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: HHR-RW-TN-C-OOO-20516-AA
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................3 GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................... 3 GEOTECHNICAL SUBSURFACE INVESTIGATION .......................................................... 4 WATER TABLE LEVEL ....................................................................................................... 5 SEISMICITY ......................................................................................................................... 5 SOIL PARAMETERS DETERMINATION ............................................................................ 5 FOUNDATION DESIGN ....................................................................................................... 8 BEARING CAPACITY ............................................................................................................ 9 SETTLEMENT .................................................................................................................... 12 LATERAL RESISTANCE ...................................................................................................... 14 RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................................... 16
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Haramain High Speed Rail Geotechnical Design Report Rail Bridge at Station 447+044 Doc.: HHR-RW-TN-C-OOO-20516-AA
1.
Introduction
This design report presents the geotechnical conditions encountered at the Rail Bridge located at Station 447+044. The report includes also calculations for bearing capacity and settlement of the foundations and concludes with relevant recommendations to be taken into account during the construction phase. The footings dimensions and stresses are provided based on the abutment and piers structural calculations.
2.
Geology
The geological maps developed in the area indicate that the main formations encountered at the Rail Bridge location consist of basaltic rock as shown in Figure 1 below.
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Haramain High Speed Rail Geotechnical Design Report Rail Bridge at Station 447+044 Doc.: HHR-RW-TN-C-OOO-20516-AA
A detailed geological survey was specifically carried out for the whole Project alignment. The detailed survey indicates one main geological unit of moderately weathered flows in the studied area:
UNIT (Qtb): This unit consists mainly of alkaline-olivine flood basalt flows. These basalts are
pale to dark-grey, generally massive at the base and becomes porous, vesicular, scoviaceous and much darker toward the top; and occur in the form of undulating flat gently sloping plateau surface; and are characterized by columnar joining and fracturing resulting various sized rock fragments. Lacustrine marls and clay deposits are interstrafied between basaltic flows. The distribution and legend of this unit along the alignment route are shown in Figure 2 below:
3.
The geotechnical investigation at the Rail Bridge location consisted of drilling Seven (7) boreholes down to a maximum depth of 30m. The in situ testing campaign included carrying out Standard Penetration Tests (SPT). Samples have also been retrieved from boreholes in order to carry out lab tests to determine the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the soil/rock (sieve analysis, Atterberg limits, direct shear, and unconfined compression test). The borehole logs and laboratory test results are summarized in Appendices A and B.
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4.
Ground water table was not encountered during the soil investigation at the executed boreholes in this area.
5.
Seismicity
According to the zonation map developed for the kingdom based on the peak ground acceleration, PGA, values calculated for 50 years service lifetime with 10% probability of exceedance, this quadrangle lies in zone 1 implying a peak ground acceleration of 0.1g. However, this value was checked in view of the project specific geological and seismographic context and a site specific peak ground acceleration was adopted based on the results of the seismic hazard assessment study. Accordingly, the peak ground acceleration considered for this bridge is 0.13g.
6.
The soil profile detailing the encountered subsurface material is provided in Appendix C. SPT, RQD and unconfined compressive strength results drawn with depth are shown in Figures 3, 4 and 5 below. The graph indicates loose to very dense fill material/silty Sand with presence of boulders and cobbles at the top 0.5 to 4.5 meters, followed by highly to slightly fractured Basalt to the termination depth of the boreholes.
February 2012
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Haramain High Speed Rail Geotechnical Design Report Rail Bridge at Station 447+044 Doc.: HHR-RW-TN-C-OOO-20516-AA
Figure 5: Unconfined compressive strength versus depth Rock is encountered at the following depths along the bridge: A1: basalt is encountered at 4.5m below NGL P1: basalt is encountered at 1.5m below NGL P2: basalt is encountered at 4.5m below NGL P3: basalt is encountered at 1m below NGL P4: basalt is encountered at 1.5m below NGL P5: basalt is encountered at 3m below NGL A2: basalt is encountered at 1.5m below NGL
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Haramain High Speed Rail Geotechnical Design Report Rail Bridge at Station 447+044 Doc.: HHR-RW-TN-C-OOO-20516-AA
The expected soil stratigraphy is summarized in the idealized soil profile in Figure 6 below.
Figure 6: Idealized soil profile The results of the site investigation are used to determine the soil and rock properties that could be adopted for the foundations calculations. As foundations will be socketed into rock, we are interested in rock parameters, in particular the unconfined compressive strength. The minimum reported unconfined compression strength 25.0 MPa and the 90th percentile value is 38.0 MPa. We have adopted 25.0 MPa as a characteristic strength parameter of rock for bearing capacity calculations. The in situ and lab test data are also complemented by correlations available in the technical literature in addition the AASHTO 2002 for comparable soil conditions (References: Pile Design and Construction Practice 4th edition by Tomlinson and Foundation Analysis and Design 5th edition by Bowles). The design is done according to Design Approach 3 which applies partial factors to actions and to material properties, while resistances are left unfactored. Design Approach 3 employs factors from Sets A1 or A2, M2, and R3. The factors in Set R3 are all 1.0 and hence resistance is mostly unfactored. For rock material the partial coefficient on the unconfined compressive strength is equal to 1.4. The adopted soil parameters can be summarized as follows: Table 1: Adopted rock parameters Material DesignParameters quc,d E Basalt C 1000KPa 18MPa 1000MPa References Characteristicvaluedividedbypartialsafetyfactor AsafeestimatefromTomlinsonPileDesignand ConstructionPractice(<j.Mr.quc) AsafeestimatefromTomlinsonPileDesignand ConstructionPractice(<0.1quc) AnestimatefromTomlinsonPileDesignand ConstructionPracticeforRQD>70%
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7.
Foundation Design
The foundation design is carried out in accordance with the Eurocode 7 recommendations. To check the resistance of the ground and foundations (GEO), Approach 3 is adopted as per the Project Specifications. The structural loads are summarized in the Table below: Table 2: Structural Loads and footing dimensions
February 2012
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Haramain High Speed Rail Geotechnical Design Report Rail Bridge at Station 447+044 Doc.: HHR-RW-TN-C-OOO-20516-AA
Based on the structural loads and in view of the nature of the subsurface material encountered, it is recommended to adopt a shallow foundation system. Footings shall be socketed within the basaltic rock to minimize settlements and to provide a proper lateral resistance against horizontal loads. It is recommended that the footings be partially socketed into rock (1m for abutment and 0.5 m for piers) in view of the high lateral loads and in order not exceed the allowable lateral deformations and to avoid any potential differential lateral behaviour should the footing be embedded in both soil and rock formations.
7.1
Bearing Capacity
Using Eurocode approach which includes partial safety factor on the unconfined compression strength of rock, the ultimate bearing capacity is high on rock. Ultimate bearing capacity can be estimated using the US Corps of Engineers approach for jointed rock with spacing s less than foundation width B.
February 2012
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Haramain High Speed Rail Geotechnical Design Report Rail Bridge at Station 447+044 Doc.: HHR-RW-TN-C-OOO-20516-AA
In the case where the shear failure is likely to develop along planes of discontinuity, cohesion cannot be relied upon to provide resistance to failure. In such cases the ultimate bearing capacity can be estimated from the following equation: 0.5BN+DNq
This Bearing capacity equation is applicable to long continuous foundations with length to width ratios (L/B) greater than ten. The table below provides correction factors for circular and square foundations, as well as rectangular foundations with L/B ratios less than ten. The ultimate bearing capacity is estimated from the appropriate equation by multiplying the correction factor by the value of the corresponding bearing capacity factor. Table 3: Corrections factors
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Table 4: Estimated bearing capacity for Piers and Abutments using US Corps of Engineers Approach
Also, the allowable bearing capacity can be estimated based on numerous methods proposed in the technical literature. In view of the good quality of rock, the allowable contact stress for footings supported on level surfaces in competent rock may be determined using Peck et al. approach (also used in AASHTO 2002) as shown in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Allowable bearing capacity for footing on Rock (Peck et al. (1974)).
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The RQD used in this figure shall be the average RQD for rock within a depth of B below the base of the footing, where the RQD values are relatively uniform within that interval. If rock within a depth of 0.5B below the base of the footing is of poorer quality, the RQD of the poorer rock shall be used to determine the allowable bearing capacity. The results are summarized in Table 5 below: Table 5: Estimated bearing capacity beneath Piers and Abutments
PierP2
8% 1430
Ultimate and allowable bearing capacities are very high and settlements should be checked.
7.2
Settlement
The footing dimensions are as follows: real dimensions P1, P2, P3, P4 and P5 (13mX13m), Abutment A1 (13mX15.4m) and Abutment A2 (16.5mX19.4m). The geotechnical investigation indicates that the subsurface material over which footings are placed is rock. Settlements of the foundations are therefore essentially of immediate/short terms nature. The settlement can be estimated using the following equation (AASHTO 2002):
Where B and L are the effective width and length of the footing respectively; ratio assumed to be equal to 0.25;
is the Poissons
is a factor to account for footing shape and rigidity, table 6 shows the elastic foundation level. and shape and rigidity used. q0 is the effective stress at the level of the bottom of the foundation. Table 6: Elastic shape and rigidity factors EPRI (1983) L/B Circular 1 2 3 5 10 z,Flexible 1.04 1.06 1.09 1.13 1.22 1.41 z,Rigid 1.13 1.08 1.10 1.15 1.24 1.41
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The settlements are divided into two parts: during construction phase (i.e. earth pressure, dead load) and during service (deck, superimposed loads, live loads, etc.). They are calculated based on the stresses applied during construction and during service conditions using the effective foundation dimensions (B and L to take eccentricities into account). The data used and the corresponding estimated settlements are listed in Tables 7, 8 and 9 below. Table 7: Subsurface materials for Piers and Abutments Type PierP1 PierP2 PierP3 PierP4 PierP5 AbutmentA1 AbutmentA2 Foundationembedmentconditions Foundationsshallbesocketedatleast0.5mintogoodrock. Thesoilcoverabovefootingsisaround0.5m. Foundationsshallbesocketedatleast0.5mintogoodrock. Thesoilcoverabovefootingsisaround5m. Foundationsshallbesocketedatleast0.5mintogoodrock. Thesoilcoverabovefootingsisaround0.5m. Foundationsshallbesocketedatleast0.5mintogoodrock. Thesoilcoverabovefootingsisaround0.5m. Foundationsshallbesocketedatleast0.5mintogoodrock. Thesoilcoverabovefootingsisaround1m. Foundationsshallbesocketedatleast1mintogoodrock. Thesoilcoverabovefootingsisaround3m. Foundationsshallbesocketedatleast1mintogoodrock. Foundationmaterial BasalticRock BasalticRock BasalticRock BasalticRock BasalticRock BasalticRock BasalticRock
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*Twosettlementvaluesarecomputed:duringconstructionandduringserviceasperTables8 and9above.Thenetsettlementisthedifferencebetweenthesetwovalues. Based on the above, most of the settlements will occur during construction and settlements during service conditions are within tolerable limits.
7.3
Lateral Resistance
The footings are partially socketed into rock to provide proper resistance against lateral loads. The lateral loads are particularly high for Abutment where the ultimate lateral loads can reach 50,364 KN. The contribution of the soil above footings is conservatively ignored. Different modes of failures can occur: a. Failure along interface between footing and rock. In this case the resistance is ensured by the sliding resistance at the foundation bottom in addition to the rock wedge in front of the footing. The failure path can also occur along discontinuities. However in view of the massive nature of the rock encountered as confirmed by the high RQD values reported, this mode of failure is not likely to occur as the longer the failure paths are, the higher is the resistance against lateral loads. b. Failure is initiated by buckling of the upper layer of rock under lateral loads. This failure mode can be disregarded in view of the high compressive strength of the rock. c. Rock can be simulated to a c- soil. In view of the relatively high c and values that can be adopted for the rock mass and the large footing dimensions (thickness, width and length), resistance is ensured via the passive pressure. d. Failure by bearing capacity would not happen in view of the large footing dimensions (thickness, width and length). The lateral pressure would not exceed 400 kPa. An example of evaluation of lateral resistance for Abutment A2 is provided in Appendix D.
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b. Failure by buckling
d. Rock simulated to a c- soil Figure 9: Potential failure surfaces under lateral loads It should be noted that failure by sliding is not expected in view of the high vertical loads applied on the foundation which restrain it from sliding.
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8.
Recommendations
The following is recommended for the construction of foundations of the Rail Bridge: 1- The allowable bearing capacity is 400 kPa. 2- The expected subsurface material over which foundations are laid consists of moderately fractured to massive Basalt. 3- Foundation embedment (from Ground surface to bottom of R.C. foundation) shall be: Abutment A1: 5.5 m depth below the natural ground level, foundation shall be socketed at least 1m into good rock; Piers P1: at 3.0 m depth below natural ground level, foundation shall be socketed at least 0.5m into good rock. Piers P2: at 8 m depth below natural ground level, foundation shall be socketed at least 0.5m into good rock. Piers P3: at 3.2 m depth below natural ground level, foundation shall be socketed at least 0.5m into good rock. Piers P4: at 3.2 m depth below natural ground level, foundation shall be socketed at least 0.5m into good rock. Piers P5: at 3.7 m depth below natural ground level, foundation shall be socketed at least 0.5m into good rock. Abutment A2: at 2.75 m depth below natural ground level, foundation shall be socketed at least 1m into good rock. 4- Should in situ material encountered on Site be different from those expected then foundation recommendations shall be revised accordingly. 5- A cautious method of excavation shall be performed so as not to disturb rock around and under the footings. An even and uniform excavation surface shall be obtained. Proper preparation of the areas to receive foundations shall be done as per Project Specifications. 6- No ground water is reported so cold paint water proofing should be applied. 7- Existing Utilities are present and all measures for supporting/protecting them should be provided by the Contractor and properly installed, maintained and monitored and shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval. 8- Cement type I should be used as chemical tests indicates non aggressive environment. 9- Probing and filling of cavities shall be done as per the approved Method Statement for cavity probing and filling.
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Sliding: For Abutment A1 which carried the largest lateral load (ultimate load = 50,364 kN), the footing dimensions are 16.5m length, 19.4m width and 2.75m thickness. Taking into account the cohesion and friction angle adopted, sliding along the interface rockfooting would not occur (1000 kPa X length X width = 1000 kPa X 19.4m X 16.5m = 320,100 KN).
Failure plane: Consider that failure would happen along a failure plane that has an angle of 60 from the vertical (around /4+/2). The horizontal resistance from the triangular wedge of rock would be: cohesion X length of wedge X cos(30) X length of footing = 1000kPaX5.5mXcos(30)X16.5m=78,591 KN.
Lateralload
2.75m 2.3m
Foundation
L=16.5 m L=13m
Rockwedgecontribution toresistance
cohesion
5.5m 4.6m
Bearing capacity: Consider a discontinuity with weak infilling material having a low cohesion of 100 kPa along which failure/sliding will occur. In this case the resistance provided by this layer against sliding would be equal to the footing dimensions X cohesion = 19.4mX16.5mX100kPa = 32,010 KN. The remaining pressure caused by the lateral load of 50,364 KN on the sides of the footing is (50,364KN-32,010)/(thickness X length) = 18,354/(2.75m X 16.5m) = 405 KPa which is equal to the allowable capacity of rock.
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Lateralload
1.4m 2.75 m Failurezonealongaweakinfillingzone withlowcohesion Foundation L=13m L=16.5 m Resistingrockat thesidesof excavation
Rock simulated to a c soil: in this case the friction and cohesion of the equivalent soil will contribute in resisting the loads. Kp can be conservatively taken equal to 1.
Lateralload
2.3m 2.75 m Foundation 2C+.H
For a cohesion of 1000 kPa, the resistance provided by the soil would reach around 91,581 KN.
L=13m L=16.5 m
Buckling: In view of the massive nature of the rock mass and the high RQD values, consider if buckling is likely to occur then the whole lateral load would be resisted by a 1m X1m rock square area, the pressure would then be 50,364/(1m X 1m) = 50,364 kPa which is less than of the average of the unconfined compression strength values reported for the rock.
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