By: Laura Chang and Chaaru Raghavan

Born in village of San Gabriel, Jalisco, Mexico Witnessed 1926-29 Cristero Religious War and Mexican Revolution; lost mother, father, and two uncles during this time period Sent to an orphanage for four years, was an avid reader Attended the University of Guadalajara at age 16 for a short time before moving to Mexico City, grandfather wanted him to become a lawyer, but he failed the entrance exam Worked as an immigration agent throughout Mexico, learned dialects and customs Co-founded the literary review Pan with Juan Jos Arreola and Antonio Alatorre Married Clara Aparicio in 1948 and had four sons Wrote screenplays in Mexico City and was a television producer in Guadalajara Began writing around 1940, published a collection of 15 short stories in 1953 and Pablo Pramo in 1955, left an unfinished story upon death Won several awards including the National Literature Prize (1970) and Prncipe de Asturias Prize (1983) Suffered from lung cancer, died of a heart attack like his mother

Influenced by: Spoon River Anthology by Edgar Lee Masters (United States), William Faulker (United States), Joo Guimares Rosa (Brazil), Knut Hamsun (Norway), Elio Vittorini (Italy) Influenced: Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Colombia), Elmer Mendoza (Mexico), Daniel Sada (Mexico), Carlos Fuentes (Panama)

Cacique systems: local political bosses who hold excessive power/influence Machismo: heavily patriarchal society Females discovered themselves by identifying with figures Transition between rural, agrarian society and rapidly urbanizing, industrialization Heavily Catholic Economic disparity common Mexican Revolution brought about widespread violence

Revolution of the bourgeoisie/impoverished farmers against the corrupt local and national governments Leaders: Alvaro Obregon: Became involved on the behalf of Francisco Madero, raised an army in the North to fight Orozco, served as the President of Mexico, assassinated in 1928 Pancho Villa: Military strategist who won allegiance with Northern Mexico, eventually sentenced to death for disobeying Emilio Zapata: Fought for land and liberty, instrumental in bringing down Diaz (1911) and Huerta (1914), tricked into a meeting with General Carranza and killed upon arrival Venustiano Carranza: Joined forces with Madero temporarily, elected President 1917, tried to put a political supporter in power in 1920, killed in his sleep

Area of focus: State of Sonora Cananea Strike (1906): Mexican workers demanded equal wages, were forced to return to their positions without their demands being met, 23 people died Carranza sought refuge at the start of the Revolution and later became a major leader Location for the rise of military leader Obrego who served as the commander-in-chief of the revolutionary forces in NW Mexico under Carranza Armies from the region were composed of soldiers from lowermiddle class families Obregons hand-picked successor Plutarco Calles was from this region

In 1950, 98.21% of the Mexico's population identified themselves as Catholic Cristero War (1926 1929)

1917 Constitution (following an overthrow of the Mexican dictator Diaz) imposed several restrictions on the Mexican Clergy Legislation enforced with the rise of President Plutarco Calles, Catholic priests called for a government boycott in response July 31, 1926: Catholic bishops stopped all worship services in Mexico, started the Revolution Ended in the loss of 90,000 lives

Definition: the implementation of magical elements in conjunction with reality. Elements: multiple worlds/realities, integrated supernatural, cyclical sense of time, intentional ambiguity regarding credibility Latin America

Many claim as the origin of magic realism Became popular in the 1940s as a mode of creating an independent and unique literary style Authors utilized themes of chaos, revolution, and political turmoil

The Ghost of Hamlet's father: Where did he originate from and what are his intentions?
Purgatory "I am your father's spirit/doomed for a certain term to walk the night/And for the day confined to fast in fires/Till the foul crimes done in my days of nature/Are burnt and purged away" (Hamlet, 1.5.9-13, pp. 211-12) Hell The ghost supports murder and revenge rather than mercy and forgiveness, avoids daylight, fails to mention atonement Heaven Hamlet's mission is portrayed as one of divine justice: "Heaven hath pleased it so/That I must be their scourge and minister" (Hamlet, 3.4.171-3, pp. 350-51) Hamlet invokes the word "heaven" in dark contexts, recognizes a divine power, but disregards it

Inferno (Hell)

Hell is composed of nine circles, each with a significant sin and punishment

The Self Indulgent: lust, gluttony, avarice/prodigality, wrath The Violent: violence The Malicious: fraud, treachery Other: limbo, heretics

Hell contrasts reality in terms of clarity: in hell, everyone's sins are open for all to see/be punished for. Purgatorio (Purgatory) Mountain of Purgatory with two levels of antepurgatory (the excommunicate andthe late repentant) and seven terraces, each referring to a different "root" of sin.

Pride, Envy, Wrath, Sloth, Greed, Gluttony, Lust

Purgatory represents spiritual growth and the Christian life. Paradiso (Heaven) Heaven is composed of nine spheres, representative of angelic hierarchy.

Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Fixed Stars, Primum Mobile

The soul's journey through heaven towards God.

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