslovni prostor, sa unutranje strane stepenicama za sprat i od dvorita preko doksata. Prostor za stanovanje isto je organizovan kao i kod kua u karstnoj oblasti. 3.3.2. Elementi varoke arhitekture Prizemlje kua zidani su od lomljenog kamena a sprat je obino pravljen od akme. Neke kue su kompletno i prizemlje i sprat pravljene od akme. Krovni pokriva je indra i pokriva od lima, krov je obino na kvadratnoj osnovi etvorovodan, a na pravougaonoj osnovi na dvije vode. Prozori i vrata su pravougaoni, oivieni lijepo klesanim kamenom kao i ivice fasada su takoer obraeni ugaonicima. Vrata pored pravougaonog 3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Northern region 3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of high mountains Characteristic of those houses is the fact that they are placed one on each other as a line on both sides of the street. The houses have rectangular or square base with ground floor and first floor, lined within a group of residential blocks adapting into street network. Frontages are separated with lines of symmetrically distributed doors and windows. At the ground floor there were craftsman stores, shops and pubs, and at the first floor sleeping rooms. Each house had garden and yard. The houses from the yard side had as by the rule doksat-balcony and stairs which were making a whole with basic size of the house. Houses have two entrances from the street for business premises, from inner part with stairs to the first floor and from the yard to the doksat. The space for living is organized in the same way like in the houses in Karst area. 3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture The ground floors of the houses were built of broken stone and the floor was usually built of cakma. Some houses were com-
Andrijevica balkon stare kue | Balcony of old house
zavretka imaju i polukruno zavravanje kao nadsvijetlo dim. su (120/240 + 50 cm). Ponekad su prozori i vrata oivieni profilisanim slojem maltera. Krovni prozori u potkrovlju su pravougaoni sa zabatnim zavretkom. 3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kue u oblasti visokih planina Zatitni znak ruralne stambene arhitekture umovitih planinskih oblasti predstavlja dvodjelna dinarska brvnara izduene pravougaone osnove kua na elicu ili kua na magazi, postavljena upravno na nagib terena i prepoznatljiva po
Kolain, fasada tipine gradske ulice | Typical faade of city house
pletely, both ground floor and first floor, made of cakma. Roof was constructed of shingle and metal plates. The roof is usually based on square hipped roofs, and at the rectangular base it is a double slope roof. The windows and door are rectangular, edged with nicely dressed stone and the edges of facades are also
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Berane
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podrumskoj poluetai izbi ili magazi, nastaloj podziivanjem prednjeg dijela kue. Tradicionalna arhitektura ovih predjela prepoznatljiva je po drvetu, kao osnovnom materijalu zidova i krovnog pokriva a. U cilju izbjegavanja neposrednog dodira drveta sa tlom koristi se kamen, od kojeg su izraeni zidovi magaze i kameni sokli, na koje se polau grede temeljnjae. Najmarkantniji tipoloki element brvnare je visoki etvorovodni krov, koji se svojim oblikom pribliava obliku piramide. Piramida krova zajedno sa relativno niskim kubusom prizemlja formira veoma skladnu, dobro proporcionisanu cjelinu. Durmitorska kua | Durmitor house Oblikovni efekti brvnare jo su snaniji kada se posmatra grupacija stambenog i pomonih objekata u okviru jednog domainstva. Ponavljanje, ili blago variranje motiva visokih tamnih krovova dovodi do gradacije efekta. Mogunosti prostornog razvoja - dograivanja brvnare ograniene su tradicionalnim etvorovodnim krovom. Dok je dvovodni ili jednovodni krov kamene kue omoguavao tehniki jednostavnu realizaciju proirivanja kue dograivanjem, horizontalni gabarit brvnare unaprijed je bio omeen povrinom osnove krova (to je nametalo prostorni razvoj dijeljenjem unutranjeg prostora). Uobiajeni oblik katuna - ljetnjeg stoarskog stana je koliba sa worked with corner stones. The door beside the rectangular end have semicircle end as a hopper window with dimensions (120/240 + 50cm.). Sometimes the doors and windows are edged with profiled layer of the mortar. Roof lights (windows) in the attic are rectangular with gable end. 3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area of high mountains Trade mark' of the rural residential architecture of forest mountain areas presents a two-part Dinaric cottage with elongated rectangular base house on the cellar or house on the store, placed vertically on the slope of the terrain and recognizable because of the storage semi-storey izba or store, formed with underpinning the front side of the house. Traditional architecture of those areas is characterized by timber, as a main material for walls and roofing. In order to avoid direct contact of the timber with ground the stone is used, from which the walls of the store and stone plinths are constructed, on which the ground beams temeljnace are placed. The most noticeable typological element of the cottage is high hipped roof, which is similar in shape to the shape of pyramid. The pyramid of the roof together with relatively low kubus (main volume) of the ground floor forms a very harmonized, well proportioned whole. Shaped effects of the cottage are even stronger when the grouping of residential and neighboring facilities within the frame of one household is considered. Repetition or moderate variation of the motives of high dark roofs leads to the gradation of the effect. The possibilities of spatial development-overbuilding of the cottage are limited with traditional hipped roof. While the single slope or double slope roof of the stone house made possible technical realization of expanding the house with overbuilding, horizontal size of the cottage was beforehand bordered with the surface of the roof base (what imposed spatial development through division of the inside space). Usual shape of the summer pasture camps-for the purpose of the summer house for stockmen, is a cottage with low walls made of stone (up to 1.5m), con-
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Kosanica
Piva
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niskim zidovima od kamena (do 1.5 m), zidanih u suvo, i dvovodnim krovom od oblica, pokrivenim slamom ili cijepanom daskom. Neki arhaini oblici, sa odlikama neolitske kolibe, registrovani su u Pivi i na Prokletijama. Derivati dinarske brvnare kao tipoloke posebnosti U varoicama Plav i Roaje, naseljima poluurbanog karaktera, razvili su se tipoloki derivati brvnare, nastali na ravnijem terenu i u posebnim kulturno-istorijskim prilikama: spratna brvnara i kula dvospratnica sa odlikama utvrenja. Karakteristino obiljeje tipine kue Plava predstavlja spoljnje stepenite, natkriveno produenom strehom, koje se javlja kao dodatni element u arhitekturi brvnare. Spoljnje stepenite izraz je naprednije organizacije prostora, jer su na taj nain razdvojeni ulazi u staju (prizemlje) i stan (sprat). Tipinu roajsku kuu karakterie zadravanje unutranjeg stepenita. Kula predstavlja veoma markantan oblik utvrenog stana, kod kojeg se proireni oblik primarne brvnare naao u nivou drugog sprata - na vrhu dvoetanog kamenog kubusa (prizemlje i prvi sprat). Veoma ilustrativan primjer, u kojem je kod stana na drugom spratu u cjelini primijenjena drvena konstrukcija, je Redepagia kula u Plavu. structed u suvo (without mortar) and double slope roof made of logs, covered with straw or cut timber. Some archaic types, with characteristics of Neolith cottage are registered in Piva and on Prokletije. Derivates of the Dinaric cottage as a typological particularity In urban settlements Plav and Rozaje, settlements with semiurban character, typological derivates of cottage were developed, on more flat terrain and within special cultural-historical circumstances.: storey cottage and tower- two storey house with characteristics of the fort. Characteristic element of the typical house in Plav presents outside stairs, sheltered with extended shelter, which appear as an additional element in architecture of the cottage. The outside stairs reflects more advanced organization of the space, because in that way the entrances of the stable (ground floor) and living premises (first floor) are separated. Typical house in Rozaje is characterized by a very noticeable shape of fortified apartment, at which the expanded shape of the primary cottage is found on the level of second floor-at the top of doublestorey stone kubus (ground floor and first floor). Very illustrative example, where at the apartment on the second floor whole construction is built of timber, is Tower Redzepagica in Plav.
Roaje
Plav
3.3.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture Zidovi Osnovna struktura zidova zavisila je od lokalnih resursa kvalitetnog drveta, ali je i u neposrednoj vezi sa funkcionalnom podjelom prostora tipine brvnare na prostoriju sa ognjitem
3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture Walls Basic structure of the walls depended of local resources of qualitative timber, but it is also directly connected to the functional division of the space of typical cottage on the room with fire-place
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Gornja Moraa
Plav, Kula Redepagia
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Kolain, Savardak
Bjelasica
Kula, staro graditeljstvo
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kuu i sobu. Isticanje dviju funkcija kroz razliite materijale ogleda se u upotrebi kamena kod zidova kue i drveta - brvana i talpi kod zidova sobe, to je istovremeno u skladu sa principom uvanja drvenih zidova od neposrednog kontakta sa tlom. Izraz ekonominije upotrebe drveta predstavljaju bondrune konstrukcije - drveni skelet sa razliitim vrstama ispune. Varijante ispune su: dizma - od punog drveta koju ine gredice unutar drvenog skeleta, atma - obostrano nakovane tanke oblice sa ilovaom ili ljunkom u meuprostoru, i pleter - struktura od prua upletena oko vertikalnih potki (uglavnom za pomone objekte). Sve tri varijante bondruka obostrano se malteriu krenim malterom. Krov i krovni pokriva Nagib dviju osnovnih krovnih ravni je oko 60 (duina roga jednaka je 4/5 raspona), a u niim dolinskim predjelima je oko 45 (visina krova jednaka je 1/2 raspona). Strmije su ue eone strane krova sa nagibom od 80, ime je smanjena slobodna duina grebenog roga, a ostvareni su i povoljniji statiki uticaji na spoju rogova i vjenanice. U okviru slinih krovnih pokrivaa od drveta izdvaja se indra, ija geometrija (daske klinastog presjeka pritesane na krajevima) omoguava izuzetnu otpornost na vjetar i kiu.
(hearth) house and the sleeping room. Distinguishing of the two functions through different materials reflects in the use of stone in the walls of the house and timber-logs and planks in the walls of the sleeping room, what is at the same time in line with the principle of protection of the timber walls from direct contact with ground. The expression of a more economic use of the timber present post and pan constructions wooden skeleton with different types of fillings. Varieties of the filling are: dizma webbed wood made of small girders inside the wooden skeleton, catma both-side forged thin round logs with argil or gravel in space, and pleter structure made of thin sticks around the vertical woofs mostly for utility facilities). All three varieties of the post and pan are plastered on both sides with lime mortar. Roof and roofing
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The inclination of the two main roof slopes is around 60 (the length of the rafter amounts 4/5 of the span), and in lower valley areas it amounts around 45 (the height of the roof amounts 1/2 of the span). Narrower face-work sides of the roof are steeper with inclination of 80, what decreases free length of ridge rafter, and more favorable static influences are realized at the connection of the rafters and wall plate. In the scope of similar roofing made of timber, shingle is distinguished, which geometry (boards of wedge -shaped section roughly dressed at ends) creates a very good wind and rain resistance. Enclosed porch cardak and elements of architecture Enclosed porches, as half-open spaces beside the inside stairs, are mostly characteristic for the towers. They are recognizable because of the timber construction and purpose which is primarily related to summer conditions. In winter conditions, in order to create protection from the cold weather, wooden shutters are used, which are dropped from the top of the openings, or vitrified frames which could be moved horizontally.
ardak i elementi arhitekture ardaci, kao poluotvoreni prostori uz unutranje stepenite, uglavnom su karakteristini za kule. Prepoznatljivi su po drvenoj konstrukciji i po namjeni koja je prvenstveno vezana za ljetnje uslove. U zimskim uslovima, radi zatite od hladnoe, koriste se drveni kapci koji se sputaju sa gornje strane otvora ili zastakljeni ramovi koji se horizontalno smiu.
4.
Savremene realizacije i preporuke za graenje na nivou regija
4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije Evidentne posljedice neodgovarajuih pristupa od strane investitora i projektanata praenih pogrenim projektantskim stavovima i odlukama kod realizacije novih objekata i kod intervencija na postojeim objektima. Imitacija nacionalnog u arhitekturi u vidu mnogobrojnih lukova, erkera, arenih fasada dovodi do falsifikovanja profesionalnih ideja. Umjesto potovanja urbanog konteksta primjeuje se tenja izdvajanja sopstvenog djela. Postupak u aktuelnoj praksi koji karakterie tretman autentinih seoskih kua odvija se na nain kako slijedi. Novi vlasnici kupuju stare kue uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. S obzirom da stare seoske kue ne ispunjavaju savremene zahtjeve u pogledu komfora i opremljenosti instalacijama, pristupa se naelno opravdanoj rekonstrukciji. Problem nastaje u postupku intervencija koje po pravilu ukljuuju neizbjene promjene gabarita, ali se pritom potpuno zanemaruje lokalna arhitektura u svim njenim aspektima. Rezultat su zdanja koja ne komuniciraju i nisu u ravnotei sa prostorom, ve svojim agresivnim odnosom prema okolini uglavnom iskazuju pretenzije da se nametnu kao novi (kvazi)modeli arhitekture namijenjene turizmu. Vee uvaavanje karakteristika i vrijednosti raznolikog ambijenta u Crnoj Gori od strane aktuelnih i potencijalnih investitora, prije svega posebnosti lokalnih graditeljskih identiteta.
4.
Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction at the level of regions
4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials of the study Evident consequence of inappropriate approaches by investors and architects followed by wrong architectural attitudes and decisions in realization of the new facilities and in interventions on the existing facilities. Imitation of the national in architecture reflected in numerous arches, bay windows, colorful facades, leads to the forgeries of professional ideas. Instead of respecting the urban context a pretension for distinction of the individual work is noticeable. The procedure in actual practice which characterizes the treatment of authentic rural houses is realized in following way. New owners buy old houses mostly because of their location. Since old rural houses do not satisfy contemporary demands regarding the
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Hotel Maestral, Prno
Budva, Slovenska plaa
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comfort and installation equipment, a justifiable reconstruction is started. The problem appears in the procedure of interventions which by the rule include inevitable changes of size, but during that, local architecture is totally neglected in all its aspects. As a result, there are buildings which do not communicate and are not in balance with space, but with their aggressive relation with environment they mostly show pretensions to impose as new (quasi) models of architecture intended for tourism. Higher respect for characteristics and values of diverse ambience in Montenegro by actual and potential investors, especially for the particularity of local construction identity. The importance of the problem and the consequence is in direct proportion with: Physical size and structural characteristics of the construction work, The importance and value of the very location: historical town cores under protection, the space of National parks.
Znaaj problema i posljedica u direktnoj je proporciji sa: fizikim obimom i graditeljskog zahvata, strukturnim karakteristikama
znaajem i vrijednou same lokacije: istorijska gradska jezgra pod zatitom, prostor nacionalnih parkova.
Uz uvaavanje injenice da se kljuna faza odluivanja o vrsti i sadraju intervencija u prostoru odvija u sferi urbanistikog planiranja, tematski okvir ove studije sveden je na tipologije i elemente arhitekture koji karakteriu i po kojima su prepoznatljive odreene oblasti u Crnoj Gori. Primjenjivost studije je selektivne prirode - najdirektnije je primjenjiva na nivou individualnih stambenih objekata. Uoeni problemi/konflikti u aktuelnoj praksi: Neuvaavanje/odstupanje od karaktera lokalne arhitekture: ignorisanje/nepoznavanje lokalnih prirodnih uslova i lokalnog graditeljskog nasljea, uz primjenu arhitektonskog izraza bez jasne fizionomije, ili neskladno kombinovanje razliitih tipologija i stilova. Neuvaavanja/odstupanja u domenu elemenata lokalne arhitekture, uz nametanje i uspostavljanje novih funkcionalnih i estetskih standarda zasnovanih na aktuelnim trinim mehanizmima. Nesklad i greke u primjeni graevinskih materijala: kombinovanje tradicionalnih i novih materijala, praeno promaajima u oblikovnom i likovnom smislu, kao i tehnikim problemima tokom eksploatacije. Koketiranje sa tradicijom, poteklo iz komercijalnih pobuda i neznanja, koje se iskazuje kroz povrnu imitaciju tradicionalnih formi, elemenata i detalja.
With respecting the fact that the key phase of decision making on the type and contents of interventions in the space is realized in the sphere of urban planning, thematic frame of this study is brought down on typologies and elements of architecture which are characteristic and which make certain areas in Montenegro recognizable. Applicability of the study has selective nature-the most direct application has at the level of individual housing facilities. Noticed problems/conflicts in actual practice: Disrespecting/aberration from the character of local architecture: ignoring/lack of knowledge regarding local natural conditions and local construction heritage, with application of architectural expression without clear physiognomy or disharmonized combining of different typologies and styles. Disrespecting/aberrations in domain of elements of local architecture, with intrusion and establishment of new functional and esthetic standards based on actual market mechanisms.
4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne arhitekture Osnovna ideja (State of the Art): reinterpretacija umjesto imitacije
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Formalisti ki tretman tradicije esto proizvodi prazne replike autentinih/ originalnih vrijednosti. Uzrok tome je uvjerenje da su spolajnji aspekti arhitekture od presudnog znaaja za njenu identifikaciju i integrisanje u odreeni kontekst. Jo uvijek u praksi to uvjerenje slui kao vrsta zajednikog imenitelja oko kojeg razliiti protagonisti u procesu graenja najlake postiu konsenzus. Istraivanje principa, umjesto reprodukovanja formi, omoguava transponovanje tradicije primijenjene kao inspiracija moderne arhitekture. Prepoznata su tri pristupa/ orijentacije u navedenom smislu: Ikoni ki: Najire prihvaeni pristup gdje je akcenat na i k o n i k i m a s p e k t i m a Nova Durmitorska kua (konkursna rjeenja) New Durmitor house (arch. competition) tradicionalne arhitekture, izraenim u citatima formi, arhitektonskim elementima i graevinskim materijalima. Ovaj metod zahtijeva sutinsko povezivanje i duboko razumijevanje i formi i odnosa sa kontekstom da bi se izbjegao neuspjeh. Tipoloki: Tipoloki obrasci tradicionalne arhitekture koriste se na dva naina: tipoloki elementi su inkorporirani u abstraktne forme ili obrnuto. Tradicionalna tipologija je transformisana i postavljena nasuprot modernim formama.
Prohouse, Podgorica
Disharmony and mistakes in application of construction materials: combining traditional and new materials, followed by failure in shaping and art sense, as well as with technical problems during exploitation. Flirting with tradition, created from commercial needs and ignorance, expressed through superficial imitation of traditional forms, elements and details.
4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional architecture Basic idea (State of the Art): reinterpretation instead of imitation Formalistic treatment of tradition often produces bare replicas of authentic/original values. The cause of that is a conviction that the outside aspects of architecture present crucial importance for its identification and integration in certain context. Still in the practice that conviction serves as a kind of common denominator around which different protagonists in the process of construction achieve consensus in the easiest way. Research of the principles, instead of reproduction of the forms, enables transposition of the tradition applied as the inspiration for the modern architecture. Three approaches/orientations are noticed in mentioned sense: Iconic: The most accepted approach where the accent is put on iconic aspects of traditional architecture, expressed
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in cites of the forms, architectural elements and construction materials. This method demands core connecting and deep understanding of both forms and relations with context in order to avoid failure. Typological: typological patterns of the traditional architecture are used in two ways: typological elements are incorporated in abstract forms and vice versa. Traditional typology transformed and established contrary to the modern forms. Essential: Widely oriented approach where the ecological criteria and issues regarding regionalization are in the center of attention. This approach is based on the idea that the regional identity origins from a certain ecological principle of integration of constructed and natural environment.
Hotel Podgorica
Esencijalni: iroko orijentisan pristup gdje su ekoloki kriterijumi i pitanja regionalizma u sreditu panje. Ovaj pristup se zasniva na shvatanju da regionalni identitet potie od odreenog ekolokog principa integracije graenog i prirodnog okruenja.
Basic idea and mission of recommendations for construction at the level of regions is insisting on respect of the context. Realization of successful construction answers on investors' requests and expectations include professional knowledge and research, which should result in an expert attitude, as well as design solutions in domain of one of the mentioned approaches. It should be enabled to the architecture of Montenegrin towns as
Hotel Podgorica
Osnovna ideja i misija preporuka za graenje na nivou regija je insistiranje na uvaavanju konteksta. Ostvarivanje uspjelih graditeljskih odgovora na investitorske zahtjeve i oekivanja ukljuuju profesionalno znanje i istraivanje, iz kojih treba da proistekne struni stav i projektantska rjeenja u domenu jednog od navedenih pristupa. Arhitekturi crnogorskih gradova kao gradova uzbudljive morfologije treba omoguiti da se kroz svoj budui razvoj razvijaju kao urbane cjeline u kojoj prioritet ima obnova grada odnosno racionalnije i kvalitetnije korienje postojee gradske strukture, a uz potovanje i isticanje ambijentalnih vrijednosti. Principi rjeavanja Uklapanje novih vrijednosti u postojei ambijent, ali i postepen razvoj fizikih struktura uz zadravanje funkcionalnog i fizikog karaktera; Ouvanje urbane matrice , principi revitalizacije oslonjeni
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na analizu kulturno materijalnih i ekolokih vrijednosti Prisutna tipoloka arhitektura, da novi objekat arhitektonske odlike i tipoloke karakteristike obeljeava ambijent grada; Nova arhitektura slobodno iskazivanje kreacije uz potujue elementarne propise urbane regulacije; Oblik zgrada mora da bude posmatran u odnosu na okolni prirodni i izgraeni ambijent. towns with colorful morphology that their future development is realized considering them as an urban whole, where the renewal of the town has the priority, i.e. more rational and qualitative use of the existing urban structure, with respect and emphasize of ambience values. The principles of solving Inserting new values in existing ambience, but also gradual development of physical structures, keeping the functional and physical character; Conservation of the urban matrix , principles of revitalization based on analysis of cultural, material and ecologic values Present typological architecture where the new facility with architectonic and typological distinctiveness characterizes the ambience of the town; New architecture-free expression of creation with respect of the basic urban regulations; The shape of the buildings must be considered in relation to the surrounding natural and constructed environment.
Arhitektonsko projektovanje uglavnom se ograniilo na regulativu i zapostavilo kreativnu akciju, izgubilo se u teoretskom istraivanju, dok je razmatranje cjeline problema tako rei naputeno. Ako se ranije urbanizam strogo potinjavao vlasti, sada mu zapovijeda novac. Ne tako davno morali smo da tano sprovodimo pravila izgradnje. Ovim projektom ostvaren je maksimalni respekt naslijeene vrijednosti prostora, a na bazi programa kompleksne graevinske sanacije, uvoenjem u zateenu strukturu novih formi savremenih standarda stanovanja i neophodne opreme za druge namjene (trgovine, servisi, usluge i dr.). Preporuka arhitektima i graditeljima da potuju i koriste nasljeena iskustva prolosti koja su vodila rauna o visinskim gabaritima objekata, o uljepavanju ulinih fasada korienju i primjeni iskustava drugih naroda a ne preslikavanje nego prilagoenih ovom prostoru. 4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke za graenje na nivou regija Ilustracije pristupa u interpetaciji tradicije kroz primjere Realizacije sa prostora primorja (juna regija): Obnovljena kua iz Patrovia - primjer ikonikog pristupa; Kua u patrovskom selu u blizini Svetog Stefana predstavlja primjer veoma dosljedno sprovedene rekonstrukcije stare porodine kue. Ostvarena arhitektura izraava tradicionalnu disciplinu i dosljednost graditeljskog postupka: jasno i otro definisan osnovni volumen kue, jednoobraznost volumena i nagiba krova, otvori sa istim mjerama i proporcijama, itd., kao potvrda prisustva odreenih ''standarda'' gradnje.
Architectural design is mostly limited on regulations and creative action is neglected, it is disoriented in theoretical research, while the examination of the whole problem is almost abandoned. Urbanism used to be under the bondage of authorities, now the money plays the main role. Not so long ago we were obliged to respect the rules for constructing exactly as they were. This project has maximum respect for the inherited values of the space, and on the basis of the program of complex construction repair, by introducing new forms of contemporary standards of habitation and necessary equipment for other purposes (shops, services, etc.) in the existing structure. It is a recommendation for the architects and constructors to respect and use inherited experiences from the past which were taking care regarding height of the facilities, decoration of the street facades, use and application of experiences of other nations, and not copying but adaptation to this space.
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Podgorica
PEC Kamena kua
PC Stara varo, Roaje Obnova Patrovske kue
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Sveti Stefan
Hotel Bjanka
Sveti Stefan
Bijelo Polje
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Turistiko naselje Slovenska plaa', Budva - primjer tipolokog pristupa; Turistiko naselje Slovenska plaa, kao izraz novijeg trenda u turizmu 80-tih godina, oigledan je izraz sasvim drugaijeg koncepta u rjeavanju smjetaja turista, u odnosu na hotelske objekte/komplekse iz sedamdesetih godina (autor projekta: Janez Kobe, izgradnja: 1984. I faza, 1989. II faza, investitor: Budvanska rivijera, Budva). U ovom sluaju transponovan je model mediteranskog naselja, oformljenog oko komunikacione kime - pjeake ulice, gdje su ulica, atrijumi i tremovi mediteranski elementi u generalnom smislu. Primjena prostornih kompozicija kubinih volumena, sa prepoznatljivim odnosom zidnih i krovnih ravni, karakteristinih za primorje i kras, veoma je uoljiva u arhitekturi Slovenske plae, gdje proiene forme i jednovodni krovovi predstavljaju tipine elemente lokalne (patrovske) arhitekture. Rekonstruisani hotel Maestral, Prno, Miloer - primjer esencijalnog pristupa. 4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations for constructing at the level of regions Illustrations of the approach in interpretation of tradition through examples Realizations in the space of Coast (Southern region): Renewed house in Pastrovici the example of iconic approach; House in Pastrovsko village near Sveti Stefan presents an example of a very consistently executed reconstruction of old family house. Realized archetecture expresses traditional discipline and consistence of construction procedure : clearly and sharply defined basic volume of the house , uniformity of the volume and and slope of the roof, openings with same measures and proportions, etc. as a confirmation of the presence of certain construction standards. Tourist settlement Slovenska plaa, Budva the example of typological approach;
U situaciji sveoptih aspiracija na prostor Primorja, izraenih u neodmjerenim i sa ambijentom neusaglaenim graevinskim zahvatima, vrijedan i prilino usamljen primjer znalaki i odmjereno profilisanog investitorskog programa i graditeljskog postupka predstavlja rekonstrukcija i nadgradnja hotela Maestral u Prnu kod Svetog Stefana (autor projekta izvornog rjeenja: Edvard Ravnikar, izgradnja: 1970.-1971.; autori projekta rekonstrukcije: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar, izgradnja: 2002.-2004., investitor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija). Rekonstrukcija odraava skup principa odrivog razvoja i profesionalne etike koji su demonstrirani u irokom spektru materijalizovanih stavova i rjeenja. Kljuno obiljeje je mali obim fizikih proirenja u vidu nadgradnji po jedne etae na djelovima kompleksa, uz izuzetno uvaavanje izvornog arhitektonskog rjeenja i njegovog autora. Rafinirano rjeenje vizuelne prihvatljivosti poveanih masa objekata hotela Maestral, usljed nadgradnje po jednog sprata na lamelama, ostvareno je povlaenjem fasada nadgraenih etaa za dubinu terasa u odnosu na osnovne fasadne ravni.
Tourist settlement Slovenska plaa, as an expression of newer trend in tourism of 80s, is obvious expression of totally different concept in solving the issues of tourists' accommodation, comparing to the hotel facilities/complexes in 70s (author of the project: Janez Kobe, construction: 1984. I phase, 1989. II phase, investor: Budvanska rivijera, Budva). In this case a model of Mediterranean settlement is applied, formed around communication spinepedestrian streets, where the street, atriums and porches are Mediterranean elements in general sense. Application of spatial composition of cubic volumes, with recognizable proportion of wall and roof planes, characteristic for Coast and Carst, is very evident in architecture of Slovenska plaza, where clear forms and single slope roofs present typical elements of local (pastrovska) architecture. Reconstruction of hotel Maestral, Prno, Miloer the example of essential approach
In situation of comprehensive aspirations towards Coastal space, expressed in constructions which are inadequate and unbalanced
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Svojevremeno kritikovana dominantna boja zidova koju daje fasadna opeka, u novom itanju arhitekture Maestrala povezuje se sa bojom prepoznatljivih krovova sa pokrivaem od eramide. Povrine u natur betonu, korespondiraju sa povrinama kamenih zidova i doprinose hromatskoj uravnoteenosti fasada. Znaajan doprinos prijateljskom odnosu prema prirodnom ambijentu daju krovne bate, kao djelovi pete fasade, koje smanjuju i usitnjavaju povrine ravnih krovova. Posebnu i izuzetno znaajnu komponentu u slici cjelokupnog ambijenta predstavljaju kultivisane zelene povrine sa mediteranskim biljem koje okruuju objekte. Realizacije sa prostora sredinje regije (karstna oblast i ZetskoBjelopavlika ravnica) Hotel ''Podgorica'' Poslovni objekat ''Prohouse'' Poslovno-edukativni centar ''Kamena kua'' with the ambience, significant and quite lonely example of professionally and thoughtfully profiled investment program and construction procedure presents a construction and overbuilding of hotel Maestral in Przno, near Sveti Stefan (author of the project of original solution: Edvard Ravnikar, construction: 1970.-1971.; authors of the reconstruction project: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar, construction: 2002.-2004., investor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija). Reconstruction reflects group of principles of sustainable development and professional ethics which are demonstrated in wide specter of materialized attitudes and solutions. Key characteristic is small scope of physical expansions like overbuilding one storey on parts of the complex, with exceptional respect of original architectural solution and its author. Refined solution of visual acceptability of increased size of hotel Maestral facilities because of overbuilding with one storey on semi-detached houses, is realized with receding of the facades of overbuilt storeys for the depth of terraces compared to basic facades' planes. Dominant color of walls resulting from use of front bricks, which used to be criticized, in the new reading of architecture of Maestral is in relation to the color of recognizable roofs with hogs-back tile. Surfaces in nature concrete, correspond with surfaces of atone walls and contribute to chromatic balance of facades. Roof gardens give significant contribution to friendly relations towards natural ambience, as parts of fifth faade which make the surfaces of flat roofs smaller and fragmentized. Special and extremely important component in the picture of whole ambience present cultivated green areas with Mediterranean plants surrounding facilities. Realizations in the space of Central region (Karst area and ZetaBjelopavlici plain) Hotel ''Podgorica''; Business facility in ''Prohouse''; Business-educational centar Kamena kuca.
Realizacije i projekti sa prostora visokih planina (sjeverna regija): Poslovni centar ''Stara varo'' Roaje - primjer tipolokog pristupa; Projekti sa konkursa za Novu Durmitorsku kuu - primjeri tipolokog/esencijalnog pristupa. za urbanistiko-
4.4. Preporuke za graenje - elementi tehnike uslove
Primjenjivost elemenata za urbanistiko-tehnike uslove koji slijede u prvom redu se odnose na zone ija je urbanizacija u toku, to znai na lokacije na kojima nije bilo prethodne izgradnje, i stara seoska naselja, koja kao lokacije za turistiko trite, kao i tzv. ''drugi dom'', poprimaju atribute ekskluzivnosti. injenicom da opisane vrste intervencija predstavljaju najzastupljeniji tip investitorskih zahtjeva determinisan je okvir i sadraj elemenata za urbanistiko-tehnike uslove koji slijede. Drugi veoma znaajan domen potencijalnih intervencija su istorijska jezgra primorskih gradova sa kategorisanim tretmanom zatite. U toj sferi uslove i nain izvoenja intervencija definiu institucije za zatitu spomenika kulture, bilo da se radi o pojedinanim objektima ili ambijentalnim cjelinama.
Realizations and projects in the space of high mountains (Northern region) :
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U okviru elemenata za urbanistiko-tehnike uslove, koji u ovoj studiji imaju karakter principa, razmatrani su sljedei sluajevi: Obnova tradicionalne kue; Rekonstrukcija starog kuita izgradnjom nove kue; Izgradnja nove kue; Business center Stara varos Rozaje-example of typological approach; Projects from the public contest for New House of Durmitor- examples of typological/essential approach.a
4.4. Recommendations for construction elements for urbantechnical conditions Applicability of the elements for following urban-technical conditions in first line regard zones where urbanization is on-going , what means on locations where there was no previous construction, and old rural settlements, which as locations for tourist market, as well as so called second home, are becoming exclusive sites. With the fact that described types of interventions present the most present type of investment demands the frame and the contents of the elements for following urban-technical conditions are defined. Second very important domains of potential interventions are historical cores of coastal towns with categorized treatment of protection. In that sphere, the conditions and ways of realization of interventions are defined by institutions for the protection of monuments of culture, as separate facilities as well as ambience wholes. In the scope of elements for urban-technical conditions, which in this situation have the character of principle, following cases have been considered: Renewal of the traditional house; Reconstruction of the old house site with construction of a new house; Construction of a new house;
Obraeni su oni urbanistiki i arhitektonski elementi koji su kao teme karakteristini u navedenim sluajevima i ne zavise od regionalnih posebnosti, zbog ega se mogu tretirati kao tipini u postupcima izgradnje i rekonstrukcije. Izvor informacija o regionalnim posebnostima vezanim za aspekte tipologije, elemenata arhitekture, materijala i arhitektonskih detalja predstavljaju poglavlja o tipologiji tradicionalnih naselja i kue. Obnova tradicionalne kue Vrste intervencija koje ulaze u pojam obnove stare kue Obnova tradicionalnih kua je glavna aktivnost sluaju obnove tradicionalnog ambijenta, a obnovljena kua glavni arhitektonski motiv sela. Termin obnova se odnosi na: obnovu i ouvanje parterne zone kue (dvorite, zidovi, ograde, podzide); konstruktivnu sanaciju kue (temelji, zidovi, meuspratne konstrukcije); sanitarno-tehniko opremanje kue (izgradnja sanitarnih prostorija, uvoenje savremenih instalacija); dogradnju aneksa (soba, kuhinja, pomone prostorije, sanitarne prostorije), kao i nadgradnju kue (podizanje spratne visine u potkrovlju, ili izgradnja sprata).
Zadravanje i unapreivanje arhitekture partera u dvoritu Ouvanje i obnova postojee arhitekture partera (denivelacija terena, suvomeda, stepenica, poploanih i kaldrmisanih delova dvorita, ograda, kapija i sl.) je obavezna tokom obnove kue. Parter je znaajan motiv tradicionalne arhitekture. Tokom obnove je mogue
Those urban and architectural elements which are characteristic as topics in mentioned cases and do not depend on regional particularities are treated, since they could be treated as typical in the procedures of construction and reconstruction. The chapters about typology of traditional settlements and houses present a source of information on regional particularities related to the aspects of typology, elements of architecture, material and architectonic details.
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Bijelo Polje
Dom kulture, Kolain
Kafe bar, Kolain
Andrijevica
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Budva
Stambena zgrada, Kolain
Konoba, Kolain
Stambeni niz, Kolain
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Gospotina, Budva
Stari grad, Budva
Budva
Beii
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Rijeka Crnojevia
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da se izvri i dopuna delova i zona partera, njegovo prilagodavanje savremenim potrebama uvanje gabarita kue Zadravanje postojeeg gabarita objekata je obavezno prilikom obnove kua, ukoliko se ne predvia nadgradnja ili dogradnja. Pod zadravanjem postojeeg gabarita se podrazumijeva da se tokom obnove zadrava postojei oblik kue, postojee dimenzije kue (posebno se naglaava zadravanje fasadnih visina, irina i drugih dimenzija, odnos punih zidnih povrina i otvora i sl.) oblik i nagib krova. Nadgradnja novog sprata Nadgradnja novog sprata se preporuuje u okviru postojeeg horizontalnog gabarita kue. Dograeni sprat moe da ima formu potkrovlja (plafon formira kosa krovna konstrukcija), ili moe da ima ravan plafon iznad koga je tavanski prostor koji moe da se koristi kao pomoni prostor. Novi sprat ne smije da ugroava susjede i treba da bude izveden u skladu sa tradicionalnim principima. Tretman tradicionalne forme krova Krov je jedan od elemenata koji prilikom obnove po pravilu mora da se rekonstruie. Prilikom obnove krova treba teiti da se sauva izvorna forma i nagib krovnih ravni. Izuzetno vaan element je krovni pokriva iji izbor proistie iz lokalne tradicije. Dogradnja aneksa Pod aneksom se podrazumeva novi dodatni deo ija je visina za jednu etau nia od visine kue, a u osnovi zauzima najvie polovinu povrine osnove kue. Aneks moe da bude trem iznad koga je terasa, terasa ispod koje su prostorije, prostorija sa kosim krovom koja moe da bude ostava, stambeni prostor, apartmanski prostor, garaa, sanitarne prostorije i sl. Rekonstrukcija starog kuita izgradnjom nove kue Postoji znaajan broj situacija u kojima su stare kue inile grupe, nizove i grozdove, a da je unutar tih skupina po neka od zgrada, ili vei deo njih evidentno propao do mjere da su ostali samo temelji, ili neupotrebljivi zidovi. U takvim sluajevima je mogua izgradnja potpuno nove kue ali uz potovanje gabarita stare kue. Renewal of traditional house Types of interventions within the term renewal of the old house The renewal of traditional houses is main activity in the case of renewal of traditional ambience, and renewed house is main architectural element of the village. The term renewal regards: Renewal and conservation of ground floor zone of the house (yard, walls, fences, underpinning); Constructive repair of the house (foundation, walls, storey constructions); Sanitary technical equipping of the house (construction of sanitary premises, equipping with modern installations); Overbuilding with the annexes (rooms, kitchens, utility premises, sanitary premises) as well as Overbuilding the house (elevating the attic to become a storey, or storey construction).
Keeping and improving the architecture of ground floors in the yard Conservation and renewal of the existing architecture of the ground floor (terrain leveling, constructions without mortar, stairs, paved and blocked pavement parts of the yard, fences, etc.) is obligatory during the renewal of the house. The ground floor is a significant motive of traditional architecture. During the renewal it is possible to execute additional constructions in the parts and zones of ground floor, in order to adapt it with contemporary needs. Conserving the size of house Conservation of the existing size of house is obligatory during the renewal of the house, unless the overbuilding is not anticipated. Conservation of the existing size means that the existing shape of the house is kept during the renewal, as well as the existing dimensions (keeping of the facade height, width and other dimensions, relation between massive wall surfaces and openings, etc., is specially emphasized), and the shape and slope of the roof.
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Preparcelacija postojeih parcela Preparcelacija postojeih parcela je mogua u zoni u kojoj se grade nove kue u gabaritu starih kako bi se kroz preparcelaciju dobili povoljniji odnosi slobodnih povrina, povoljniji peaki i kolski pristupi i sl. Preparcelacija moe da se radi za onu grupu kua iji vlasnici se izjasne da su voljni da pristupe preparcelaciji. Potovanje gabarita stare kue U svim sluajevima rekonstrukcije starih kuita potrebno je prilikom nove izgradnje da se potuje stari gabarit. Razlog tome je to u izgraenom seoskom tkivu arhitektonsko grae-vinsku cjelinu ne ini samo jedna kua, ili pojedinani objekat ve ukupna grupacija sa svim svojim objektima, parterom, i sl. Otvaranje prozora i vrata nove kue ka susjedu Prozori i vrata nove kue ka susjedu mogu da se otvaraju na isti nain kako je to bilo i u staroj kui, ukoliko ne remete privatnost susjeda. Mogue je izvriti promjene poloaja vrata i prozora, ali treba teiti da se istovremeno ugroavanje privatnosti susjeda svede na minimum. Potovanje graevinske stabilnosti susjednih kua Graevinska stabilnost susjednih kua, njihova upotrebljivost, ispravnost instalacija i sl. kao i javnih povrina i drugih objekata u susjedstvu, ne smije da bude naruena izgradnjom nove kue kojom e se rekonstruisati staro kuite. Da bi se to obezbijedilo neophodno je pri izgradnji nove kue predvidjeti odgovarajue zatitne radove. Arhitektura nove kue izgraene rekonstrukcijom starog kuita Pod ovim se podrazumijeva niz pristupa i postupaka, od doslovne imitacije tradicionalne kue do razliitih interpretacija narodne arhitekture. Prilikom projektovanja treba se pridravati odreenih stilskih odlika koje se mogu kombinovati sa savremenim rjeenjima. Izgradnja nove kue u tradicionalnom duhu Pod ovim se ne podra-zumijeva imitacija tradicionalne kue, ve se preporuuje reinterpretacija odreenih tipolokih odlika u sprezi sa Overbuilding with new storey Overbuilding with new storey is recommended in the frame of existing horizontal size of the house. That storey can have a form of attic (the ceiling forms oblique roof construction) or it can have flat ceiling above which there is attic space which could be used as utility space. New floor must not jeopardize neighbors and it should be constructed in line with traditional principles. Treatment of the traditional form of the roof The roof is one of the elements which by the rule must be reconstructed during the renewal. During the renewal of the roof it should be aimed at conservation of the origin form and the roof slopes. A very important element is roofing which selection comes from local traditions. Overbuilding the annex Annex implies new additional part which height is one storey lower of the house, and with the base utmost large as half of the base of house. Annex could be a porch under the terrace, terrace under which there are rooms, room with oblique roof which could be used as pantry, residential space, apartment space, garage, sanitary premises etc. Reconstruction of the old house site by construction of a new house There is a significant number of locations where the old houses made groups, lines and clusters, and inside those groups some of the facilities, or larger part of them is obviously ruined and where only foundations or useless walls exist. In such cases construction of a totally new house is possible but with respecting the size of the old house. Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land is possible in the zone where new houses are constructed within the size of the old houses, in order to achieve more favorable relation between free spaces, more favorable pedestrian and cart-track access, etc. Reparcelization could be executed for the group of houses which owners state that they are ready to start re-parcelization.
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savremenim funkcionalnim, graevinskim, energetskim i pejnim rjeenjima. Pravila za polaganje kue na parcelu Nova kua moe da bude postavljena na razliite naine, ali svojom postavkom ne smije da ugrozi susjedne kue, ili javne povrine, javne objekte, infrastrukturu i sl. Da bi se ovo obezbijedilo potrebno je da se pri projektovanju i izgradnji nove kue potuju pravila koja se sreu u tradicionalnoj arhitekturi, koja su se kristalisala kroz vreme i kojima su dodata i neka nova. Arhitektura nove kue u tradicionalnom duhu Spratna visina treba da je usklaena sa spratnim visinama objekata u okruenju. Broj etaa, posmatrajui sa najnie strane kue je 3, a broj meduspratnih konstrukcija je 2. Zadnja etaa moe da bude raena kao i etaa ispod nje, znai sa ravnim plafonom pri emu je iznad tog prostora tavanski prostor, ili moe da bude raena kao potkrovlje sa kosim plafonom. Otvori za prozore i vrata na drugoj i treoj etai treba da su po povrini u skladu sa otvorima susjednih objekata. Komponovanje veeg broja osnovnih volumena i aneksa Komponovanje veeg broja osnovnih volumena (kubusa) i aneksa je podrano. Ovakvim kompono-vanjem je mogue dobiti nizove, grupe ili grozdove kua. Ukupna povrina moe da bude vrlo velika i da zadovolji razliite programe, a da se pritom ne ugroze tradicionalne stilske odlike. Neprihvatljivi arhitektonski postupci, rjeenja i elementi Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera je neprihvatljiva: upotreba arhitektonskih kompozicija, oblika, dimenzija, elemenata, boja i materijala koji otstupaju od stilskih odlika lokalne arhitekture bilo da pripadaju drugim stilovima, bilo da su plod neukosti, neznanja, neprofesionalizma i sl. Usjecanje terena za postavjanje itave osnove kue Usecanje terena za postavljanje itave osnove kue na ravnu povrinu se ne preporuuje. Pod tim se podrazumijeva usjecanje terena za samu osnovu kue, ili i za prolaz iza kue. Umjesto toga instalacionim, Respecting the size of the old house In all cases of reconstruction of the old house sites it is necessary to respect the old size during new construction. The reason for that is the fact that in developed rural area architectural construction whole is not comprised only of one house or separate facility, but of total grouping with all its facilities, ground floor, etc. Construction of windows and doors facing neighbor Windows and doors of a new house facing neighbor could be constructed in the same way like it used to be on the old house, unless that disturbs the privacy of the neighbor. It is possible to change the positions of the windows and doors, but that should be aimed to decrease the disturbance to minimum. Respecting the construction stability of neighboring houses Construction stability of neighboring houses, their utilization, functioning of installation, etc., as well as public surfaces and other facilities in neighborhood, must not be disturbed with construction of a new house, i.e. with reconstruction of an old house site. In order to secure that, it is necessary to anticipate appropriate protective works during the reconstruction. Architecture of a new house built with reconstruction of an old house site This implies several approaches and procedures, from the very imitation of traditional house to the different interpretations of folk architecture. During the elaboration of design, certain styles should be respected which could be combined with contemporary solutions. Construction of a new house in traditional spirit This does not imply imitation of traditional house, but what is recommended is reinterpretation of certain typological characteristics in line with contemporary functional, construction, energy and landscape solutions. Rules for placing a house on a parcel of land New house could be placed in different ways, but with its position it should not jeopardize neighboring houses, or public surfaces, public facilities, infrastructure, etc. In order to secure this, it is
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osnova kue treba da se kroz denivelaciju prilagodi padu terena. Pejzana arhitektura Izostavljanje pejzane arhitekture nije prihvatljivo. Pod ovim se podrazumijeva otsustvo prilagoavanja povrine dvorita prirodnoj morfologiji terena, kao i otsustvo podzida, ograda, stepenica, rampi i drugih elementa koji treba da budu graeni od kamena i ostalih prirodnih materijala. Koristiti autohtone vrste biljaka. Korienje predimenzionisanog gabarita Korienje predimenzionisanog gabarita kue je iskljueno. Pod ovim se podrazumijeva gabarit koji se formira korienjem spratnih visina koje nisu u skladu sa okolinom, kao i sa veim brojem etaa od tri, odnosno sa veim brojem meuspratnih konstrukcija od dvije, gledajui sa najnie strane kue. Trai se visina od najvie tri etae za najnie skladu sa otvorima okolnih kua. necessary that during the design and construction of a new house rules found in traditional architecture are respected, as well as the rules which were crystallized during the time and to which a new rules were added. Architecture of a new house in traditional spirit The height of the storey should be harmonized with the height of the storey of neighboring facilities. There are 3 floors, watching from the lowest side of the house and 2 floor constructions. The highest storey could be constructed like the storey under it, with flat ceiling where the space above is attic, or it could be constructed as an attic with oblique ceiling. Openings for windows and doors on the second and third floor should be harmonized with surface of the openings on neighboring facilities. Composing the larger number of main volumes and annexes Composing of the larger number of main volumes (kubus) and annexes is supported. With such composing, it is possible to obtain lines, groups or clusters of the houses. Total surface could be very large and it could satisfy different programs, without disturbing traditional style characteristics. Unacceptable architectonic actions, solutions and elements Architecture which generally deviates from original character The architecture which generally deviates from original character is unacceptable: the use of architectural compositions, shapes, dimensions, elements, colors and materials which are not in line with style characteristics of the local architecture, i.e. belong to other styles, they are fruits of incompetence, ignorance, unprofessional work, etc. Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house is not recommended. This implies cutting of the terrain for the very base of the house or for the corridor behind the house too. Instead, the base of the house should be adapted to the terrain inclination through leveling. Landscape architecture Neglecting of the landscape architecture is unacceptable. This
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implies the lack of adapting of the yard surface to the natural terrain morphology, as well as the lack of underpinning, fences, stairs, ramps and other elements which should be constructed of stone and other natural materials. Autochthon types of the plants should be used. The use of over-dimensioned size The use of over-dimensioned size is out of question. This implies size formed by the use of storey heights which are not harmonized with surrounding, as well as with higher number of storey than three, i.e. higher number of floor constructions than two, watched from the lowest side of the house. The height should be utmost three floors and in line with the openings on neighboring houses.
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Literatura Bobi M., Hibrid tradicije, ''Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore - Iskustva, pouke, vidici'', Monografija, Graevinski fakultet Univerziteta Crne Gore, Podgorica, 2005. Boovi G., Naselja i kue Tivatskog zaliva, Centar za planiranje urbanog razvoja, Beograd, 1980. Gakovi S., Patrovska kua, Istraivanje za potrebe prostornog plana optine Budva, Beograd projekt - Centar za planiranje urbanog razvoja, Beograd, 1979. Koji B., Seoska arhitektura i rurizam - teorija i elementi, Graevinska knjiga, Beograd, 1973. Kruni J., Roaje - stara kua i varo, Roajski zbornik, godina IV, broj 4, 1985. Kruni J., Tip stare kue i struktura naselja u oblasti Plavskog jezera, Beograd projekt - Centar za planiranje urbanog razvoja, Beograd, 1981. Milenkovi B., Uvod u arhitektonsku analizu II, Compendium, Graevinska knjiga, Beograd, 1991. Petrovi Z., Selo i seoska kua u Boki Kotorskoj, Univerzitet u Beogradu, Zbornik Arhitektonskog fakulteta, III knjiga, Beograd, 1957. Radovi R., Osmehnuti arm narodnih kua, asopis ''ovjek i prostor'', 5/1988., Zagreb, 1988. Simonovi ., Petrovi Z., Seoska naselja, dvorita i kue u okolini Cetinja, Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SAN, knjiga II-III, Beograd, 1957. Vuksanovi D., Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore i bioklimatizam, Zadubina Andrejevi, Beograd, 1998. Vuksanovi D., Bioclimatic Characteristics of Some Traditional Urban and Architectural Forms in Montenegro, PLEA '91 The Ninth International PLEA Conference "Architecture and Urban Space", Proceedings, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 245-250, Seville, Spain, 1991. Vuksanovi D., Vernacular Architecture: a Paradigm for Sustainable Buildings, Teaching in Architecture Conference TIA 2000 Sustainable Buildings for the 21st Century, Proceedings, 7.15, Oxford, UK, 2000. Vuksanovi D., Ekoloke odlike u graditeljstvu sela obalnog podruja Skadarskog jezera kao razvojni potencijal, ''Selo u Crnoj Gori'', Zbornik radova, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Univerzitet Crne Gore, Podgorica, 2002. Vuksanovi D., Transposition of Traditional Building Patterns in Montenegro: Ecological aspects, Montenegrin Eco-logic Lab, 9th International Exhibition of Architecture: La Biennale di Venezia, 2004. Popovi S. G., Geneza nastanka i uticajni faktori razvoja Danilovgrada,Bgd.2003.god. Radovic G. D., Stambena i javna arhitektura Cetinja od XV vijeka do II.svjetskog rata, Bgd.2003.god. Grupa autora,Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore/iskustva, pouke, vidici/ Pgd, 2005.god.monografija. Projekat Juzni jadran, Prostorno planski dokument, RZUP 1967.god. Izvori ilustracija Boovi G., Naselja i kue Tivatskog zaliva Gakovi S., Patrovska kua Koji B., Seoska arhitektura u Kotorskom zalivu Koji B., Seoska arhitektura i rurizam - teorija i elementi Kruni J., Roaje - stara kua i varo Kruni J., Tip stare kue i strutura naselja u oblasti Plavskog jezera Petrovi Z., Selo i seoska kua u Boki Kotorskoj Simonovi ., Petrovi Z., Seoska naselja, dvorita i kue u okolini Cetinja Vuksanovi D., Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore i bioklimatizam Licni arhiv S.G.Popovica, D.Kujovic Muzej grada Kolasina, Crtezi Z.Petrovica,studenata I.god.Arhitektonskog fakulteta u Podgorici Fotografije Duan Vuksanovi, Svetislav G. Popovi, Stevan Kordi, Neboja Adi, Sanja i Dejan Mitrovi, studenti Arhitektonskog fakulteta u Podgorici, www.montenegrobeauty.cg.yu
arhitektonski atlas crne gore architectural atlas of montenegro

Izdava: Ministarstvo turizma i zatite ivotne sredine; Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj; GTZ Njemaka tehnika saradnja. Radni tim Autori: Prof. dr Duan Vuksanovi, dipl. ing. arh. Doc. mr Svetislav G. Popovi, dipl. ing. arh. Urednik: Sanja Ljekovi Mitrovi, dipl. ing. pejz. arh. projekt ininjer za prostorno i urbanistiko planiranje GTZ Podgorica
CIP , 71/72(497.16)(084.4) , Arhitektosnki atlas Crne Gore = Arcitectural atlas of Montenegro : preporuke za graenje = recommendations for construction / [autori Duan Vuksanovi, Svetislav G. Popovi ; fotografije Duan Vuksanovi...et al.l]. - Podgorica : Ministarstvo turizma i zatite ivotne sredine : Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj : GTZ - Njemaka tehnika saradnja - German Technical Cooperation, 2008 (Podgorica : Atel). - 70 str. : ilustr. ; 21 x 21 cm Podatak o autorima preuzet iz kolofona. - Tekst uporedo na crnogorskom i engl. jeziku. Bibliografijaa: str. 70. ISBN 978-9940-520-05-2 (Ministarstvo turizma i zatite ivotne sredine) 1. . . . 2. , . [] ) - - COBISS.CG-ID 12562192
Lektori: Tijana Durkovi Slavica Stojkovi Naslovna strana, dizajn i kompjuterska obrada: Dejan Mitrovi
tampa: Atel, Podgorica.
Kontakt: Belvederska 5, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro Telefon: +382 (0)81 208 295; +382 (0)81 208 296
Njema ka tehni ka saradnja | German Technical Cooperation
Republika Crna Gora Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj
arhitektonski atlas crne gore | architectural atlas of montenegro

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arhitektonski atlas crne gore architectural atlas of montenegro

recommendations for construction

3. Tipologija tradicionalne varoke i seoske kue i elementi arhitekture

4. Savremene realizacije i preporuke za graenje na nivou regija

4. Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction at the level of regions

Primorje (Juni region) | Coast (Southern region)

Niki, danas | today

Struktura starog naselja Prno | Old settlement Przno

Brca, primorje | coast

Bajice, Karstna oblast | Karst region

a) Vrba; b) Tudorovii; c) Brca (primorje)

Naselja formirana upravno na izohipse | Settlem. formed vertically on contour lines

Gornjni Stoliv, primorje | coast

Godinje, Karstna oblast | Karst region

Architecture of the buildings is pretty simple, traditional with walls

Budva stari grad | Old town

Kotor stari grad | Old town

Kue Kotorskog zaliva, Gornji Stoliv | Houses of Kotors bay

Patrovska kua, tipologija | Pastovska house, typology

Patrovska kua, Tudorovii | Pastrovska house

Karakteristini detalji | Characteristic details Tudorovii

Crmnica Kua u Krtolima | House in Krtole

Elementi arhitekture u primorju i krasu | Elements of architecture in coast and karst

Tipologija varoke kue | Topology of urban settlements house

Izgled dvojne gradske kue u Danilovgradu | View of double city house

Starovaroka kua u Nikiu | Old house in Niksic

Plavi dvorac, Cetinje | Blue castle

Detalji Danilovrad, balkoni | Balcony details Francusko poslanstvo | French mission

Cetinje, Njegoeva ulica | Njegoseva street in Cetinje Cetinje, Zetski dom

Niki, Dvorac Kralja Nikole | Castle of King Nikola

Andrijevica balkon stare kue | Balcony of old house

Kolain, fasada tipine gradske ulice | Typical faade of city house

Plav, Kula Redepagia

Kula, staro graditeljstvo

Hotel Maestral, Prno

Budva, Slovenska plaa

PEC Kamena kua

PC Stara varo, Roaje Obnova Patrovske kue

4.4. Preporuke za graenje - elementi tehnike uslove

Realizations and projects in the space of high mountains (Northern region) :

Dom kulture, Kolain

Kafe bar, Kolain

Stambena zgrada, Kolain

Stambeni niz, Kolain

Stari grad, Budva

arhitektonski atlas crne gore architectural atlas of montenegro

tampa: Atel, Podgorica.

Njema ka tehni ka saradnja | German Technical Cooperation

Republika Crna Gora Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj

arhitektonski atlas crne gore | architectural atlas of montenegro

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