Chapter #9: The Confederation and the Constitution Big Picture Ideas 1.

. The Articles of Confederation, the first government set up after the American Revolution, was structured out of fear of a too-strong government. Therefore, the Articles were very weak on purpose. 2. Two things showed the Articles as being too weak to the point of being sterile: (a) it could not regulate commerce and the money situation was growing dim fast and (b) Shays Rebellion frightened many to the possibility that mobs might just take over and the government might be too weak to stop them. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Convention was held. 3. The Constitution was written as something of a balancing act between strengthening the government, yet making sure it doesnt get too strong to take over. The resulting government was indeed stronger, but also a system of checks and balances were put into place to ensure no one branch becomes like the king had been. 4. After some negotiating, mostly with the promise of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was ratified. IDENTIFICATIONS: John Lockes Second Treatise of Government John Lockes Enlightenment piece that sketches Lockes ideas in government; special emphasis on natural rights; Natural rights were unalienable rights that are givento us at birth Federalist #10 One of the many federalist political newspaper articles that concedes to the idea that a large republic can protect against the ill-guided few citizens who try to overturn the will of the majority; ensures the Constitution is democratic Republican Government a government ruled by the people, not by rulers or autocrats; all governmental affairs are public and decisions are made for the civic virtue or the best for all of the people. Land Ordinance of 1785 Land ordinance made by the Congress of Confederation; divided land of the North West to be parceled and sold out to pay for government debt; contrasted with the disorder of the Ohio Valley Land Ordinance of 1787 Land ordinance made by the Congress of Confederation; had two stages: 1. Government takes care of the land 2. Once population reaches 60,000 people it can become a state; abolished slavery in this new area

Necessary and Proper Clause Passed by Alexander Hmilton that Congress had he power to pass laws that can affect any 3 branch of government if it is needed; great power given to Congress Federalist Papers Newspaper articels writen by Federalists like Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison; made as propaganda and helped defend the constitution Shays Rebellion Rebellion that was led by poor farmers, including Rev. War veterans, in response to the economic burden that the Articles created; demanded state aid instead of inflated paper money; affected future legislation esp in Mass. Legislature. Annapolis Convention very few delegates showed up (4 of the 9); called in 1786 over the topic of control of commerce; Alex Hamilton assumed leadership calling for another convention in Philadephia to revise the Articles Philadelphia Convention Convention that met originally to revise the Articles; ended up rewriting the Constitution; attended by demi-gods (Ben Franklin, James Madison, Alex Hamilton, etc.); created constituion

Delegated Powers the division of power of Congress; three branches of government with checks and balances to prevent imbalance of power; executive branch, judicial branch, and legislative branch.

English Traditions

Limited Govt
Magna Carta 1215 Bill of Rights 1689 Balance of power b/t King and Parliment

Colonial Governments Right to vote Natural rights philosophy Separation of powers

Checks and balances

Influe nc e s on The U. S Cons titution

NY State Constitution
Included Bill of Rights First popularly elected executive Right to petition Right to vote
The Iroquois Confederacy Peace, justice, power of good minds

Indians can do it, so can we

Reserved Powers power that is retained by the state to keep it a confederation type thing; states retained power to pass its own laws like slavery laws and its own economic laws in addition to the ones enacted by Congress Concurrent Powers _Power that is shared by state and federal government like economic powers, etc Supremacy Clause It clarified that Constitution is supreme over everything including state laws

Anti-Federalists People who did not suppport the constitution or federalists; included Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Pursuit of Equality Know: Leveling, Society of the Cincinnati, Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, Abigail Adams, Republican Motherhood, John Singleton Copley 1. What social changes resulted from the American Revolution? As a result of the American Revolution, society began to seek equality within its ranks of not only political value, but also of personal value. People began to demand being called Mr. and Mrs. despite not being from a rich background. Several states even got rid of primogeniture and the snobbish Continental Army was ridiculed by the colonists for its hereditary order. Anglican church was humbled and it became the Protestant Episcopal Church and was disestablished whereas the Congressional Church continued to be the dominant religion established in some New England states. Antislavery establishments were also made and the North began to break off from the slave trade to the extent that it almost ended the Continental Progress in 1774. Although women did not receive great change from the revolution, it was effected by the civic virtue because the republican motherhood was established, women were the raisers of the future generation of the country.

Constitution Making in the States Know: State Constitutions, Fundamental Law 2. What was the importance of the state constitutions? The importance of the state constitutions was that it created the backbone of a nation by introducing new ideas while maintaining order by appeasing each states citizens. Massachusetts created a constitution that can later be ratified; later used for the Federal Constitution. These state constitutions helped establish rights within America and create a strong legislative branch but weak exec/judicial branches. Economic Crosscurrents

Know: Navigation Laws, Empress of China, Speculation 3. What were the positive and negative effects of the war on America? The negative effects of the war was seen mainly with the lack of trade with Britain and its ally which damaged the infant countrys economy because of the Navigation Laws and trade/fishing was interrupted. However, on a positive note, the war gave way to foreign trade with the Chinese of ginseng. But inflation from the war was still rampant and individual citizens suffered from the war. A Shaky Start toward Union Know: Natural Rights 4. Why was the end of the war difficult on the national government? The end of the war was difficult on the national gov. because the people wanted to keep their natural rights and strong leadership would threaten these natural righs. The political system was at its infant state with almost no structure and a keen affinity towards experimentation and faced economic competition with more organized competitors. Creating a Confederation Know: Sovereignty, Articles of Confederation 5. What forces served to unify the separate states during the war? During the war, the separate states were unified by their need to defeat Britain and their thirst for new lands helped unify the states. The Articles of Confederation promised the colonies a better life which helped secure the unification of the states during the war. The Articles of Confederation: America's First Constitution 6. What weaknesses plagued the Articles of Confederation? What was good about it? The state gov had more power than the deferral government. The government lacked the power to help form government since all decisions required unanimous votes and there were no ways to regulate commerce and states established conflicting tarrifs/taxes in the states. The Articles of Confederation made it so that Congress had no power, but still, it was a model of what the US would be modified off of and helped us inch closer to the Constituion. Landmarks in Land Laws Know: Old Northwest, Land Ordinance of 1785, Northwest Ordinance of 1787 7. Explain the importance of the Land Ordinance of 1785 and the Northwest Ordinance. The Land Ordinance of 1786 sold the Old Northwest land(divided into checker pieces) to pay off war debt while the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 created a detailed solution to how the country will handle its colonies and if a place had more than 60,000 people than it could become a state and it barred slavery in new NorthWest states. The World's Ugly Duckling Know: Natchez, Dey of Algiers 8. Using examples, explain the title of this section. America had extremely terrible relations with most foreign governments, notably Britian. Britain refused to trade with the U.S. and because of Frances recent defeat, France

demanded their debt to be paid. Spain was openly hostile with the U.S. even though they were enemies to the British and tried to take over America by using Natchez fort. Then pirates from foreign lands, notably the Dey of Algiers, tried enslaving Yankee sailors and hurting Mediteranean commerce. The Horrid Specter of Anarchy Know: Shay's Rebellion, Mobocracy 9. Were the United States of America in danger of falling apart under the Articles of Confederation? Explain. The states were in danger of falling apart given the disunity under the Articles of Confederation. Without a central government, the states were in danger of falling apart since states refused to fund their central government with taxes and Shays Rebellion were an example of the exasperation of the poor farming colonists. A Convention of "Demigods" Know: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Patrick Henry 10. What kind of men gathered in Philadelphia for the "sole and express purpose of revising" the old government? Famous and renowned men gathered in Philadelphia including Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, George Washington, Ben Franklin, James Madison, and Patrick Henry. Patrick Henry declined to come because he smelled a rat. Instead of revising the old government, they made a whole new one. Patriots in Philadelphia 11. How does George Washington's quote, "We have, probably, had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation." help to explain the purposes of our founding fathers. Our founding fathers saw the good in human nature to the extent that they did not anticipate the possible faults of human nature that will be brought about for the confederation. Our founding fathers assumed that the revolutionary zeal that they felt was a part of the states as well and failed to see the problems or lack of structure that would lead to the failure of the confederation. Hammering out a Bundle of Compromises Know: Virginia (large state) Plan, Bicameral Legislature, New Jersey (small state) Plan, Great Compromise, Electoral College, Three-fifths Compromise 12. Describe the compromises that were achieved by the delegates to the Constitutional Convention. At the Constitutional Convention, the delegates achieved a Great Compromise which balanced the small state and large state plans. The compromise included a House of Reps which is ruled by population whereas the Senate was ruled by equal representation. All laws must pass the House of Reps. The 3/5s compromise helped the Souths want for a count for slaves and the Norths want for no count for slaves was balanced when slaves were ruled 3/5 s a persons vote. Safeguards for Conservatism

Know: Checks and Balances, Separation of Powers 13. How democratic was the Constitution as originally written? The constitution was fairly democratic by allowing some direct voting by the people and some indirect voting. To balance out the indirect voting, separation of powers and checks and balances helped maintain democracy and prevent one branch from becoming overly powerful. The Clash of Federalists and Anti- federalists Know: Anti- federalists, Federalists 14. Who were the anti- federalists and why did they oppose the Constitution? The antifederalists opposed such a strong government that the Constitution created. The Antifederalists thought the constitution was aristocratic included Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee, debtors, and other revolutionaries. Federalists included George Washington and Ben Franklin, mostly on the East coast, generally more wealthy than the antifederalists. Eventually pleased by the inclusion of the Bill of Rights. The Great Debate in the States 15. Did most of the states approve of the Constitution? Why? Most states approved of the constitution especially small states. The first large state to accept it was Pennsylvania followed by the pivotal moment of the acceptance by Massachusetts which helped move the movement along in a positive direction. With the promise of additional amendments to protect rights, many antifederalists conceded. The Four Laggard States Know: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, The Federalist 16. Explain some of the opposition to ratification of the Constitution? The opposition to ratification of the Constitution came from predominantly Anti-Federalist populations, but the publishment of the Federalist helped convince Anti-Federalists that the the constitution was democratic.

A Conservative Triumph 17. What does your text mean when it says that the Constitution, "...elevated the ideals of the Revolution even while setting boundaries to them."? The constitution was made on the whim of the minority and because of this, people were doubtful of how successful this experiment could be. The minority helped advocate the ideas of the majority but restricted it by refusing mob mentality to prevent what happened with Britain to happen to America.

Chapter #10: Launching the New Ship of State Big Picture Ideas

1. Alexander Hamilton, get the U.S. on a solid foothold. With the Bill of Rights quickly ratified, the top problem the new nation faced was financial in nature. 2. Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton developed a plan that included (a) starting a national tariff, (b) starting a tax on whiskey, (c) setting up a national bank, and (d) paying off the national debt. 3. Politics quickly fell into two camps: (a) those who followed Thomas Jefferson became the Democratic-Republicans and (b) those who followed Alexander Hamilton became the Federalists. 4. Turmoil broke out Europe with the French Revolution, mostly between England and France. The U.S. nearly got sucked into European issues, but both Washington and John Adams kept the America out of war. This was best for the U.S. IDENTIFICATIONS: Washingtons Cabinet Constitution mentions having heads to help with written opinons or a cabinet, but soon this system became so difficult that Washingtons Cabinet eventually became the Washington Admin.: includes Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox Judiciary Act of 1789 created the court system; established the Supreme Court, federal/circuit courts, and office of attorney general; John Jay became the first chief justice; Supreme Court=5 associates+ 1 chief justice Federalists supported the constitution; included people like Alex Hamilton and James Madison; wrote the Federalist publication; created the constitution Democratic-Republicans lead by Thomas Jefferson coming from anit-federalists; todays democratic party, made up of mostly middle class, and tended to be more liberal and supported the French; wanted strong states and a weak federal gov.

Hamiltons vision vs. Jeffersons vision Hamilton wanted to create a national bank under loose construction; helped create a strong central government, thought it was a good way to beat debt. ______________________________________________________________________ Jefferson fisagreed since it would violate state rights and create a monopoly; Constitution did not state anything about a bank, strong believer in strict construction; Democratic Republicans shared this view

Report on Manufactures and Report on the Public Credit ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Jays Treaty made by John Jay; Jeffersonians hated it; Britain would eventually leave US and pay for damages of ships, but did not promise avoidance of American ships in the future and Americans had to pay back prewar debt Pinckneys Treaty made between America and Spain; could move around in Missisipi, gained land in Florida; helped deal with New Orleans along with Jays treaty. Washingtons Farewell Address printed on a newspaper; talked about domestic problems and stressed the importance of not making permanent alliances and trying to stay neutral if possible always; Jeffersonians disliked this idea

Midnight appointments these appointments were made by judges who were appointed by Jogn Adams before he resigned; made them judges in federal courts to keep federalist influence in the US; poltical move Revolution of 1800 Jeffersons description of his election; wanted to go back to original revolutionary fervor and to reverse Federalist decay and help government grow while stopping the slow decay of morale and energy

Judiciary Act of 1801 Federalist Congress passed; Adams increased federal and judicial positions and filled them with Federalists; passed in 1801. XYZ Affair when the French sent 3 go betweens to demand a bribe to talk to Talleyrand (during John Adams presidency) and lead to Naval Battle, but later lead to Convention of 1800. Chisholm v Georgia heirs of chisolm sue Georgia; Supreme court set precedent by saying that citizens can sue another state. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Washington for President Know: George Washington, Cabinet, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox 1. Was Washington an important president? Explain. Washington was an important president because he helped boost American morale. His commanding presence and stature helped build command and organization within the new born country and his focus on balanced, calculated decisions, rather than political moves helped pull America towards success. The Bill of Rights Know: James Madison, Ninth Amendment, Tenth Amendment, Judiciary Act, John Jay 2. What important steps were taken by the first congress? The first congress established the Bill of Rights which secured the basic American freedoms: freedom of speech, press, religion, no arbitrary punishment, etc, but also the right that rights will not be kept from certain people from arb./strong gov. that the federalists feared. This helped save the shaky balance between federalists and anti-feds. It also put into place the Judiciary Act of 1789. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of Public Credit Know: Funding at Par, Assumption of State Debts 3. How did Alexander Hamilton's economic plans lead to the District of Columbia? Alexander Hamiltons plans appealed to large states with massive debts like Massachusets, but failed to appeal to smaller and less economically challenged states like Virginia. Because of this, large states were more than happy to accept Hamiltons plan, but Virginia accepted the plan on the condition that D.C, would be built on the Potomac River. After Hamilton persuaded Jefferson, D.C. was built. Customs Duties and Excise Taxes Know: Revenue Tariffs, Protective Tariffs, Excise Taxes 4. Explain Hamilton's overall economic plan for America. Hamiltons overall economic plan for America was to establish custom duties which was a type of tariff based off of foreign trade. Hamilton initiated a light tariff on imported goods

which produced revenue while protecting local businesses. Hamilton favored manufacturing groups, because he was a strong believer on the movement of the Industrial Revoltuion in America. Hamilton also added a few more taxes on domestic items, like whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Know: Bank of the United States, Strict Construction, Loose Construction, Elastic Clause 5. How did the issue of the Bank of the United States reveal a difference in understanding about the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton? This issue helps point out the difference in the understanding of the Constitution between Jefferson and Hamilton. Jefferson believed in a more strict interpretation of the Constituion meaning that he sought for the banks to be a matter of the state since nowhere in the constitution did it provide the right of banks to the federal gov. Hamilton argued using 10th amendment that congress could make things that are needed and argued that a bank is one such thin. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania Know: Whiskey Rebellion 6. Was the Whiskey Rebellion a victory for freedom, order, or both? Explain. The Whiskey Rebellion was a victory for order, but a loss for freedom. As a former revolutionary himself, Washington pulled the same techniques that the British used against the colonists during revolts: oppression. By doing so, America disobeyed one of its rights which is the right to assemble by overpowering the peasants. However, because of this show of power, the American government began to earn respect. The Emergence of Political Parties Know: Factions, Parties 7. Why did political parties develop during George Washington's presidency? Were they good or bad? Political parties developed during Washingtons presidency because of the Hamiltonian program of banks. This centralizing and powerful act looked like a threat to liberty to Jefferson and Madison and thus created an opposing party. This was good because it created balance in government. (Jeffersonian Republicans) The Impact of the French Revolution Know: Democratic-Republicans, Federalists, French Revolution, Reign of Terror 8. In what way did the French Revolution expose the differing views of DemocraticRepublicans and Federalists? As the French Revolution progressed, different stages arose: peaceful revolution with radical change, radical change with violence, etc. The support of the people on each varied and helped expose how the Democratic Republicans and Federalists felt on each. Jeffersonians felt that blood shed was the price to pay for freedom whereas the Federalists saw this as savage. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation Know: Franco-American Alliance, Neutrality Proclamation, Citizen Genet 9. Explain the reasoning for and against Washington's Neutrality Proclamation.

Washingtons Neutrality Proclamation was logical given that America was still weak in a military sense and was barely held together with its own issue let alone with issue of other countries. However, it went against the basic reasoning of the American mentality since America owed France its freedom. Embroilments with Britain Know: Anthony Wayne, Battle of Fallen Timbers, Treaty of Greenville 10. How did British actions towards Native Americans and American merchant ships incite many Americans? British actions towards Native Americans supported Miamis in trying to fight America and lead to the Treaty of Grenville. The unjust actions of the British against the Americans at sea helped incite many Americans to fight, especially Jeffersonians, and wanted to fight Britain. Jay's Treaty and Washington's Farewell Know: Jay's Treaty, Farewell Address 11. Did John Jay betray American interests in Jay's Treaty. John Jay did not betray American interests in Jays treaty because he was dealt a hard hand of cards given that Hamilton sold out the American bargaining strategy. Although America had to pay debts from before rev, British agreed to pay for damages to American ships. John Adams Becomes President Know: John Adams, High Federalists 12. What handicaps did John Adams face as he became president? When Adams became president, he became the successor to the Father of a Nation of a country that was at turmoil with the problems of its inception. Adams had to face the preexisting debt and the unhappy citizens with the Hamiltonian system. He also had to face the hatred of rival party leader, John Adams of the High Federalists. Unofficial Fighting with France Know: John Marshall, XYZ Affair, "Millions for Defense, but Not One Cent for Tribute 13. What French actions brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century? The XYZ affair brought America close to war in the closing years of the 18th century as the humiliating treatment of the colonists boiled American anger. After this, war fervor was felt throughout America and the Marine Corps was reestablished, a new army was partially established, and the Navy Department was created. Jeffersonian opposed these actions. Adams Puts Patriotism above Party Know: Napoleon Bonaparte, Convention of 1800 14. How did avoiding war with France hurt John Adams' political career? By avoiding John Adams political career, John Adams began to concede to the French by sending over ministers and signing a treaty with them which was sharply contrasted by how the Americans actually felt. This treaty delayed the gratification of the Americans with payment. The Federalist Witch Hunt

Know: Alien Laws, Sedition Act 15. Explain the reasons for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts. The reason for the passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts was during a time of imminent war, spies had to be gotten rid of within America. The Sedition Acts on the other hand was believed by the Federalists to promote unity by reducing dissent. The Virginia (Madison) and Kentucky (Jefferson) Resolutions Know: Compact Theory, Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, Nullification 16. Which was more dangerous to the US Constitution: the Alien and Sedition Acts or the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions? Explain. The Alien and Sedition acts were the most dangerous to the Constituion because it was in direct violation of the Constitution. Although the Virginia and Kentucky resolutions did not nullify anything including the Sedition Acts, the Alien and Sedition Acts were the first acts of arbirtrary power.

Federalists versus Democratic-Republicans 17. What were some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans? Some key differences between Federalists and Democratic Republicans was that Federalists favored a strong government that could crush rebellions and support private businesses while the Democratic Republicans favored a more open government with limited power. Federalists wanted to be ruled by the best of people whereas Republicans wanted all the people.