PART I

Foundations of Business
 CHAPTER 1

NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

• explain the concept and characteristics of business;

• compare the distinctive features of business, profession and

employment;

• classify business activities and clarify the meaning of industry and

commerce;

• state various types of industry;

• explain the activities relating to commerce;

• analyse the objectives of business;

• describe the nature of business risks and their causes; and

• discuss the basic factors to be considered while starting a business.

NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS 3

Imran, Manpreet, Joseph and Priyanka have been classmates in Class X. After
their exams are over, they happen to meet at a common friend Ruchika’s house.
Just when they are sharing their experiences of examination days, Ruchika’s
father, Mr. Raghuraj Chaudhury intervenes and asks about their well-being. He
also enquires from each one of them about their career plans. But none of them
has a definite reply. Mr. Raghuraj, who himself is a businessman, suggests to
them that they can opt for business as a promising and challenging career.
Joseph gets excited by the idea and says, “Yes, business is really good for making
lots of money even more than is possible by becoming an engineer or a doctor.”
Mr. Raghuraj opines, “Let me tell you, young man, there is a lot more to business
than merely money”. He then gets busy with some other guests. However, the
four classmates begin raising many questions: What exactly business is all about?
What else is there in business besides money? How is business different from
non-business activities? What does one require to start a business? And, so on.

1.1 INTRODUCTION influence on our daily lives. It,

The conversation among the four
classmates is obviously focused on the
meaning, nature and purpose of
business. All human beings, wherever
they may be, require different types of
goods and services to satisfy their
needs. The necessity of supplying goods
and services has led to certain activities
being undertaken by people to produce
and sell what is needed by others.
Business is a major economic activity
in all modern societies concerned as it
is with the production and sale of
goods and services required by people.
The purpose behind most business
activities is to earn money by meeting
people’s demands for goods and
services. Business is central to our lives.
Although our lives are influenced by
many other institutions in modern
society such as schools, colleges,
hospitals, political parties and religious
bodies, business has the major
therefore, becomes important that we
understand the concept, nature and
purpose of business.
1.2 CONCEPT OF BUSINESS
The term business is derived from the
word ‘busy’. Thus, business means
being busy. However, in a specific
sense, business refers to any
occupation in which people regularly
engage in an activity with a view to
earning profit. The activity may consist
of production or purchase of goods for
sale, or exchange of goods or supply of
services to satisfy the needs of other
people.
In every society people undertake
various activities to satisfy their needs.
These activities may be broadly
classified into two groups — economic
and non-economic. Economic activities
are those by which we can earn our
livelihood whereas non-economic
4 BUSINESS STUDIES
activities are those performed out of
love, sympathy, sentiments, patriotism,
etc. For example, a worker working in
a factory, a doctor operating in his
clinic, a manager working in the office
and a teacher teaching in a school—
are doing so to earn their livelihood and
are, therefore, engaged in an economic
activity. On the other hand, a housewife
cooking food for her family or a boy
helping an old man cross the road are
performing non-economic activities
since they are doing so out of love or
sympathy. Economic activities may be
further divided into three categories,
namely business, profession and
employment. Business may be defined
as an economic activity involving the
production and sale of goods and
services undertaken with a motive of
earning profit by satisfying human
needs in society.
1.3 C HARACTERISTICS OF BUSINESS
ACTIVITIES
In order to appreciate how business
activity is different from other activities
in society, the nature of business or its
fundamental character must be
explained in terms of its distinguishing
characteristics, which are as follows:
(i) An economic activity: Business is
considered to be an economic activity
because it is undertaken with the object
of earning money or livelihood and not
because of love, affection, sympathy or
any other sentimental reason.
(ii) Production or procurement of
goods and services: Before goods are
offered to people for consumption they
must be either produced or procured
by business enterprises. Thus, every
business enterprise either manu-
factures the goods it deals in or it
acquires them from producers, to be
further sold to consumers or users.
Goods may consist of consumable
items of daily use such as sugar, ghee,
pen, notebook, etc. or capital goods like
machinery, furniture, etc. Services may
include facilities offered to consumers
in the form of transportation, banking,
electricity, etc.
(iii) Sale or exchange of goods and
services for the satisfaction of
human needs: Directly or indirectly,
business involves transfer or exchange
of goods and services for value. If goods
are produced not for the purpose of
sale but say for internal consumption,
it cannot be called a business activity.
Cooking food at home for the family is
not business, but cooking food and
selling it to others in a restaurant is
business. Thus, one essential
characteristic of business is that there
should be sale or exchange of goods
or services between the seller and
the buyer.
(iv) Dealings in goods and services
on a regular basis: Business involves
dealings in goods or services on a
regular basis. One single transaction
of sale or purchase, therefore, does not
constitute business. Thus, for example,
if a person sells his/her domestic radio
set even at a profit, it will not be
considered a business activity. But if
he/she sells radio sets regularly either
through a shop or from his/her
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS 5

residence, it will be regarded as a changes in consumer tastes and

business activity.
(v) Profit earning: One of the main
purpose of business is to earn income
by way of profit. No business can
survive for long without earning profit.
That is why businessmen make all
possible efforts to maximise profits, by
increasing the volume of sales or
reducing costs.
(vi) Uncertainty of return: Uncertainty
of return refers to the lack of knowledge
relating to the amount of money that
the business is going to earn in a given
period. Every business invests money
(capital) to run its activities with the
objective of earning profit. But it is not
fashions, changes in methods of
production, strike or lockout in the
work place, increased competition in
the market, fire, theft, accidents,
natural calamities, etc. No business
can altogether do away with risks.
1.4 COMPARISON OF BUSINESS,
PROFESSION AND EMPLOYMENT
As has been mentioned earlier,
economic activities may be divided into
three major categories viz.,
(i) Business
(ii) Profession
(iii) Employment

Business Functions at Enterprise Level

Business includes a wide variety of functions performed by many different kinds
of organisations called business enterprises or firms. Financing, production
marketing and human resource management are the four major functions which
are performed by business enterprises to carry on business. Financing is
concerned with mobilising and utilising funds for running a business enterprise.
Production involves the conversion of raw materials into finished products or
generation of services. Marketing refers to all those activities which facilitate
exchange of goods and services from producers to the people who need them, at
a place they want, at a time they require and at a price they are prepared to pay.
Human resource management aims at ensuring the availability of working people
who have necessary skills to perform various tasks in enterprises.

certain as to what amount of profit will Business refers to those economic

be earned. Also, there is always a
possibility of losses being incurred, in
spite of the best efforts put into the
business.
(vii) Element of risk: Risk is the
uncertainty associated with an
exposure to loss. It is caused by some
unfavourable or undesirable event. The
risks are related with certain factors like
activities, which are connected with the
production or purchase and sale of
goods or supply of services with the
main object of earning profit. People
engaged in business earn income in the
form of profit.
Profession includes those activities,
which require special knowledge and
skill to be applied by individuals in
6 BUSINESS STUDIES

their occupation. Such activities are
generally subject to guidelines or codes
of conduct laid down by professional
bodies. Those engaged in professions
are known as professionals. For
example, doctors are engaged in the
medical profession and are subject to
the regulations of the Medical Council
of India, the concerned professional
body. Similarly, lawyers are engaged
in the legal profession, governed by the
Bar Council of India and Chartered
Accountants belong to the accounting
profession and are subject to the
regulations of the Institute of Chartered
Accountants of India.
Employment refers to the
occupation in which people work for
others and get remunerated in return.
Those who are employed by others are
known as employees. Thus, people who
work in factories and receive wages and

COMPARISON OF BUSINESS, PROFESSION AND EMPLOYMENT

Basic Business Profession Employment
Entrepreneur's Membership of a
Appointment letter
1. Mode of decision and other professional body
and service
establishment legal for malities, if and certificate of
agreement
necessary practice
Provision of goods Rendering of Per for ming work as
2. Nature of work and services to the personalised, per service contract
public expert services or rules of service
Expertise and Qualification and
No minimum
training in a training as
3. Qualification qualification is
specific field is a prescribed by the
necessary
must employer
4. Reward or
Profit ear ned Professional fee Salary or wages
retur n
Capital investment
Limited capital
5. Capital required as per
needed for No capital required
investment size and nature of
establishment
business
Profits are
Fee is generally
uncertain and Fixed and regular
6. Risk regular and
irregular; risk is pay; no risk
certain; some risk
present
T ransfer possible
7. T ransfer of
with some Not possible Not possible
interest
for malities
Nor ms of behaviour
Professional code
No code of conduct laid down by the
8. Code of conduct of conduct is to be
is prescribed employer are to be
followed
followed.
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS
salaries are in the employment of
factory owners and are employees of
the factory. Similarly, people who work
in the offices of banks, insurance
companies or government department,
as managers, assistants, clerks, peons
or security guards are the employees
of these organisations.
1.5 CLASSIFICATION OF BUSINESS
ACTIVITIES
Various business activities may be
classified into two broad categories —
industry and commerce. Industry is
concerned with the production or
processing of goods and materials.
Commerce includes all those activities
which are necessary for facilitating the
7
exchange of goods and services. On the
basis of these two categories, we may
classify business firms into industrial
and commercial enterprises.
Let us examine in detail the
activities relating to business.
1.6 INDUSTRY
Industry refers to economic activities,
which are connected with conversion
of resources into useful goods. The
term industry is used for activities in
which mechanical appliances and
technical skills are involved. These
include activities relating to producing
or processing of goods as well as
breeding and raising of animals. The
term industry is also used to mean
8 BUSINESS STUDIES
groups of firms producing similar or
related goods. For example, cotton
textile industry refers to all
manufacturing units producing textile
goods from cotton. Similarly, electronic
industry would include all firms
producing electronic goods, and so on.
Further, in common parlance, certain
services like banking and insurance
are also referred to as industry,
say banking industry, insurance
industry etc.
Industries may be divided into
three broad categories namely primary,
secondary and tertiary.
(a) Primary industries: These include
all those activities, which are
connected with the extraction and
production of natural resources and
reproduction and development of
living organisms, plants etc. These
industries may be further sub-
divided as follows:
(i) Extractive industries: These
industries extract or draw out
products from natural sources.
Extractive industries supply
some basic raw materials that
are mostly products of the soil.
Products of these industries are
usually transformed into many
other useful goods by
manufacturing industries.
Important extractive industries
include farming, mining,
lumbering, hunting and fishing
operations.
(ii) Genetic industries: These
industries remain engaged in
breeding plants and animals
for their use in further
reproduction. For the breeding
of plants, the seeds and nursery
companies are typical examples
of genetic industries. In
addition, activities of cattle-
breeding farms, poultry farms,
and fish hatchery come under
the class of genetic industries.
(b) Secondary industries: These are
concerned with using the materials,
which have already been extracted
at the primary stage. These
industries process such materials to
produce goods for final
consumption or for further
processing by other industrial units.
For example, the mining of an iron
ore is a primary industry, but
manufacturing of steel is a
secondary industry. Secondary
industries may be further divided as
follows:
(i) Manufacturing industries: These
industries are engaged in
producing goods through
processing of raw materials and
thus creating form utilities. They
turn out diverse finished
products, that we consume,
through the conversion of raw
materials or partly finished
materials in their manufacturing
operations. Manufacturing
industries may be further
divided into four categories on
the basis of method of operation
for production.
• Analytical industry which
analyses and separates
different elements from the
same materials, as in the case
of oil refinery.
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS
• Synthetical industry which
combines various ingredients
into a new product, as in the
case of cement.
• Processing industry which
involves successive stages for
manufacturing finished
products, as in the case of
sugar and paper.
• Assembling industry which
assembles different compo-
nent parts to make a new
product, as in the case of
television, car, computer, etc.
(ii) Construction industries: These
industries are involved in the
construction of buildings, dams,
bridges, roads as well as tunnels
and canals. Engineering and
architectural skills are an
important part in construction
industries.
(c) Tertiary industries: These are
concerned with providing support
services to primary and secondary
industries as well as activities
relating to trade. These industries
provide service facilities. As
business activities these may be
considered part of commerce
because as auxiliaries to trade
they assist trade. Included in
this category are transport,
banking, insurance, warehousing,
communication, packaging and
advertising.
1.7 COMMERCE
Commerce includes two types of acti-
vities, viz., (i) trade and (ii) auxiliaries
9
to trade. Buying and selling of goods is
termed as trade. But there are a lot of
activities that are required to facilitate
the purchase and sale of goods. These
are called services or auxiliaries to trade
and include transport, banking,
insurance, communication, advertise-
ment, packaging and warehousing.
Commerce, therefore, includes both,
buying and selling of goods i.e., trade
as well as auxiliaries such as
transport, banking, etc. Commerce
provides the necessary link between
producers and consumers. It embraces
all those activities, which are necessary
for maintaining a free flow of goods and
services. Thus, all activities involving
the removal of hindrances in the
process of exchange are included in
commerce. The hindrances may be in
respect of persons, place, time, risk,
finance, etc. The hindrance of persons
is removed by trade thereby making
goods available to the consumers from
the producers. Transport removes the
hindrances of place by moving goods
from the places of production to the
markets for sale. Storage and
warehousing activities remove the
hindrance of time by facilitating
holding of stocks of goods to be sold as
and when required. Goods held in stock
as well as goods in course of transport
are subject to the risk of loss or damage
due to theft, fire, accidents, etc.
Protection against these risks is
provided by insurance of goods. Capital
required to undertake the above
activities is provided by banking and
financing institutions. Advertising
10
makes it possible for producers and
traders to inform consumers about the
goods and services available in the
market. Hence, commerce is said to
consist of activities of removing the
hindrances of persons, place, time, risk,
finance and information in the process
of exchange of goods and services.
1.7.1 Trade
Trade is an essential part of commerce.
It refers to sale, transfer or exchange of
goods. It helps in making the goods
produced available to ultimate
consumers or users. These days goods
are produced on a large scale and it is
difficult for producers to themselves
reach individual buyers for sale of their
products. Businessmen are engaged in
trading activities as middlemen to make
the goods available to consumers in
different markets. In the absence of
trade, it would not be possible to
undertake production activities on a
large scale.
Trade may be classified into two
broad categories — internal and
external. Internal or home trade is
concerned with the buying and selling
of goods and services within the
geographical boundaries of a country.
This may further be divided into
wholesale and retail trade. When goods
are purchased and sold in bulk, it is
known as wholesale trade. When goods
are purchased and sold in
comparatively smaller quantities, it is
referred to as retail trade. External or
foreign trade consists of the exchange
of goods and services between persons
BUSINESS STUDIES
or organisations operating in two or
more countries. If goods are purchased
from another country, it is called import
trade. If they are sold to other countries,
it is known as export trade. When goods
are imported for export to other
countries, it is known as entrepot trade.
1.7.2 Auxiliaries to Trade
Activities which are meant for assisting
trade are known as auxiliaries to trade.
These activities are generally, referred
to as services because these are in the
nature of facilitating the activities
relating to industry and trade.
T ransport, banking, insurance,
warehousing, and advertising are
regarded as auxiliaries to trade, i.e.,
activities playing a supportive role. In
fact, these activities not only support
trade but also industry and hence, the
entire business activity. However,
auxiliaries are an integral part of
commerce in particular and business
activity in general. These activities help
in removing various hindrances which
arise in connection with the production
and distribution of goods. Transport
facilitates movement of goods from one
place to another. Banking provides
financial assistance to the trader.
Insurance covers various kinds of
business risks. Warehousing creates
time utility with storage facility.
Advertising provides information. In
other words, these activities facilitate
movement, storage, financing, risk
coverage and sales promotion of goods.
Auxiliaries to trade are briefly
discussed below:
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS
(i) Transport and Communication:
Production of goods generally takes
place in particular locations. For
instance, tea is mainly produced in
Assam; cotton in Gujarat and
Maharashtra; jute in West Bengal and
Orissa; sugar in U.P, Bihar and
Maharashtra and so on. But these
goods are required for consumption in
different part of the country. The
obstacle of place is removed by
transport — road, rail or coastal
shipping. T ransport facilitates
movement of raw material to the place
of production and the finished
products from factories to the place of
consumption. Along with the transport
facility, there is also a need for
communication facilities so that
producers, traders and consumers
may exchange information with one
another. Thus, postal services and
telephone facilities may also be
regarded as auxiliaries to business
activities.
(ii) Banking and Finance: Business
activities cannot be undertaken unless
funds are available for acquiring assets
and meeting the day-to-day expenses.
Necessary funds can be obtained by
businessmen from a bank. Thus,
banking helps business activities to
overcome the problem of finance.
Commercial banks generally lend
money by providing overdraft and cash
credit facilities, loans and advances.
Banks also undertake collection of
cheques, remittance of funds to
different places, and discounting of bills
on behalf of traders. In foreign trade,
payments are arranged by commercial
11
banks on behalf of importers and
exporters. Commercial banks also help
promoters of companies to raise capital
from the public.
(iii) Insurance: Business involves
various types of risks. Factory building,
machinery, furniture etc. must be
protected against fire, theft and other
risks. Materials and goods held in stock
or in transit are subject to the risk of
loss or damage. Employees are also
required to be protected against the
risks of accident and occupational
hazards. Insurance provides protection
in all such cases. On payment of a
nominal premium, the amount of loss
or damage and compensation for
injury, if any, can be recovered from
the insurance company.
(iv) Warehousing: Usually, goods are
not sold or consumed immediately after
production. They are held in stock to
be available as and when required.
Special arrangement must be made for
storage of goods to prevent loss or
damage. Warehousing helps business
firms to overcome the problem of storage
and facilitates the availability of goods
when needed. Prices are thereby
maintained at a reasonable level
through continuous supply of goods.
(v) Advertising: Advertising is one of
the most important methods of
promoting the sale of products,
particularly, consumers goods like
electronic goods, automobiles, soaps,
detergents etc. Most of these goods are
manufactured and supplied in the
market by numerous firms — big or
small. It is practically impossible for
producers and traders to contact each
12
and every customer. Thus, for sales
promotion, information about the
goods available, its features, price, etc.,
must reach potential buyers. Also there
is a need to persuade potential buyers
about the uses, quality, prices,
competitive information about the
goods etc. Advertising helps in
providing information about available
goods and inducing customers to buy
particular items.
1.8 OBJECTIVES OF BUSINESS
An objective is the starting point of
business. Every business is directed to
the achievement of certain objectives,
which refer to all that the business
people want to get in return for what
they do. It is generally believed that
business activity is carried on only for
profit. Business persons themselves
proclaim that their primary objective is
to produce or distribute goods or
services for a profit. Every business is
said to be an attempt on the part of
business people to get more than what
has been spent or invested or, in other
words, to earn profit which is the excess
of revenue over cost. However, it is
widely accepted nowadays that
business enterprises are part of society
and need to have several objectives,
including social responsibility to
survive and prosper in the long run.
Profit is found to be the leading objective
but not the only one.
Although earning profit cannot be
the only objective of business, its
importance cannot be ignored. Every
business is an attempt to reap more
than what has been invested and profit
BUSINESS STUDIES
is the excess of revenue over cost. Profit
may be regarded as an essential
objective of business for various
reasons: (i) it is a source of income for
business persons, (ii) it can be a source
of finance for meeting expansion
requirements of business, (iii) it
indicates the efficient working of
business, (iv) it can be taken as society’s
approval of the utility of business and
(v) it builds up the reputation of a
business enterprise.
However, too much emphasis on
profit to the exclusion of other objectives
can be dangerous for good business.
Obsessed with profit business
managers may neglect all other
responsibilities towards customers,
employees, investors and society at
large. They may even be inclined to
exploit various sections of society to
earn immediate profit. This may result
in the non-cooperation or even
opposition from the affected people
against the malpractices of business
enterprises. The enterprises might lose
business and may be unable to earn
profit. That is the reason why there is
hardly any sizable business enterprise
whose only objective is maximisation
of profit.
1.8.1 Multiple Objectives of Business
Continuous increase in the profits
of any enterprise is possible only
through performing useful services
to society. In fact, objectives are
needed in every area that influences
the survival and prosperity of
business. Since a business has to
balance a number of needs and
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS
goals it requires multiple objectives.
It cannot follow only one objective
and expect to achieve excellence.
Objectives have to be specific in every
area and sphere of business. For
example, sales figures have to be set,
the amount of capital to be raised has
to be estimated and the target number
of units to be produced should be
defined. The objectives define what the
business is going to do in concrete
terms that enable the business to
analyse their own experience and as a
result improve their performance.
Objectives are needed in every area
where performance and results affect
the survival and prosperity of
business. Some of these areas are
described below:
(a) Market standing: Market standing
refers to the position of an enterprise
in relation to its competitors. A
business enterprise must aim at
standing on stronger footing in
terms of offering competitive
products to its customers and
serving them to their satisfaction.
(b) Innovation: Innovation is the
introduction of new ideas or
methods in the way something is
done or made. There are two kinds
of innovation in every business i.e.,
(i) innovation in product or service;
and (ii) innovation in the various
skills and activities needed to
supply them. No business
enterprise can flourish in a
competitive world without
innovation. Therefore, innovation
becomes an important objective.
13
(c) Productivity: Productivity is
calculated by comparing the value
of outputs with the value of inputs.
It is used as a measure of efficiency.
In order to ensure continuous
survival and progress, every
enterprise must aim at greater
productivity by the best use of
available resources.
(d) Physical and financial resources:
Any business requires physical
resources like plants, machines,
offices, etc., and financial resources,
i.e., funds to be able to produce and
supply goods and services to its
customers. The business enterprise
must aim at acquiring these
resources according to their
requirements and use them
efficiently.
(e) Earning profits: One of the
objectives of business is to earn profits
on the capital employed. Profitability
refers to profit in relation to capital
investment. Every business must
earn a reasonable profit which is so
important for its survival and growth.
(f) Manager performance and
development: Business enterprises
need managers to conduct and
coordinate business activity.
Various programmes for motivating
managers need to be implemented.
Manager performance and
development therefore, is an
important objective. The enterprises
must actively work for this purpose.
(g) Worker performance and attitude:
Worker’s performance and attitudes
determine their contribution towards
productivity and profitability of any
14
enterprise. Therefore, every
enterprise must aim at improving its
workers performance. It should also
try to ensure a positive attitude on
the part of workers.
(h) Social responsibility: Social
responsibility refers to the obligation
of business firms to contribute
resources for solving social problems
and work in a socially desirable
manner.
Thus, a business enterprise must have
multiple objectives to satisfy different
individuals and groups, for its own
survival and prosperity.
1.8.2 Business Risks
The term ‘business risks’ refers to the
possibility of inadequate profits or even
losses due to uncertainties or
unexpected events. For example,
demand for a particular product may
decline due to change in tastes and
preferences of consumers or due to
increased competition from other
producers. Decrease in demand will
result in lesser sales and profits. In
another situation, the shortage of raw
materials in the market may shoot up
its price. The firm using these raw
materials will have to pay more for
buying them. As a result, cost of
production may increase which, in
turn, may reduce profits.
Business enterprises constantly
face two types of risk: speculative and
pure. Speculative risks involve both the
possibility of gain as well as the
possibility of loss. Speculative risks
arise due to changes in market
BUSINESS STUDIES
conditions including fluctuations in
demand and supply, changes in prices
or changes in fashion and tastes of
customers. Favourable market
conditions are likely to result in gains
whereas unfavourable ones may result
in losses. Pure risks involve only the
possibility of loss or no loss. The chance
of fire, theft or strike are examples of
pure risks. Their occurrence may result
in loss whereas non-occurrence may
explain absence of loss, instead of gain.
1.9 NATURE OF BUSINESS RISKS
Nature of business risks can be
understood in terms of their peculiar
characteristics:
(i) Business risks arise due to
uncertainties: Uncertainty refers to
the lack of knowledge about what is
going to happen in the future. Natural
calamities, change in demand and
prices, changes in government policy,
improvement in technology, etc., are
some of the examples of uncertainty
which create risks for business because
the outcome of these future events is
not known in advance.
(ii) Risk is an essential part of every
business: Every business has some
risk. No business can avoid risk,
although the amount of risk may vary
from business to business. Risk can be
minimised but cannot be eliminated.
(iii) Degree of risk depends mainly
upon the nature and size of
business: Nature of business (i.e., type
of goods and services produced and
sold) and size of business (i.e., volume
of production and sale) are the main
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS 15

factors which determine the amount of power failure, strikes, riots,

risk in a business. For example, a
business dealing in fashionable items
has a high degree of risk. Similarly, a
large-scale business has a higher risk
than what a small scale has.
(iv) Profit is the reward for risk
taking: No risk, no gain is an age-old
principle, which applies to all types of
business. Greater the risk involved in
a business, higher is the chance of
profit. An entrepreneur undertakes
risks under the expectation of higher
profit. Profit is thus the reward for
risk taking.
1.9.1 Causes of Business Risks
Business risks arise due to a variety of
causes, which are classified as follows:
management inefficiency, etc.
(iii) Economic causes: These include
uncertainties relating to demand for
goods, competition, price, collection of
dues from customers, change of
technology or method of production,
etc. Financial problems like rise in
interest rate for borrowing, levy of higher
taxes, etc., also come under these type
of causes as they result in higher
unexpected cost of operation of
business.
(iv) Other causes: These are
unforeseen events like political
disturbances, mechanical failures such
as the bursting of boiler, fluctuations
in exchange rates, etc., which lead to
the possibility of business risks.

Methods of Dealing with Risks

Although no business enterprise can escape the presence of risk, there are
many methods it can use to deal with risk situations. For instance, the enterprise
may (a) decide not to enter into too risky transaction; (b) take preventive measures
like firefighting devices to reduce risk; (c) take insurance policy to transfer risk
to insurance company; (d) assume risk by making provisions in the current
earnings as is the case of provision for bad and doubtful debts; or (e) share risks
with other enterprises as manufacturers and wholesalers may do by agreeing to
share losses which may be caused by falling prices.

(i) Natural causes: Human beings 1.9.2 Starting a Business — Basic

have little control over natural
calamities like flood, earthquake,
lightning, heavy rains, famine, etc. They
result in heavy loss of life, property and
income in business.
(ii) Human causes: Human causes
include such unexpected events like
dishonesty, carelessness or negligence
of employees, stoppage of work due to
Factors
Starting a business enterprise is similar
to any other human effort in which
resources are employed to achieve
certain objectives. Successful results in
business depend largely upon the
ability of the entrepreneurs or the
starters of a new business to anticipate
problems and solve them with
16
minimum cost. This is especially true
of the modern business world where
competition is very tough and risks are
high. Some of the problems, which
business firms encounter, are of a basic
nature. For example, to start a factory,
plans must be made and implemented
about such problems as the location
of the business, the possible number
of customers, the kind and amount of
equipment, the shop layout, purchasing
and financing needs, and hiring of
workers. These problems become more
complex in a big business. However,
some of the basic factors, which must
be considered by anybody who is to
start the business are as follows:
(i) Selection of line of business: The
first thing to be decided by any
entrepreneur of a new business is the
nature and type of business to be
undertaken. He will obviously like to
enter that branch of industry and
commerce, which has the possibility of
greater amount of profits. The decision
will be influenced by the customer
requirements in the market and also
the kind of technical knowledge and
interest the entrepreneur has for
producing a particular product.
(ii) Size of the firm: Size of the firm
or scale of its operation is another
important decision to be taken at the
start of the business. Some factors
favour a large size whereas others tend
to restrict the scale of operation. If the
entrepreneur is confident that the
demand for the proposed product is
likely to be good over time and he can
arrange the necessary capital for
BUSINESS STUDIES
business, he will start the operation at
a large scale. If the market conditions
are uncertain and risks are high, a
small size business would be better
choice.
(iii) Choice of form of ownership:
With respect to ownership, the
business organisation may take the
form of a sale proprietorship,
partnership, or a joint stock company.
Each form has its own merits and
demerits. The choice of the suitable
form of ownership will depend on such
factors as the line of business, capital
requirements, liability of owners,
division of profit, legal formalities,
continuity of business, transferability
of interest and so on.
(iv) Location of business enterprise:
An important factor to be considered
at the start of the business is the place
where the enterprise will be located.
Any mistake in this regard can result
in high cost of production,
inconvenience in getting right kind of
production inputs or serving the
customers in the best possible way.
Availability of raw materials
and labour; power supply and
services like banking, transportation,
communication, warehousing, etc., are
important factors while making a
choice of location.
(v) Financing the proposition:
Financing is concerned with providing
the necessary capital for starting as well
as for continuing the proposed
business. Capital is required for
investment in fixed assets like land,
building, machinery and equipment
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS
and in current assets like raw materials,
book debts, stock of finished goods, etc.
Capital is also required for meeting
day-to-day expenses. Proper financial
planning must be done to determine
(a) the requirement of capital,
(b) source from which capital will be
raised and (c) the best ways of utilising
the capital in the firm.
(vi) Physical facilities: Availability of
physical facilities including machines
and equipment, building and
supportive services is a very important
factor to be considered at the start of
the business. The decision relating to
this factor will depend on the nature
and size of business, availability of
funds and the process of production.
(vii) Plant layout: Once the
requirement of physical facilities has
been determined, the entrepreneur
should draw a layout plan showing the
arrangement of these facilities. Layout
means the physical arrangement of
machines and equipment needed to
manufacture a product.
(viii) Competent and committed
worked force: Every enterprise needs
competent and committed work force
Key Terms
Business Profession Primary
Profit Employment Secondary
Risk Industry Tertiary
17
to perform various activities so that
physical and financial resources are
converted into desired outputs. Since
no individual entrepreneur can do
everything himself, he must identify the
requirement of skilled and unskilled
workers and managerial staff. Plans
should also be made about how the
employees will be trained and motivated
to give their best performance.
(ix) Tax planning: Tax planning has
become necessary these days because
there are a number of tax laws in the
country and they influence almost
every aspect of the functioning of
modern business. The founder of the
business has to consider in advance
the tax liability under various tax laws
and its impact on business decisions.
(x) Launching the enterprise: After
the decisions relating to the above
mentioned factors have been taken,
the entrepreneur can go ahead with
actual launching of the enterprise
which would mean mobilising various
resources, fulfilling necessary legal
formalities, starting the production
process and initiating the sales
promotion campaign.
Innovation Warehousing
Insurance Social responsibility
Mining Manufacturing
18 BUSINESS STUDIES

SUMMARY

Concept and characteristics of business: Business may be defined as an

economic activity involving the production and sale of goods and services
undertaken with the motive of earning profit by satisfying human needs in
society. It’s distinguished characteristics are: (i) an economic activity,
(ii) production or procurement of goods and services, (iii) sale or exchange
of goods and services for the satisfaction of human needs, (iv) dealings in
goods and services on a regular basis, (v) profit earning, (vi) uncertainty of
return, and (vii) element of risk.
Comparison of business, profession and employment: Business refers
to those economic activities which are connected with the production or
purchase and sale of goods or supply of services with the main object of
earning profit. Profession includes those activities, which require special
knowledge and skill to be applied by individuals in their occupation.
Employment refers to the occupation in which people work for others and
get remunerated in return. The three can be compared on the basis of
mode of establishment, nature of work, qualification required, reward or
return, capital investment, risk, transfer of interest and code of conduct.
Classification of business activities: Business activities may be classified
into broad categories: industry and commerce. Industry refers to economic
activities which are connected with conversion of resources into useful
goods. Industries may be: primary, secondary or tertiary. Primary industries
are connected with the extraction and production of natural resources and
reproduction and development of living organisms, plants, etc. Primary
industries may be: extractive (like mining) or genetic (like poultry farms).
Secondary industries are concerned with using the materials which have
already been extracted at the primary stage. These industries could be:
manufacturing or construction. Manufacturing industries may be further
classified into analytical, synthetical, processing and assembling industries.
Tertiary industries are concerned with providing support services to primary
and secondary industries as well as activities relating to trade.
Commerce includes activities relating to trade and auxiliaries to trade.
Trade refers to sale, transfer or exchange of goods. It could be classified as
internal (domestic) and external (foreign) trade. Internal trade may be
wholesale trade or retail trade. External trade could be import, export or
entrepot trade. Auxiliaries to trade are activities which assist trade. These
include transport and communication, banking and finance, insurance,
warehousing, and advertising.
Objectives of business: Although earning of profit is considered to be the
primary objective, objectives are needed in every area where performance
results affect the survival and prosperity of business. Some of these areas
are: market standing, innovation, productivity, physical and financial
NATURE AND PURPOSE OF BUSINESS 19

resources, earning profits manager performance and development, worker

performance and attitude, and social responsibility.
Business risks: The term ‘risk’ refers to the possibility of inadequate profits
or even losses due to uncertainties or unexpected events. Its nature can be
explained with the help of its peculiar characteristics which are:
(i) Business risks arise due to uncertainties,
(ii) Risk is an essential part of every business,
(iii) Degree of risk depends mainly upon the nature and size of business,
and
(iv) Profit is the reward for risk taking. Business risks arise due to a variety
of causes including natural, human, economic and other causes.
Starting a business — basic factors: Some of the basic factors which must
be considered by anybody who is to start the business are: selection of line
of business, size of the firm, choice of form of ownership, location of business
enterprise, financing the proposition, physical facilities, plant layout
competent and committed workforce, tax planning and launching the
enterprise.

EXERCISES

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following does not characterise business activity?
(a) Production of goods (b) Presence of risk
and services
(c) Sale or exchange of (d) Salary or wages
goods and services
2. Which of the broad categories of industries covers oil refinery and sugar
mills?
(a) Primary (b) Secondary
(c) Tertiary (d) None of them
3. Which of the following cannot be classified as an auxilliary to trade?
(a) Mining (b) Insurance
(c) Warehousing (d) Transport
4. The occupation in which people work for others and get remunerated in
return is known as
(a) Business (b) Employment
(c) Profession (d) None of them
5. The industries which provide support services to other industries are
known as
(a) Primary industries (b) Secondary industries
(c) Commercial industries (d) Tertiary industries
20 BUSINESS STUDIES

6. Which of the following cannot be classified as an objective of business?

(a) Investment (b) Productivity
(c) Innovation (d) Profit earning
7. Business risk is not likely to arise due to
(a) Changes in government policy (b) Good management
(c) Employee dishonesty (d) Power failure

Short Answer Questions

1. State the different types of economic activities.
2. Why is business considered an economic activity?
3. Explain the concept of business.
4. How would you classify business activities?
5. What are various types of industries?
6. Explain any two business activities which are auxiliaries to trade.
7. What is the role of profit in business?
8. What is business risk? What is its nature?

Long Answer Questions

1. Explain the characteristics of business.
2. Compare business with profession and employment.
3. Explain with examples the various types of industries.
4. Describe the activities relating to commerce.
5. Why does business need multiple objective? Explain any five such
objectives.
6. Explain the concept of business risk and its causes.
7. What factors are important to be considered while starting a business?
Explain.

Projects/Assignments
1. Choose a locally operated trading or business unit. Find out the kind of
risks it faces in business and the way it deals with them.
2. Select a local business enterprise and find out the objectives it pursues.
Check why it does not pursue other objectives.