ims ra a a Ov | UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF CAIR( ‘MECHANICAL ENGINEERS ENGINEERING SERVICES ASME-AUC JOINT COURSES COURSE PV&P 01 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION 1 DESIGN & FABRICATIONS FOR PRESSURE VESSELS ‘MARCH 1-8, 2008 Dr. MAHER Y. A. YOUNAN Dr. MAHMOUD SHATLA, Prot and Chale Project Manager ‘Meznanical Engineering Dept. “Engineering fer he Parca avd -Amecican University in Cairo roces indus (Emp) Authorized ASME Global Instructors (AGD MAJOR COURSE MATERIAL PREFARED BY K-MOKATARIAN, RE. ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE SERVICES2) THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN CAIRO BpOLatly S4Ssp olf) de ol ti Schaol of Sciences and Engineering poley Seige tas Engineering and Science Services ASME KS ‘THE AMERICAN SOCIETY THE AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF IN CAIRO MECHANICAL ENGINEERS ENGINEERING SERVICES ASME-AUC JOINT COURSES COURSE PV&P 01 ASME SECTION VIII DIVISION | DESIGN & FABRICATIONS FOR PRESSURE VESSELS MARCH 1 - 8, 2008 Dr. MAHER Y. A. YOUNAN Dr, MAHMOUD SHATLA, Prof. and Chair Project Manager ‘Mechanical Engineering Dept. Engineering for the Petroleum and American University in Cairo Proces Industries (Eppi) Authorized ASME Global Instructors (AGI) MAJOR COURSE MATERIAL PREPARED BY K MOKHTARIAN, P.E. 113 Kast El Aini Street + BO. Bos 251 Cairo 11511, Egypt + tel 20.2.2797.5521 + fay 20.2,2792,3352/2795.7563Bw pen ay = 13. 14. is. 16. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION TO ASME CODE AND SECTION VII GENERAL REQUIREMENTS MATERIALS REQUIREMENTS GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE DESIGN FOR BUCKLING DESIGN OF FLAT HEADS AND COVERS DESIGN OF OPENINGS FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS NDE, TESTING, PRESSURE RELIEF AND DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTS REQUIREMENTS FOR VESSELS FABRICATED BY WELDING REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELS REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH ALLOY STEELS REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT TREATED MATERIALS CODE APPENDICES EXAMPLE PROBLEMSCOURSE INTRODUCTION This course covers the rules of the ASME Code Section VII, Division 1. While the emphasis is on design, the rules for materials, fabrication, examination, inspection, testing, pressure relief and documentation are also briefly covered. The time available does not allow for an in depth presentation of all parts of the Code. These notes have been prepared for instructional purposes only and may not be used as a substitute for the Code. These notes contain only a brief description of some of the general rules and requirements and may not be complete and up-to- date. For design and fabrication, the applicable Edition and Addenda of the Code must be used. The commentary in these notes and the presentation represent the author’s personal opinions and interpretations and are not official] ASME interpretations. Neither the author nor ASME assume any responsibility or liability related to the use of these notes or instructions based on them. These notes may not be reproduced without the written permission of the ASME.MODULE 1Blackboard 5 Page 1 of 2 Course Material Current Location: Module #1 Introduction to ASME Code and Section Vill (Top | : Module #1 Introduction to ASME Code and Section Vill | Introduction This module includes an introduction to the overall ASME Boller and Pressure Vessel Code (commonly r the ASME Code). The history and purpose of the Code is very briefly discussed, An introduction is also p the Section VIll of the ASME Code and the Code Committee that maintains it. Learning Objectives The primary objective of this module is to familiarize you with the overall ASME Code and, in particular, of this Cade. By completing this module you will know: -What are the various Sections of the ASME Code Where the Section Vill fits and what it covers “Wal are the other Sections of the Code that are refenced and needed by users of Section Vill. -What are Code Cases “How the requests for interpretations are processed and published -What vessels fall within the scope of this Code -What are the boundaries of a Section Vill vessel. "What are the responsibillies of the various parties involved @ PowerPoint Presentation ASME _COURSE_PD44?_Module_1.ppt (020528 ayes) To see this PowerPoint cick on thé link then rightclick on Full Screen, Exercises/Quizzes/Tests http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 I-1Blackboard 5 Page 2 of 2 ‘You must complete the quiz at the end of this module. DS stongy recommended that you ead the Forevors and inrosution tothe Section Vil, Divison 1. T pages will also help you understand the Committee structure for the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel C overall test is 180 provided for the entire course and must be completed. < Related Resources There are a number of references that cover the material in Section Vil Code. For the beginner, to get ar what this Code is all about, the best source is a recent pblication by Jawad and Farr, tiled "A Guide to A Section Vill, published by the ASME Press. htto://208,254.4.135/bin/common/content.pi?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 1-2PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO ASME CODE AND SECTION VUIINTRODUCTION TO THE ASME CODE First set of rules published in 1914. The Code has no legal standing until adopted by a jurisdiction. The Code consists of 11 Sections and Section XII is close to publication. The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code is primarily a safety document. Accident rate has dropped dramatically since the introduction of the CodeASME CODE HISTORY AND ORGANIZATION Boiler explosions were common occurences in the 1800"s and the early part of 1900’s. In the five year period, from 1899 to 1905, about 1300 people were killed in the United States alone, by 1600 boiler explosions. A boiler explosion on the Mississippi River ‘Steamboat Sultana in 1865 killed more than half of the 2400 people aboard. A single explosion in a shoe factory in 1905 in Brockton, Massachusetts killed 58 people and injured 117. As a result of such accidents, the Commonwealth of massachusetts, in 1907, enacted the first set of legal rules for construction of steam boilers. This first set of rules consisted of only 3 pages. Other States and a number of large cities formulated their own mules in the ensuing years. There was no uriiformity amongsfsuch rules and they often conflicted with each other. In 1911, ASME recognized the need for a uniform national set of standards and organized a group to develop such rules. This was the beginning of what is today known as the Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Committee. The first set of rules by ASME was published in 1914 and adopted by a number of of legal entities (jurisdictions). In 1919, the Chief Inspectors of a number of jurisdictions organized a group to assure uniformity of the enforcement of the rules and to establish qualifications of the inspectors. This group became the “National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors” which still functions today.LANDMARK ASME CODE DATES 1893 - 1903 1200 people killed in boiler ‘explosions 905 Brockton explosion 1905 First set of rules in massachusetts 1915. First code + Section 1 1923 : First Section [V 1925 First Section VIE 1963 | First Section 1. 1968 Section X 1975 : Section If, Division 2 1997 Section VIII, Division 3ASME BOILER & PRESSURE VESSEL CODE SECTIONS | Power Boilers, il Material Specifications if Nuclear Components IV Heating Boilers a V_ Nondestructive Examination . Recommended Rules for Care and Operation of Heating Boilers Vil Recommended Guidelines for the Care of Power Boilers “Vill Pressure Vessels Division) | . Division 2 - Alternative Rules __Division 3- High Pressure Vessels IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications x er-Reinforced Plastic Pressure Vessels Xl Rules’ for Inservice ‘Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant Components “ADDENDA Additions and revisions to individual section. Published annually. Effective 6 months after publication. INTERPRETATIONS Committee“ response to inquiries concerning Interpretation of technical as} of Code. : ng ‘pr a Issued semi-annually CODE CASES Proposed additions and revisions to the Code. . : puis for materials and constructions not covered by existing ode. 7 om Issued semi-annually 1-7SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1 CONTENTS Subsection A Genera Part UG Requirements General Requirements for All Methods of Construction aid A Materials 2 --—~. ‘Sebeection B Caen a eh ele hn tw Pee eee wees Yat UF Requirements for Pressure Veuels Fibrieated by Foryag Pans UB Requirements for Pressure Vessels Fabricated by Brasig . Sobecction Requirements Pertatatag to Chases of Materials Past UCS Requirements for Pressure Vessels Coastroced of Catton, Part UNF ‘Requirements for Pressure Vessels Constructed of Novfcrroes. _AUEA Paget for Prsre Ven Coarse a Fh Aly Pat UL Requirements sch Constrocted of Cot Ira Pet UCL, arn vat necvew occas Material With Corrosion Resivant Integral Cladding, Weld Meal Overlay Cladding, or With Applied Linings PenUCD —Ruireavents for Pressure Veuels Constructed of Cat Ductile Ica ... seeewtennennenen Pat UHT ‘Requirements for Pressure Vencls Constrocted of Fenikie ‘Socks With Tensile Properties Enhanced by HeatASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE COMMITTEE BOLER AND PRESSURE VESSEL STANDARS COMMITTEE (NAN COMATTEE) SUBCOMMITTEE Vit PRESSURE VESSELS) I - SUBGROUP SUBGROUP SUBGROUP SUBGROUP |} SUBGROUP GENERAL NATERALS DESIGN FABAND TOUGHHESS REQUIREMENTS INSPECTION TASC | [ows crows] [ana cnersPART 2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTSFOREWORD The Foreword to the Code contains some important info, including the following Code rules do not address deterioration due to service (this is the responsibility of the owner) Code is not a design handbook. Engineering judgment must be exercised, Code does not address all aspects and what! is not addressed should not be considered prohibited Code does not prohibit the use of computer programs for design. The Manufacturer is responsible for accuracy Code does not deal with care and inspection requirements Code does not approve or endorse proprietary items Revisions become mandatory six months after the date of publication Code Cases become effective on the date of approval Approval of Code Cases should be obtained from the Jurisdiction, prior to use LewRESPONSIBILITIES * The User must establish design requirements, including the following — The need for corrosion allowance — The definition of lethal service foals — The need for PWHT, beyond that required by the Code — Components to be included with the vessel — Any other material or fabrication requirements related to the service 1-12RESPONSIBILITIES ¢ The Manufacturer has overall responsibility for safety of the vessel, including the following: — Meeting all the requirements of the Code — The work of subcontractors — Assuring that proper certification is provided by suppliers of stamped parts ¢ The Authorized inspector has certain duties, including the following: — Make all the inspections specified by the Code — Monitor the quality control and NDE performed by the Manufacturer — Verify that calculations have been made ~ Authorize the application of Code symbol — Sign the Data report [-13SUBJECTS COVERED MATERIALS DESIGN FABRICATION INSPECTION NON-DESTRUCTIVE EXAMINATION TESTING ; MARKING AND REPORTS PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICESSCOPE OF SECTION Vill ¢ The following pressure equipment are excluded from the scope of Section VIII, Division 1: [see U- 1(c)(2)] — Those within the scope of other Sections — Fired process tubular heaters — Integral parts of rotating or reciprocating mechanical devices (such as pumps, compressors, etc.) — Piping systems and piping components — Vessels containing water, up to certain pressure and temperature — Hot water supply storage tanks — Vessels having internal or external pressure not exceeding 15 psiSCOPE OF SECTION Vill — Vessels having an inside diameter not exceeding 6 in. — Pressure Vessels for Human Occupancy (covered by PVHO-1) ¢ Any pressure vessel which meets the requirements of the . Code, may be stamped, unless specifically prohibitedLIMITS OF PRESSURE VESSEL BOUNDARY The following establishes the minimum geometric scope of the Code. [see U-1(e)] — When external piping or other mechanical equipment or pressure equipment is to be attached to the vessel: a) For welded connections, the first circumferential joint b) For screwed connections, the first threaded joint c) For bolted flanged connections, the face of first flange d) For proprietary fittings, the first sealing : surface - When non-pressure parts are welded directly to pressure retaining materials: a) Design, fabrication, testing, and material requirements applicable to non-pressure attachments P/FLIMITS OF PRESSURE VESSEL BOUNDARY - All pressure retaining covers - The first sealing surface of proprietary fittings The owner has the option to require that the Code limits be extended beyond the minimum requirements The jurisdiction may impose additional requirements Supports are considered non-pressure attachments“1 woysiaig ‘IIIA UOHD9s “epon jesseA -ounssesg 3WSY 40} yuDYp eoueLOyOy 1°, “BLY a p2e-on vod as2- ze-onsog mpepmut _ 08d Se-mn ibd ‘Sh-Mn0y 614 pu SI-MAN Od puopse-onuod = Uibuatung ee 4u94s90J0)0/82 719 x0N% Suot.2auve9 paprom UOIshy Send b-9N 21001 ip-on soe “Sy-9N 40d Sire pare $U0}}9@UU09 Sis bum90g \ papoesyL e¢-mn vod : se-on vos Pe-nn20d jut (ouipr4600) : saan .20uDJ9(04 JUBUEH ‘pis xanuod 2-9n puog-on 20d Buys09 aw g-vn 614 ‘9-un pu ge-9n 40d ‘spoey pasiog 426-911 30d poay jootaeydswoH, 820814 "6-MN 40d 06p9 ‘ey01d pasedD, 29810401 40 paydosboipos ssayun 4X 4803) 40 swiD9s Guo] 296604S, Tpouaydstoy, uo eunssaad 02 SMUIN gan F bao 2E-9N 40g eee ei-Mn bid pday }OO1U0D suet re Sb-9N 40d ——n 9b-9N sd Peannaes | seaubkiPhuiay Hoe Pome peasant suoue ly ore. Pb-WN pud YZE-9N wOd ez-0n0d bus buivayyus 7 > pay [Os1U00120), SOON INDUS, un pu Levis ono ry Uh —ev-vn'sis '9€ PUD B}=MN 3dd sbuuado paosoyuey [ty] sedky ebuol4 en ait vg-on tog — zi-bnved wagzznaog sp004 401s pe} 28; on30g 1-19 22Blackboard 5 Page 1 of 3 Course Information Current Location: Course Information @ Course Overview: This course covers the significant rules of ASME Code Section Vill, Division 1. The emphasis is on design requirements. However, material requirements, fabrication, rules, welding and NDE requirements, stamping and Data Report requirements, and a number of other areas are also covered. Rules for very specialized constuction methods and materials are not included. The background behind some of the more significant rules are explained. The application of rules is demonstrated through example problems. By compieting this course, you will be aware of what is contained in this Code, where to find things in this book, understand the basis of the rules and how to apply the rules, for design and fabrication of the vessels. Users of pressure vessels will leam how to prepare more complete design specifications and more cost effective purchase documents. Those individuals involved with inspection of vessels will eam the significance of inspecting for various activities and more effectively review the Manufacturers documents. Individuals involved with repairs/aiterations will have an understanding of how to apply the rules of this Code of construction to repair alterations. Course Description: This course covers all aspects of contructing a pressure vessel to this Code. Some areas are covered very briefly and should be studied in the Code, in detail, if needed. The following is a list of some the course highlights. Course Highlights -Code rules, scope and jurisdiction -General requirements related to materials and testing “Material toughness and impact testing requirements ‘Joint categories and joint efficiencies “General requirements related to stamping, reports hydro tests and others ‘Welding requirements -Committees, operations and voting procedures “Editions, addenda and interpretations -Design requirements “Design criteria and strength theory for Division 1 -Formulas for intemal pressure and tensile loading “Procedures for external pressure (vacuum) and compressive loads “Openings and reinforcement -Hydrostatic and pneumatic testing Background of the design rules Course Learning Objectives: ‘The objective of this course is to familiarize the participant with the rules of ASME Code Section Vili, Division 1. These rules provide for design and fabrication of pressure vessels. To achieve the objectives of this course, the participant should: + Review the introductory paragraphs infront ofthis Code and develop an understanding ofthe scope and intent of this document - Study and understand the basis for major design rules = Develop an understanding of the fabrication requirements = Study the example problems to develop an understanding of how the rules are applied The participants in this course are expected to study these notes in conjunction with the Code (Section VIll, Division 1). After studying each module, the quiz for that module should be completed. The {questions for which you did not provide a correct answer should be studied (look up the answer in the notes or in the Code). http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?action=LIST&course_id=_229 18a... 11/10/2003 1-20Blackboard 5 Page 2 of 3 Participation in discussion groups will provide additional insight. After completing all modules, the overall course test must be completed and the results studied. @ Course Prerequisites: To effectively complete this course and achieve the objectives, its preferred that the participants have ‘a basic understanding of structural behavior and use of pressure equipment. This does not require a technical degree or any specific experience. This course will also benefit tho'se with prior experience with pressure vessel design and fabrication. This course will update the knowledge of such individuals and provide an understanding of the basis for some of tre rules. ‘Access to a copy of the Edition of the Section Vill, Division 1, is required, for the duration of this course. Itwill also be helpful to have access to Section Il, Part D, which contains the allowable stress tables. ‘You may purchase of copy of the cade from ASME by going to http:/waw.assme.ora/pubs! @ Course Schedule: This course consists of twelve modules. You are required to complete two modules per week: Modules 1 and 2 Modules 3 & 4 Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 -- Modules 5&6 Week 4 -- Modules 7&8 Week 5 -- Modules 9 & 10 Week 6 -- Modules 11 & 12 @ Required Texts/Materials: 1. ASME Section VIII, Division 1. The primary text required for this course is the ASME Section VIII, Division 1, of the Code. The course notes have excerpts from this Code and explanations of the rules. It is essential that the participants have the latest Edition and Addenda of the Code at their disposal, when reading the course notes. 2. ASME Section II, Part D. Example problems are worked out, using the stress allowable values and extemal pressure curves of the 2001 Edition ofthe Section Il, Part D, Code. It would be very helpful to also have access to this Code, to lear how the stress allowable tables and extemal pressure curves are used. 3, Section Vill Code Case Book - this is essential for reading and analyzing the cases in this course. 4, ASME Section IX. For those who may get involved with welding and NDE of vessels, itis suggested that that they also have copies of Section IX, on welding, and Section V, on NDE. Section Vill refemces these Codes for the detailed procedures for qualification on welders and welding procedures,and for qualification of NDE operators. Section V will also provide the details for performing various types of NDE. 4. "Companion Guide to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code", ed. KR. Rao, ASME Press. For those interested in fully understaing the background and history of Code rules, this new ASME- publication will be very helpful. & Evaluation Requirements: ASME online courses provide Continuing Education Units (CEUs). ‘The participants will be evaluated on the basis of the resulls of the quizzes and tests and participation in discussions. In order to be awarded the CEU units, the participant is expected to answer at least 70% of quiz and test questions correctly. The instructor, at his discretion, may use the results of the discussions and course participation to adjust the fail/pass grade of 70%. @ Class Participation: ; | Itis important for you to know and understand that contributing to discussions, sending email, and participating in “real time” chats constitutes participation. ‘You are expected to participate in the discussion at least three times a week by creating your own response to the questions in the Discussion Forum and responding to two other participants. http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?action=L1ST&course_id=_229_1&a.... 11/10/2003 be 21Blackboard 5 Page 1 of 2 Course Material Current Location: Course Material http:/208.254.4.136/bin/common/content. pI?action=LIST&course_i Module #1 Introduction to ASME Code and Section VII This module contains an introduction to ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and Section Vill in particular. A list of all Sections is included and the scope of Section VIII defined. The Boundaries of a Code vessel are defined and the responsibilities of various parties are outlined. Module #2 Materials and General Design Requirements This module Covers the material requirements and general design requirements of Section VIII, Division 4. Itwill provide the information needed to select the proper materials for construction of a Code vessel. It will also provide the information needed for proper purchasing and certfication of the materials allowed by this Code. Material identification and traceability is also covered. ‘An introduction is provided to stress allowables and the basis for them. An introduction to stresses of various types is included and the general design requirements are explained. Module #3 Design for Internal Pressure ‘This module covers the design rules for intemal pressure. Formulas are provided for design of cylindrical and spherical shells, under internal pressure. ‘The concept of "Joint Efficiency” is introduced and the rules on how to calculate the values are included. Two Code Cases, which allow deviating from the required design thickness, in local areas, are included. Module #4 Design of Formed Heads This module covers the design rules for formed heads under internal pressure. The differences between various types of heads are explained. ‘ACode Case for design of conica! shells with half apex angles exceeding 30 degrees is included. The ‘application of these rules is demonstated by an example. A Code Case which provides alternative rules for design of formed heads is explained. Module #5 Design for Buckling ‘This module provides the design rules for buckling. Axial compression in cylindrical shells and external pressure on various shells and heads are covered. The shortcomings of the present Code rules are pointed out, Module #6 Alternative Buckling Rules and Design of Flat Covers This module covers Code Case 2286, which contains alternative buckling rules. The rules of this Code Case are much more comprehensive and up-to-date than the rules in the Code. It is intended.that the tules of this Code Case will replace the existing buckling rules in the Code, before long. A comparison of Code rules and Code Case rules is included. This module also covers the design of fat heads and covers, Module #7 Design of Openings This module covers the design rules for openings. Area replacement rules are covered in detail. The exemption of small openings from reinforcement is explained and the additional requirements for large openings are pointed out. Code Case 2268, which provides a more liberal alternative method to full area replacements is included. Rules for ligaments are included. Example problems are provided. Module #8 Fabrication Requirements = 229 18a... 11/10/2003 1-22Blackboard 5 Page 2 of 2 ‘This module covers the fabrication requirements. General fabrication requirements and tolerance requirements are included. Requirements for inspection openings and a definition of the Maximum ‘Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) is included. Module # 9 V: Fabric: Welding This module covers the specific requirements for vessels constructed by weiding in Part UW of the Code. Topics include service restrictions and requirements, welded joint categories, and design details allowed for various types of joints and joint locations. Module.#10 Post-Weld Heat Treatment ‘This module covers Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) requirements. Topics include: various. procedures allowed for performing PWHT, rules for determining when a joint needs to be heat treated, what is the required temperature, what is the required hold time, and the concept of local PWHT. Module #11 Requirements for High Alloy Steeis This module covers the requirements for vessels constructed of high alloy steels. The NDE requirements unique to these materials and the toughness requirements are expiained. Module #12 Example Problems This module includes a number of example problems which demonstrate the application of design rules. The examples cover intemal pressure, external pressure, openings, and other design areas. http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pl?action=LIST&course_id=_229 1&2... 11/40/2003 1-23Tm 1 1 BASIC PRINCIPLES IN DESIGNSTRESS IN PRESSURE VESSELSDesign and Failure modes he Fis. 1-26656 of ye Mail 0 taw-carbon nickel els Percentage of etimate seme to} M25 33 40 Ow 25 suminam Conver 545 atumiown ae wise RSS a oe oe eet sy 6 sto Tl ste eseen foe ee) ttnate J fig. 24, Comporion of atlowable trom ond yeld trent at « prscentage of the vlimole sions for mataits within ctmoxphale temperchire tonne, aT a we Fo Seite Percentage of etimatestength Ahccording to Zk (8. Coerteny of he Amercen Weng Sect) Lea. of yield Cyiews Vietraeacnst 0080 0070 0080 9080 Fie 214. Tineeon z of 700%, "16-154 ano feldion auenched trom 21 } tea. rng Co} an 0020 010) 20,000, 689 00 1000" 500 700025003 1-27 j900 3800 4000 4500 S000 30) 6000 t500 7000 “Tene Dours .| cnet oeep ope es | ¥ 100] : — e234, Conan i rs Mi otompameesest fe a tein mayen rr F maemo er Bo || }——— |__| | Sette et ned E = bf wu dlp isa hg at 7 Minimum a of exenslon per cent per how opie bo —J--|- 1p 217. Sten 1000 hoves vt, temparete for Wal. oor Temperature, degrees F 7 1-28an, Suess AK sib Endurance limit i kW SRI XO SKI I I SKI Number of M, eyetes 10 failure Fag 3,2, Failure zone Failure line = Safe stress tine Alternating stress coimponent, o, 5,IN Se Mean stress component. dq = 1-29 Fig 133 0 +“Stresses in Pressure Vessels | . DESIGN PHILOSOPHY In general, pressure vessels designed with the ASME Code, Section VIII, Di tigned by rules and do niot require a detailed evaluation of all stresses. It is recognized that high localized and secondary bending stresses may exist but are allowed for by use of a higher safety factor and design rules for de- tails. Itis required, however, that all loadings (the forces — applied to a vessel or its structural attachments) must be considered. (See Reference 1, Para, UG-22.) While the Code gives formulas for thickness and stress of basic components, itis up to the designer to se- lect appropriate analytical procedures for determining stress due to other loadings. The designer must also se- leet the most probable combination of simukaneous loads for an economical and safe design. ‘The Code establishes allowable stresses by stating in Para. UG-24(c) that the maximum general primary membrane stress must be less than allowable stresses outlined in material sections. Further, it states that the maximum primary membrane stress plus primary bend- ing stress may not exceed 1.5 times the allowable stress — of the material sections. In other sections, specifically Paragraphs 1-5(¢) and 2-8, higher allowable stresses are permitted if appropriate analysis is made. These higher allowable stresses clearly indicate that different stress levels for different stress categories are acceptable. Itis general practice when doing more detailed stress analysis to apply higher allowable stresses. In effect, the detailed evaluation of stresses permits substituting knowledge of localized stresses and the use of higher al- lowables in place of the larger factor of safety used by the Code. This higher safety factor really reflected lack of knowledge about actual stresses. ‘A calculated value of stress means litle until it is asso- ciated with its location and disiribution in the vessel and with the type of loading that produced it. Different types of stress have different degrees of significance. ‘The designer must famniliarize himself with the vari- ous types of stress and loadings in order to accurately apply the results of analysis. The designer must also consider some adequate stress or failure theory in order to combine stresses and set allowable stress limits. It is against this failure mode that he must compare and in- terpret stress values, and define how the scresses in a component react and contribute to the strength of that part. ‘The following sections will provide the fundamental knowledge for applying the results of analysis. The top- ies covered in Chapter 1 form the basis by which the rest of the book is to be used. A section on special problems and considerations is included to alert the designer to more complex problems that exist. STRESS ANALYSIS analysis ion of the relationship ber al forces applied to a vessel an - sponding stress, The emphasis 0 ke is not how to do stress analysis in particular, but rather how co ana- Iyze vessels and their component parts in an effort to ar~ rive at an economical and safe design—the difference being that we analyze stresses where necessary to deter~ mine thickness of material and sizes of members. We are not s0 concerned with building mathematical models as with providing a step-by-step approach to the design of ASME Code vessels. It is noc necessary to find every stress but rather to know the governing stresses and how they relate to the vessel or its respective parts, attach- ments, and supports. The starting place for stress analysis is to determine all the design conditions for a given problem and chen '-30| ee termine all the selated external forces. We must then | ate these external forces 1 the vessel parts which istres sponding stresses. By lating the causes (loadings), thee effects (stress) can be sre accurately determined. The designer must also be keenly aware of the types loads and how they relate to the vessel as a whole, Are {effects long or short term? IDo they apply to a local- d portion of the vessel or are they uniform through- 2 . | How these stresses are interpreted and combined, ‘at significance they have to the overall safety of the sel, and what allowable stresses are applied will be termined by three things: 1, The strengtlviailure theory utilized. 2. The types and categories of loadings. , 3. The hazard the stress represents to the vessel. i Membrane Stress Analysis Pressure vessels commonly have the form of spheres, linders, cones, ellipsoids, tori, OF composites of these, hhen the thickness is small in comparison with other _ nensions (Rp/t> 10), vessels are referred to as mem- anes and the associated stresses resulting from the tained pressure are called membrane stresses. These smbrane stresses are average tension or compression ‘esses. They are assumed to be uniform across the ves- wall and act tangentially to its surface. The mem- "ane or wall is assumed to offer no resistance to bend- 3. When the wall offers resistance to bending, bending | esses occur in addition to membrane stresses. | In a vessel of complicated shape subjected to internal \jessure, the simple membrane-stress concepts do not ffice to give an adequate idea of the true stress situa: mn, The types of heads closing the vessel, effects of sup- ‘rts, variation in thickness and cross section, nozzles, ternal attachments, and overall bending due to | ight, wind, and seismic all cause varying stress distri- itions in the vessel. Deviations from a true membrane ape set up bending in the vessel wall and cause the di- stloading to vary irom point to point. The direct toad- As stated previously, stresses are meaningless until mpared to some stresv/failure theory. The significance ‘a given stress must be related to its location in the ves- ing is diverted from the more flexible to the more rigid portions of the vessel. This effect is called “stress redis- tribution.” In any pressure vessel subjected to internal or exter nal pressure, stresses are se. up in the shell wall. The state of stress is triaxial and the three principal stresses are: ao ©, = Jongitudinal/meridional stress 04 ~ circumferential/ativudinal stress 9, = radial stress In addition, there may be bending and shear stresses. ‘The radial stress is a direct stress, which is a result of the pressure acting directly on the wall, and causes a com- pressive stress equal to the pressure. In thin-walled ves- sels this stress is so small compared to the other “‘prinei- pal” stresses that it is generally ignored. Thus we assume for purposes of analysis that the state of stress is biaxial. This greatly simplifies the method of combining meri comparison to triaxial stress states. Fok thick- es ela (Rls <19), the radial fess cannot be arld formulas are Quite different from'those used ie encingt ‘membrane stjetses” \n thin shell, * Since ASME Code, Section VILL, Division 1, is basi- cally for design by rules, a higher factor of safety is used to allow for the “unknown”? stresses in the vessel. This safety factor, which ‘allows for these unknown strenits, can impose a penalty, on design but requires much less analysis.'The design techniques outlined in this text are a compromise between finding all stresses and utilizing minimum code fortaulas. This addi knowledge of stresses Warrants the\use of higher all cting the requ “membrane tress analysis” is Wot (comely accurate but allows certain simplifying as- sumptions to be made while maintaining a fair degree of ‘accuracy. The main simplifying assumptions are that the stress is biaxial and that the stresses are uniform across the shell wall. For thin-walled vessels these assumptions Jhave proven themselves to be reliable. No vessel meets the criteria of being a true membrane, but we can use \ghis tool within a reasonable degree of accuracy. ble strestes ini some cases, while STRESS/FAILURE THEORIES sel and its bearing on the ultimate failure of that vessel. Historically various “theories” have been derived (™—* combine and measure stresses against the potential fail- vas!ure mode. A number of stress theories, also called “yield criteria,” are available for describing the effects of combined stresses. For purposes ofthis text as these fail- ture theories apply to pressure vessels, only two theories will be discussed. They are the ‘'maximum stress the- ory” and the “maximusn shear stress theory.” Maximum Stress Theory ‘This theoty is the oldest, most widely used and sim- plest to apply. Both ASME Code, Section VIII, Division — }yand Section 1 use the maximum stress theory as 4 ba- sis for design. This theory simply asserts that the break- down of material depends only on the numerical magni tude of the maximurn principal or normal stress. Stresses in the other directions are disregarded. Only the maximum principal stress must be determined to apply this criterion, This theory is used for biaxial states of — stress assumed in a thin-walled pressure vessel. As will be shown lacer ic is wnconservative in some instances and requires a higher safety factor for its use. While the maximum stress theory does accurately predict failure in brittle materials, it is not always accurate for ductile macerials. Ductile materials often fail along lines 45° to Figure 1-1. Graph of maximum stress theory. Quadrant I: axial tension; Quadrant Ii: Tension; Quarant it Biaxial compression: ‘Quadrant iV: Compression. ‘Stresses in Pressure Vessels 3 the applied force by shearing, long before the tensile or compressive stresses are maximum. ‘This theory can be illustrated graphically for the four states of biaxial stress shown in Figure 1-1. It can be seen that uniaxial tension or compression lies on the two axes. Inside the box (outer boundaries) is the clastic range of the material. Yielding is predicted for stress combinations by the auter line. Maximum Shear Stress Theory This theory asserts that the breakdown of material de- pends only on the maximum shear stress attained in an clement. It assumes that yielding starts in planes of maximum shear stress. According to this cheory, yield- ing will start at a point when the maximum shear stress at that point reaches one half of the the uniaxial yield strength, Fy. Thus for a biaxial state of stress where \>¢», the maximum shear stress will be (0, ~ 02)/2. Yielding will occur when sizer Bx 2 2 Safety factor boundary imposed by ASME Code Fallure surtace (yield surtace} boundary 1-324 Pressure Vessel Design’ Manual Figure 1-2, Graph of maxi Both ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2 and ASME Code, Section II], utilize the maximum shear stress cri- terion. This theory closely approximates experimental results and is also easy to use. This theory also applies to triaxial states of stress. In a triaxial stress state, this the- ory predicts that yielding will occur whenever one half the algebraic difference between the maximum and minimum stress is equal to one half the yield stress. Where 0,>02>03, the maximum shear stress is (o. - osy2. ‘Yiiding will begin when This theory is illustrated graphically for the four states of biaxial stress in Figure 1~ ‘A comparison of Figure 1-1 and Figure 1-2 will quickly illustrate the major differences between the wo theori re 1-2 predicts yielding at earlier points in Quadrants II and IV. For example, consider point B of Figure 1-2. It shows oz = ( ~ 01; therefore the shear stress is equal to ¢; ~ ( 01)/2, which equals a2 + 0/2 fr one half the stress which would cause yielding as pre- Failure surtace (yield surtace) boundary mum shear stress theory. Comparison of the Two Theories Both theories are in agreement for uniaxial stress 0 when one of the principal stresses is large in compariso: to the others. The discrepancy between the theories i greatest when both principal stresses are numericall equal. For simple analysis upon which the thickness formu las for ASME Code, Section I or Section VIII, Divisio. 1, are based, it makes litte difference whether the maxi ‘mum stress theory or maximum shear stress theory i used, For example, according to the maximum stres theory, the controlling stress governing the thickness of cylinder is a,, circumferential stress, since it is the lar est of the three principal stresses. According to the max ‘mum shear stress theory, the controlling stress would cone half the algebraic difference between the maximur and minimum stress: © The maximum stress is the circumferential stress, © oy = PR . ©The minimum stress is the radial stress, 0, dicted by the maximum stress theory! a= -P f‘Therefore, the maximum shear stress is: > % ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2, and Section TI] use the term “stress intensity,” which is defined as twice the maximum shear stress. Since the shear stress is. compared to one half the yield stress only, “stress inten- sity” is used for comparison to allowable stresses or ulti- mate stresses. To define it another way, yielding begins when the “stress intensity” exceeds the yield strength of the material, Tin the preceding example, the “stress imentity” would be equal 10.6, ~ ). And 0 - = PRA = (—P)= PR +P For a cylinder where P = 300 psi, R= 30 in, and t= 5 im, the two theories would compare as follows: ope te y ‘Vessel failures can be grouped into four major catego- ries, whith describe why a vessel failure occurs, Failures can’ also be grouped into types of failures, which de- seribe how the failure occurs. Each failure has a why and how to its history. It may have failed through corrosion fatigue because the wrong materia wat selected! The de- signer must be as familiar with categories and types of failure as with categoties and types of strest and load- ings, Ulimately they are all related. Categories of Failures 1. Material—Improper selection of material; defects in material. 2. Design—Incorrect design data; inaccurate ar incor- rect design methods; inadequate shop testing. 3. Fabrication—Poor quality control; improper or insul- ficient fabrication procedures including welding; hheat treatment of forming methods. Service—Change of service condition by the user; in- ‘experienced operations or maintenance personnel; 4, Stresses in Pressure Vessels § © Maximum sires theory 2 = 0, = PRIt = 300(30)/.5 = 18,000 psi © Maximum shear stress theory © = PRIt + P = 300(30)/.5 +.300 = 18,300 psi ‘Two points are obvious from the foregoing: 1. For thin-walled pressure vessels, both theories yield approximately the same results. 2, For chin-walled pressure vessels the radial stress is 30, small in comparison to the other principal stresses that it can be ignored and a state of biaxial stress is assumed t0 exist. For thick-walled vessels (Ry/t < 10), the radial stress becomes significant in defining the ukimace failure of the verse), ‘The maximum stress theory is unconserva- tive for designing these vessels. For this reason, this text has limited its application to thin-walled vesscis where a biaxial state of stress is assumed 10 exist. ‘ : Nea / FAILURES IN PRESSURE VESSELS v I ¥ upset conditions. Some types of service which re- ‘quire special attention both for selection of material, design details, and fabrication methods are a fob ws: . Lethal . Fatigue (cyclic) . Brittle (low temperature) . High temperature . igh shock or vibration . Vessel contents Hydrogen * Ammonia * Compressed air © Caustic © Chlorides ‘Types of Failures 1. Elastic defermation— Elastic instabilicy or elastic buck- Jing, vessel geometry, and stiffness as well as proper: ties of materials are protection against buckling. ~~ 1-346 Pressure Vessel Design Manual 2. Brittle fracture—Can occur at low or intermediae temperatures. Brittle fractures have occurred in ves- sels made of low carbon steel in che 40°-50°F range during hydrotest where minor flaws exist 3. Excessive plastic deforrnation—The primary and sec- ondary stress limits a8 outlined in ASME Section VIII, Division 2, are intended to prevent excessive plastic deformation and incremental collapse. . 4. Stress rupture—Creep deformation as a result of fa- tigue or cyclic loading, i.c., progressive fracture. Creep is a time-dependent phenomenon, whereas fa tigue is a cycle-dependent phenomeno: 5. Plastic instabilily—Inicremental collapse: incremental collapse is cydlic strain accumulation or cumulative cydic deformation. Cumulative damage leads to in- stability of vessel by Plastic deformation. 6. High strain—Low cycle fatigue is strain-governed and occurs mainly in lower-strength/high-ducti i stress corrosion cracking in stainiess steels, caustic service can cause stress corrosion cracking in h carbon steels. Material select services. 8. Corrosion fatigue—Occurs when corrosive and fatigu: effects occur simultaneously. Corrosion can reduc fatigue life by pitting the surface and propagatin: cracks. Material selection and fatigue properties ar the major considerations. In dealing with these various modes of failure, the de signer must have at his disposal a picture of the state ¢ stress in the various parts. It is against these failur modes that the designer must compare and interpre stress values. But setting allowable stresses is nc ‘enough! For elastic instability one must consider geom« try, stfness, and the properties of the material. Mat. rial selection is a major consideration when related the type of service. Design details and fabrication meti ods are as important as “allowable stress” in design « vessels for cyclic service. The designer and all those pe: sons who ultimately affect the design must have a cle: picture of the conditions under which the vessel will o; erate oo iF Loadings or forces are the “causes” of stresses in pres- sure vessels. These forces and moments must be isolated both to determine where they apply to the vessel and when they apply to 2 vessel. Categories of loadings define where these forces are ses atin ie may be apie over a tion (general area) of the vessel or over a focal nrecstihe wens Remember both genta and lal loads can produce membrane and bending stresses. ‘These stresses are additive and define the overall state of stress in the vessel or component. Stresses from local loads must be added to stresses from general loadings. ‘These combined stresses are then compared to an allow- able stress. Consider a pressurized, vertical vessel bending due to wind, which has an inward radial force applied locally. ‘The effects of the pressure loading are longitudinal and circumferential tension. The effects of the wind loading are longitudinal tension on the windward side and longi- tudinal compression on the leeward side. The effect of the local inward radial load is some local membrane stresses and local bending stresses. The local stresses ‘would be both circumferential and longitudinal, tension on the inside surface of the vessel, and compressive on the outside. Of course the steel at any given point only sees a certain level of stress or the combined effect. It is, the designer's job to combine the stresses from the vari- / LOADINGS ‘ous loadings to arrive at the worst probable combinatic of stresses, combine them using some failure theory, ar compare the results to an acceptable stress level to 0} tain an economical and safe design. This hypothetical problem serves to illustrate he categories and types of loadings are related to ti stresses they produce. The stresses applied more ot le ‘ontinuously and uniformly across an entire section of t vessel are primary stresses. ‘The stresses due to pressure and wind are prima: membrane stresses. These stresses should be limited the Code allowable. These stresses would cause ti) bursting or collapse of the vessel if allowed to reach : unacceptably high level. ‘On the other hand, the stresses from the inward radi load could be either a primary local stress or seconda szress. It is a primary local stress if it is produced fro an unrelenting load or a secondary stress if produced i a relenting load. Either stress may cause local deform tion but will not in and@f itself cause the vessel to fai itis a prim: the stress will be rediseribut is a secondary stress, the load w ‘once slight « formaation-vc a ‘Also be aware that this is only true for ductile mate als. In brite materials, there would be no differenéo ‘ween primary and secondary stresses. If the mater eosecondary stress ‘apply? Fortunately current pressure vessel codes require the use of ductile materi- als. ‘This should make it obvious that the type and cate- gory of loading will determine the type and category of stress. This will be ex panded upon later, but basically ‘each combination of strestes (stress categories) will have different allowables, i.e: Primary stress:’Pp, < SE ‘* Primary Membrane Local (Pi): Pun Py + PB. < 1.5 SE Pin Pet Qn< 1-5 SE # Primary membrane: + secondary (Q): Pa + Q<3SE But what ifthe loading was of relatively short duration? This describes the "type" of loading. Whether a loading is steady, more or 138 Continuous, or nonsteady, varia~ ble, or temporary will also have an effect on what level of stress will be acceptable. If in our hypothetical prob- lem the loading had been pressure + seismic + local load, we would have @ different case. Due to the rela- tively short duration of seismic foading, a higher “tem- porary” allowable stress would be acceptable. The ves- Jel doesn't have to operate in an earthquake a the time. Gn the other hand, it also shouldn’t fall down in the event ofan earthquake Sructural dexgn allow on third increase in-attowable sincss for seismic Toadings for this reason. Tr windy Toads, the vessel must support these loads more of less continuously during its useful life. As a re- fult, the stresses produced from these loads must be ‘maintained to an acceptable level. For nonsteedy loads, the vessel may experience some or all of these loadings at various times but not all at once and not more or lest continuously. Therefore a tempo- rarily higher stress is acceptable. * For general loads that apply more or less uniformly across an entire section, the corresponding stresses must be lower, since the entire vessel must support that load- 5: "For locat loads, the corresponding stresses are confined toa small portion of the vessel and normally fall of rap- idly in distance from the applied load. As discussed pre- viously, pressurizing a vessel causes bending in certain components. But iC doesn’t cause the entire vessel to bend. The results are not as significant (except in cyclic ‘Stresses in Pressure Vessels 7 | __ Loadings can be outlined as follows: A, Categories of loadings 1. General loads— Applied more or less continu: ously across a vessel section. a, Pressure loads—Internal or external pres- sure (design, operating, bydrotest, and hy- drostatic head of liquid). . Moment loads—Due to wind, seismic, erection, transportation. .. Compressive/tensile loads—Due to dead weight, installed equipment, ladders, plai- forms, piping, and vessel contents, 4. Thermal loads—Hot box design of skirt- head attachment. 2, Local lds—Due to reactions from supports, internals, attached piping, attached equip- ment, i.c.. platforms, mixers, etc. Radial load—Inward or outward, . Shear load—Longitudinal or circumferen- I. . Torsional load. |. Tangential load. + Moment load—Lengiudinal or reumber ential. ‘Thermal loads. B. Types of loadings 1, Steady loads—Long-term duration, continuous. Internal/external pressure. . Dead weight. ‘Vessel contents. . Loadings due to attached piping and equip- ment. Loadings to and from vessel supports. ‘Thermal loads. . Wind loads. Nonuaeds Joads—Short-term duration; varia- a. Shop and field hydrotests. b, Earthquake. c. Erection. 4d, Transportation. service) as those caused by general loadings. Therefore ‘slightly higher allowable stress would be in order. ¢, Upset, emergency. f, Thermal loads. g. Start up, shut down,8 Pressure Vessel Design’ Manual STRESS ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 vs. Division 2 ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1 docs not ex: plicitly consider the effects of combined stress. Neither does it give detailed methods on how stresses are cont bined. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2. on the other hand, provides specific guidelines for stresses, how they are combined, and allowable stresses for catego of combined stresses, Division 2 is design by analysis, whereas Division 1 is designed by rules. Although stress analysis as utilized by Division 2 is beyond the scope of, this text, the use of stress categories, definitions of stress, Division 2 stress analysis considers all stresses in a axial state combined in accordance with the maximum shear stress theory. Division 1 and the procedures out- lined in this text consider a biaxial state of stress com bined in accordance with the maximum stress theory. Just as you would not design a nuclear reactor to the Tules of Division 1, you would not design an air receiver by the techniques of Division 2. Each has its place and applications. The following discussion on categories of stress and allowables will utilize information from Di sion 2, which can be applied in general to all vessels. Types, Classes, and Categories of Stress ‘The shell thickness as computed by Code formulas for internal or external pressure alone is often not sufficient to withstand the combined effects of all other loadings. Detailed calculations consider the effects of each loading separately and then must be combined to give the total state of stress in that part. The stresses that are present in pressure vessels are separated into various classes in accordance with the fypes of loads that produced them, and the hazard they represent to the vessel. Each class of stress must be maintained at an acceptable level and the combined total stress must be kept at another acceptable level. The combined stresses due to a combination of loads acting simultaneously are called stress categories. Please note that this terminology differs from that given in Division 2, but is clearer for the purposes intended here. Classes of stress, categories of stress, and allowable stresses are based on the type of loading that produced them and on the hazard they represent to the structure. Unrelenting loads produce primary siresses. Relenting loads (self limiting) produce secondary stresses. General loacings produce primary membrane and bending stresses. Local loads produce local membrane and bend- ing siresses, Primary stresses must be kept lower than secondary stresses. Primary plus secondary stresses are allowed to be higher and so on. Before considering the combination of stresses (catexorics), we must first define the various pes and classes of stress. Types of Stress 4” yy oD a = There are many names i describe types of stress. Enough in fact to provide a confusing picture even to the experienced designer. As these stresses apply to pressure vessels. we group all types of stress into three major classes of stress, and subdivision of each of the groups is arranged according to their effect on the vessel. ‘The fol- lowing list of stresses describes types of stress without re- gard to their effect on the vessel or component. They de- fine a direction of stress or relate to the application ofthe load. 1. Tensile 10. Thermal 2. Compressive 11, Tangential 3. Shear 12. Load induced 4. Bending 13, Strain induced 5. Bearing 14. Circumferential 6. Axial 15. Longitudinal 7, Discontinuity 16. Radial 8. Membrane 17. Normal 9. Principal Classes of Stress The foregoing list provides examples of types of stress, It is, however, too general to provide a basis with which to combine stresses or apply allowable stresses. For this purpose, new groupings called classes of stress must be used, Chases oC istas group sresses according. ‘2.he type of loading which produced them and the har iey represent to the yessel. 1, Primary stress a, General: © Primary general membrane stress, Py, rimary general bending stress, Py b. Primary local stress, P, -3F2. Secondary sess 2) Secondary membrane stress, Quy Jb. Secondary bending stress, Qs 5. Peak stress, F Definitions and examples of th trees are as follows: Primary general stzess, These stresses act over a full erosesvetion of the vessel. They are produced by me chanical loads (load induced) and are the most hazard ‘ous of all ypes of stress. The basic characteristic of a pri- mary stress is that it is not self limiting, Primary stresses are generally due te internal or external pressure or pro- duced by ststained external forces and moments, Ther- imal stresses are never classified as primary stresses. Primary general stresses are divided into membrane and bending stresses. The need for dividing primary general stress into membrane and bending is that the taleulated value ot a primary hending stress may be allowed to go higher than that of a primary membrane stress, Primary stresses that exceed the ¥ the snater ase failure or gross di eal caleubations of primary str PR OF TN Primary general snembrane stress, P~. his stress occurs across the entire cross section ‘of the vessel. [tis remote from discontinuities such as head-shell intersections, cone-cylinder intersections, nozzles, and supports. Ex- amples are: a, Circumferential and longitudinal stress due wo pressure. 1, Compressive and tensile axial stresses due 10 wind, ¢, Longitudinal stress due to the bending of the hori- zontal vessel over the saddles. d. Membrane atress in the center of the flat head €, Membrane stress in the nozale wall within the area of reinforcement due to pressure of external loads. f. Axial compression due to weight. Primary general bending stress, P,. Primary bending stresses are due to sustained loads and are capable of causing collapse of the vessel. There are relatively few areas where primary bending occurs: ‘a, Bending stress in the center of a flat head or crown, of a dished head. 1h, Bending stress in a shallow conical head. ¢. Bending stress in the ligaments of closely spaced openings 1-38 ‘Stresses in Pressure Vessels 9 Local Primary Membrane Stress, Py. Local pri- mary membrane stresses are not technically a classifica- tion of stress but a stress category, since it is a combina tion of two stresses. The combination it represents is primary membrane sive Pur er brite sires produced rom sustained Toads. These have beet grouped together In order llowable suress Tor his particular combination to 2 level lower thun allowed for other primary and secondary stress ap- plications. It was felt that local stress from sustained (un- Felentng) leads presente a great enough hazard for the ‘combination wo be “classified” as a primary stress. A local primary stress is produced either by design pressure alane or ity other mechanical loads. Locaf pri rary stresses have some self-limiting characteristies like secondary stresses. Since they are localized, once the disuihuted 10 stifler_portions of the vessel. However, since any deformation associated with yielding would be ‘unacceptable, an allowable stress lower than secondary stresses is assigned, The basic difference between a pri- tii laa altos Ghd a secondary Sess is thas ae raty Taal ress prOUUted by & Toad Tats unrelent™ ing te rena eaintinued In a secondary ae, yeldng lees the Jad apd 6 sly S8T Tosting The ‘bility of primary Tocal aresses to redistribute them- selves after the yield strength is attained locally provides 2 safery-valve efiect. Thus, the higher allowable stress applies only to a local area. Primary local membrane stresses are a combination meiibvatie sesses only. Thus only che “membrane” stresses from a local load are combined with primary general membrane strestes, not the bending stresses The bending strestes associated with a local loading are secondary feast Thetstore (We TERSGraSe eS Rome WRETO Type analysis must be broken out sep- arately and combined with primary general stresses. ‘The same is true for discontinuity membrane stresses at hhead-shell junctures, cone-cylinder junctures, and noz- ze-shell junctures. The bending stresses would be sec- ondary stresses. ‘Therefore, Pi. = Pm + Qn where Qu is a local stress from a sustained or unrelenting load. Examples of pri- mary local membrane stresses are: a, Pq + membrane stresses at local discontinuities: Head-shell juncture Cone-cylinder juncture Nozzle-shell juncture Shell-flange juncture Head-skirt juncture Shell-stiffening ring juncture10 Pressure Vessel Design Manval + membrane stresses from local sustained + Support lugs Nozzle loads 3. Beam supports 4. Major attachments Secondary stress, The basic characteristic of a see- ndary stress is that it fF self limiting. As defined earlie fa Toeal YicTEME and Minor distortions can satisfy the conditions which caused the stress wo occur Application of secondary sues gannet cause struc: tug failundue To INC restraints ofeeerby the batirto which the part is attathed. Secondary mean stresses are developed at the junctions of major components of a pressure vere, Secondary mean stresses are also pro- duced by sustained loads other than internal or external pressure. Radial loads on nozzles produce secondary man stresses in the shell at the junction of the nozzle. Secondary sures re_strain-induced sesascs, Discontinuity sirowses are only considered asx second- avy stresses if their extent along (CTE gM 8 limited. Division 7 imposes-the Festrieriaw that the length over which ihe stress 13 3% is VRat. Be- yond this distance, the str€sS6s are considered as primary mean stresses. In 3 eylindrical vessel, the length Vat Note: For b and ¢ it ix necessary to subtract out the aver= age stress which is the primary stress. Only the varying, art of the stress distribution is a sceondary stress Peak stress, F Peak stresses are the additional sscesses due to stress intensification in highly localized arcas. They apply tw both sustained loads and self-l loads. There are no significant distort peak stresict. Peuk stresses are additive to primary and! secondary stresses present at the point of the stress concentration. Pagk stresses are only significant tigue condisions-or bri erials, Peak stresses are sources of fatigue cracks and apply to membrane, bend- and shear stresses. Examples are: a. Stress at the carner of a disco bb, Thermal stresses ina wall caused ehange in the surface temperature ©. Thermal stresses in cladding or weld overlay. d. Suress due to notch effect (stress concentration). ry. by a sudden Categories of Stress ‘Once the various stresses of a component are caleu- lated, they must be combined and this final regult com pared to un allowable stress (see Table 1-1). The ring. ‘A fur suresses je that they apie +1 may not be closer to. Allowable Stresses for Stress Classitications and y than a distance-of 2.5. .. This restriction is to Categories iminate the additive effects of edge moments—arid ‘Stress Classification es. dite oF Category Allowable Stress. “Secondary stresses are divided into two additional | | Genera pinary membrane, Pe SE groups, membrane and bending. Examples of each are as follows: Secondary membrane sess, Ow a. Axial stress at the juncture of a flange and the hub of the flange. b. Thermal stresses. €. Membrane stress in the knuckle area of the head. d. Membrane stress due to local relenting loads. Secondary bending stress, Qe a. Bending stress at a gross structural discontinuity: nozzles, lugs, etc. (relenting loadings only). b. The nonuniform portion of the stress distribution in a thick-walled vessel due to internal pressure. ¢. The stress variation of the radial stress due 0 i ternal pressure in thick-walled vessels. d. Discontinuity stresses at stiffening or support rings. Goneral primary beeding, P, 15SE<9F, Local primary memorane, P, P= Pat On) S8<.9F, Secondary membrane, Oy 15SEC SF, Secondary bending, O, 986 <2F, < UTS Peak, F 26 Pat Py Qa" +O, ase<2F, .5 R, oF P> 385 SE: 2aSE+P SE-P © Spherical shells (Para, 1-3) where t>.356 R, or P > .665 SE: y - 24SE+P) SE -P eR, & : =n (eh ‘The stress distribution in the vessel wall of a thick walled vessel varies across the section. This is also true for thin-walled vessels, but for purposes of analysis the stress is considered uniform since the difference between the inner and outer surface is slight. A visual compari- 20n is offered in Figure 1- Figure 1-3. Comparison of stress ‘wall (A) and thick-wall (8) vessels. Vibration of Tall Towers Design methods in this text for wind design of tal ver- tical vessels and deflections are based on a system of ‘equivalent static forces. These procedures are not ade- quate for vessels subject to wind-induced vibration. This phenomenon, peculiar to tall, slender, vertical vessels and stacks is caused by vortex shedding and has resulted in severe oscillations, excessive deflections, structural damage, and even failure. When the natural period of aibration of a stack or col ‘umn coincides with the frequency of vortex shedding, the amplicude of vibration is greatly magnified. The fre- quency of vortex shedding is related to wind velocity and vessel diameter. The wind velocity at which the fre- quency of vortex thedding matches the nacural period at vibration is called the “critical wind velocity” 1-4!Wing-indueed osc jieoris occur at steady, moderate And velocities of 20-25 enadlex ger hour. ‘These oscilla: cious commence as the frequency of shedding a roaches the natural freepuency of the column and are serpendieular to the prewailing wind, Larger wind ve- tocities contain high-velocity random gusts that reduce “ihe tendency for vortex shredding in a regular periodic ant method of relating she phewomenon of ni exeitation «a vessels is to equate it t0 fluid flow trounce aeylinder. Atlow flow rates, the flaw around a eylindey would be laminar. As the stream velocity in- creases two symmetrical eddies are formed on either side _of the cylinder, At higher Velocities vortices split off irom the main stream resulting, in an imbalance in forces ex- certed from the split sireatny. The discharging vortex in ing Hree brat in the Yesel perpendicular to the direction of the stream External attachments such as piping, ladders, and plattorms and internal attachments such as trays and Tinine guard against rexesrvance at evtical wind vel ties. ‘The internal str shell ane absorp tion ol energy by the supporting soil are major damping factors "Alter a vessel has been designed statically, it is neces- sary to determine if the vessel needs to be investigated reqarding its possible behavior under vibration condi- tions. Normally vessels with H/D ratios less than 15 oF periods of vibration less than .4 seconds need not be in- vestigated. The following specific criteria should be used to determine whether a vessel is susceptible to wind in- duced oscillations and therefore would require a dy- ‘namic analysis. ‘Tive methods for determining signed dynamically are as follow: 1 vessel should be de- 1. Breese Method—Developed by C. E. Freese [4]. “This method takes into account weight distribu- tion WD/t, period of vibration, T, and H/D ratios. ‘Those vessels which fall above the critical line should be designed dynamically. Those vessels which fall below the critical line are considered safe from a vibration standpoint. Sec Figure 3-9. HID ratios for multi-diameter vessels may be esti- mated as follows: iD) + HaD; + «+ HD, + HaDy where D, = diameter of vessel at bottom: of col- umn. 8 ssses In Pressure Vessels 19 Quanti cx H,D, are calculated from the top 2. Zarilla Methut—Weveloped by K.P. Zorrill “This method provides criteria for esta stability of long columns utilizing overall weight W. overall length, L. and the average internal di inpeter af the top haif of the column, D,. If W/LD!520, a vibration analysis must be performed. If 2025. vibration analysis need not be perlormed. ‘Zorilla further subdivided his investi: ‘categories of vessels that are stable or unstable based on the additional variables of damping fac- ic decrement, 8. The log: ‘nt is the log of the ratio of succes ex of a damped, freely vibrating structure and is a measure of the structural ability of the tower to dissipate energy during vibration. mping was nut present, 5 would be 0. ‘The logarithinie decrement for welded vessels is as follows: © No lining: 6 = .03 © Gunite tined: 6 = .05 © Full of water: 5 = .07 ‘The damping factor can be expressed in terms of the average weight w, or the total weight W D, = w0/D,! or Wa/LD? If Dy .75, the structure is unstable. # If .75.95, the structure is stable. Vessels which should or must have ‘a vibration analysis and are not stable as determined by the foregoing relationships must be designed dynami- cally. Dynamic Analysis Once it has been determined that a vessel must be de- signed dynamically for vibration, either the vessei must be designed 10 withscand the effects of wind-induced os- cillations or the vessel must be redesigned so wind-in- duced oscillations do nor occur. 714 Prosoue Vessel Design Manual 6 gmt NeHed BS ‘One method of designing vessels to withstand the ef- fects of vibration was proposed by Freese. This method is the Seismic Analogy Method and consists of designing the vessel as a cantilever beam of uniform properties over its entire length. Shell thickness is taken as the min- imum thickness. The Seisrni¢ Analogy Method uses a seismic coefficient of .2. For multidiamerer vessels, an equivalent H/D ratio is estimated as shown previously Shell thicknesses of vessels designed by this method must be calculated at various points to determine at which elevations thickness rnust be increased. It is not necessary to carry the seisrniic analogy method into the design of the anchor bolts and base plate. However, the additional weights caused by this procedure will usually increase the anchoring details. Methods of redesigning vessels so win« lations do not occur include: duced oscil- 1. Arrange the orientation of ladders, platforms, and piping around the vessel to break up vortices. 2. Add radial blade spoilers in helix fashion to break up vortices 3. Reduce size of vessel below dynamic criteria. 4. Application of linings to dampen vibrations, 5. Cross bracing or guy wires to adjacent equipment or grade 10 control vibration. For further reference or specific details on application of the methods outlined herein see References 4 5; 6, Chapter 4; 8, 9, 10. Due to the complexity and serious consequences of wind vibration, serious problems should be referred to experts in this field. __ ‘Thermal Stresses Whenever the expansion oF contraction that would ‘occur normally as a result of heating or cooling an object is prevented, thermal stresses are developed. The stress is always caused by some form of mechanical restraint. Thermal stresses are ‘‘secondary stresses” because they are self limiting. That is, yielding or deformation of the part relaxes the stress (except thermal stress ratchet- ing). Thermal stresses will not cause failure by rupture in ductile materials except by fatigue over repeated ap- plications. They can, however, cause failure due to ex- cessive deformations. Mechanical restraints are cither internal or external. External restraint occurs when an object or component is supported or contained in a manner that restricts ther- ‘mal movement, An example of external restraint occurs when piping expands into a vessel nozzle creating a ra~ dial load on the vessel shell. Internal restraint occurs ‘when the temperature through an object is not uniform. Stresses from a “thermal gradient” are due to internal restraint, Stress is caused by a thermal gradient when- ever the temperature distribution or variation within 2 member creates a differential expansion such that the natural growth of one fiber is influenced by the different growth requirements of adjacent fibers. The result is distortion or warpage. ‘A transient thermal gradient occurs during heat-up and cool-down cycles where the thermal gradient is changing with time. ‘Thermal gradients can be logarithmic or linear across ‘avesiel wall. Given a steady heat input inside or outside a tube the heat distribution will be logarithmic if there is a temperature difference between the inside and outside of the tube. This effect is significant for thick-wall ves- sels. A linear temperature distribution occurs if the wall is thin, Stress calculations are much simpler for linear distribution. ‘Thermal stress ratcheting is progressive incremental inelastic deformation or strain that occurs in a compo nent that is subjected to variations of mechanical and thermal stress. Cyclic strain accumulation ultimately can lead toineremental collapse, Thermal stress ratchet- ing is the result of a sustained load and a cyclically ap- plied temperature distribution. The fundamental difference between mechanical stresses and thermal stresses lies in the nature of the loading. Thermal stresses as previously stated are a re- sult of restraint or temperature distribution. The fibers at high temperature are compressed and those at lower temperatures are stretched. The stress pattern must only satisfy the requirements for equilibrium of the internal forces. The result being that yielding will relax the ther- mal stress. If a part is loaded mechanically beyond its yield strength, the part will continue to yield until it breaks, unless the deflection is limited by strain harden- ing or stress redistribution. The external load remains constant, thus the internal stresses cannot relax. The basic equations for thermal stress are simple but become increasingly complex when subjected to varia- bles such as thermal gradients, transient thermal gradi- cents, logarithmic gradients, and partial restraint. The basic equations follow. If the temperature of a unit cube is changed from T, to Tz and the growth of the cube is fully restrained: where T, = initial temperacire, °F T, = new temperature, °F @ = mean coefficient of thermal expansion in./ inJ°F E = modulus of elasticity, psi ¥ = Poisson’s ratio = .3 for steel - AT = mean temperature difference, °F 1-43Case 1: I the bar is restricted only in one direction but {ree to expand in the other direction, the resulting ‘uniaxial stress, 0, would be om - Ea(Ty - T1) #187, >T), 0 is compressive (expansion). enT)> ois tensile (contraction). Case 2: Mf restraint is im. both directions, x and y, then: 0, =0,= -akAT/1-» Case 3: I restraint is in all three directions, x, y, and z, then = 0,= ~ @EAT/ - 2» Case #: Ha thermal linear gradient is across wall of a thin shell (see Figure 1-4), then: 4akAT/2U - ») Figure 1-4. Thermal linear gradient across shell wall ‘This is a bending stress and not a membrane stress. The hot side is in tension, the cold side in compression. Note that this is independent of vessel diameter or thickness. ‘The stress is due to internal restraint. Stresses in Pressure Vessels 35 are local in extent but can be of very high magnitude. Discontinuity stresses are “‘secondary stresses” and are self limiting. That is, once the structure has yielded, the stresses are reduced. In average application they will not lead te failure. Discontinuity stresses do become an im- portant factor in fatigue design where cyclic loading is a consideration. Design of the juncture of the two parts is. a major consideration in reducing disconcinuity stresses. In order to find the state of stress in a pressure vessel, it is necessary to find both the membrane stresses and the discontinuity stresses. From superposition of these two states of stress, the total stresses are obtained. Gen- erally when combined, a higher allowable stress is per- mitted, Due to the complexity of determining disconti- nuity stress, solutions will not be covered in detail here. The designer should be aware that for designs of high pressure (> 1,500 psi), brittle material or cyclic loading, discontinuity stresses may be a major consideration. Since discontinuity stresses are self limiting, allowable strestes can be very high. One example specifically ad- dressed by the ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 1. is discontinuity stresses at cone-cylinder intersections where the included angle is greater than 60°. Para. 1- He) recommends limiting combined stresses {mem- ‘brane + discomtinvity) in the longitudinal direction to 4SE and in the circumferential direction to 1.3SE. ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2, limits the combined stress, primary membrane and discontinuity stresses t0 3Sq where Sq is the lester of 45 Fy or 's U.TS,, whichever is lower. ‘There are two major methods for determining discon- tinuity stresses: 4. Dispiacement Method—Conditions of equilibrium are expretsed in terms of displacement. 2. Force Method—Conditions of compatibility of dis- placements are expressed in terms of forces. See References 2, Article 4-7; 6, Chapter 8; and 7, Chapter 4 for detailed information regarding calculation, of discontinuity stresses. Discontinuity Stresses ‘Vessel sections of different thickness, material, diame- ter, and change in directions would all have different displacements if allowed to expand freely. However, since they are conneeted in continuous structure, they mmuust deflect and rotate together. The stresses in the ce spective parts at or near che juncture are called disconti- nuity stresses. Discontinuity stresses are necessary (0 satisfy compatibility of deformation in the region. They Fatigue Analysis ASME Code, Section VIIL, Division 1, does not spe- cifically provide for design of vessels in cyclic service. Although considered beyond the scope of this text a5 well, the designer must be aware of conditions that would require a fatigue analysis to be made. When a vessel is subject to repeated loading that could cause failure by the development of a progressive fracture, the vessel is im cyclic service. ASME Code, 1-4416 Pressure Vessel Design Manual Section VIII, Division 2, hrats established specific eriteria for determining when a vessel must be designed for fa tigue. is recognized that Coade formulas for design of de tails. such as heads, can result in yielding in localized regions. Thus localized stresses exceeding the yield point may be encountered even though low allowable stresses have been used in the design, These vessels, while safe for relatively static conditions of loading, would develop “progressive fracture” after a large num- ber of repeated loadings eluse to these high localized and secondary bending stresses. It should be noted that ves- sels in cyclic service require special consideration in ‘both design and fabrication. Fatigue failure ean also be a result of thermal varia- tions as well as other loadings. Fatigue curred in boiler drums due to temperature variations in the shell at the feed water inlet. In cases such as this, design details are of extreme importance. Behavior of metal under Tatigue con nificantly from normal stress-strain relationships. Dam- age accumulates during each eycle of loading and devel: (ps at localized regions of high stress until subsequen repetitions finally cause visible cracks to grow, je spread. Design details play a major role in eli regions of stress raisers and discontinuities. It is not un common to have the design strength cut in half by poo: design details. Progressive fractures develop from thes: discontinuities even though the stress is well below thi static elastic strength of the material In fatigue service the localized stresses at abrup changes in section, such as at a head junction or nozzl: opening, misalignment, defects in construction, an thermal gradients are the significant stresses. The determination of the need for a fatigue evalua tion is in itself a complex job best left to those experi ‘enced in this type of analysis. For specific requirement for determining if a fatigue analysis is required su ASME Code, Section VIII, Division 2, Para. AD-160 For additional information regarding designing pres sure vessels for fatique see Reference 7, Chapter 5 ee REFERENCES 1. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIIL, Division 1, 1983 Edition, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 2, 1983 Edition, American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Popov, E. B, Mechanics of Materials, Prentice Hall, Ine., 1952. Freese, C. E., “Vibration of Vertical Pressure Ves- sels," Journal of Engineering for Industry, February 1959. . Zorrilla, E. P, “Determination of Aerodynamic Behavior of Cantilevered Stacks and Towers of Cir- cular Cross Sections,” ASME Technical Paper #71- PET-36, American ‘Society of Mechanical Engi- neers, 1971, . Bednar, H. H., Pressure Vassel Design Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1981. Harvey, J. F, Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1974. Mahajan, K. K., “Analyze Tower Vibration Quicker.” "Hydrocarbon Processing, May 1977. DeGhetto, K., and Long, W,, “Check ‘Towers for Dynamic Stability,” Hydrocarbon Processing, February 1966. 10. Staley, C. M., and Graven, G. G., “The Static an. Dynamic Wind Design of Steel Stacks," ASMI “Technical Paper #72-PET-30, American Society c Mechanical Engineers, 1972. Hicks, E. J. (Ed.), Pressure Vasel-—A Workbook fo Engineers, ‘Pressure Vessel Workshop, Energ Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition Houston, American Society of Petroleum Engi neers, January 19-21, 1981 Pressure Vasel and Piping Design, Collected Paper 1927-1959, American Society of Mechanical Eng: neers, 1960, Brownell, L. E., and Young, E. H., Process Equi ment Dasige, John Wiley and Sons, 1959.” Roark, R. J.. and Young, W. C., Formulas for Sire: and Strain, ‘5th Edition, McGraw Hill Book Co 1975, Burgreen, D., Design Methods for Power Plant Sirus tures, C.P. Press, 1975. Criteria of the ASME, Boiler and Pressure Vess: Code for Design by Analysis in Sections III an VIII, Division 2. American Society of Mechanic: Engineers. 12, 13, 14. 15. 16. 1-45MODULE 2Blackboard 5 Page 1 of 1 Course Material Current Location: Module #2 Materials and General Design Requirements: { Top } : Module #2 Materials end General Design Requirements @ @ @ © ¢ http://208,254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU. Introduction This Module covers the materials requirements and the general design requirements of Section Vill, Div.t, These requirements are in Part UG and apply to all vessels stamped to this Code, Learning Objectives The primary objective of this Module is to familiarize you with the requiremnts for materials used for Code construction. The Code has limitetions on materials allowed for use and, after studying this Module, you will be able to 1, Decide what materials are allowed, under what circumstances. 2. Learn about the material treceability requirements of this Code. 3. Introduce the general design requirements of Part UG. These general requirements apply to all design rules for all vessels. 4, Learn the basis for design rules of this Code. PowerPoint ASME_COURSE PD442_ Module_2,ppt (2524s aytes ) To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen. Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Related Links Related URL's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of instuction. A list usually works best. For example: enter a link as shown] hte: blackboard. com 11/40/2003 2PART 3 MATERIAL REQUIREMENTSReproduced from Information Handling Services® The 1995 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codew 1995 by ASME Mon Nov 17 17:00:10 2003 Part UG General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials UG-1 SCOPE MATERIALS UG-4 GENERAL UG-5 PLATI2 UG-6 FORGINGS. UG-7 CASTINGS UG-8 PIPE AND TUBES UG-9 WELDING MATERIALS UG-10 MATERIAL IDENTIFIED WITH OR PRODUCED TO A SPECIFICATION NOT PERMITTED BY THIS DIVISION, AND MATERIAL NOT FULLY IDENTIFIED UG-11 PREFABRICATED OR PREFORMED PRESSURE PARTS UG-12 BOLTS AND STUDS UG-13 NUTS AND WASHERS UG-14 RODS AND BARS UG-15 PRODUCT SPECIFICATION DESIGN UG-16 GENERAT. UG-17 METHODS OF FABRICATION IN COMBINATION UG-18 MATERIALS IN COMBINATION UG-19 SPECIAL CONSTRUCTIONS UG-20 DESIGN TEMPERATURE UG-21 DESIGN PRESSUR 8 UG-22 LOADINGS UG-23 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALU 95 UG-24 CASTINGS. UG-25 CORROSION UG-26 LININGS UG-27 THICKNESS OF SHELLS UNDER INTERNAL PRESSURE UG-28 THICKNESS OF SHELLS AND TUBES UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE UG-29 STIFFENING RINGS FOR CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE UG-30 ATTACHMENT OF STIFFENING RINGS UG-31 TUBES, AND PIPE WHEN USED AS TUBES OR SHELLS UG-32 FORMED HEADS, AND SECTIONS, PRESSURE ON CONCAVE SIDE UG-33 FORMED HEADS, PRESSURE ON CONVEX SIDE UG-34 UNSTAYED FLAT HEADS AND COVERS UG.35 OTHER TYPES OF CLOSURES OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENT 22 UG-36 OPENINGS IN PRESSURE VESSELS UG-37 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS UG-38 FLUED OPENINGS IN SHELLS AND FORMED HEADS UG-39 REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED FOR OPENINGS IN FLAT HEADS UG-40 LIMITS OF REINFORCEMENT UG-d1 STRENGTH OF REINFORCEMENT UG-42 REINFORCEMENT OF MULTIPLE OPENINGS UG-43 METHODS OF ATTACHMENT OF PIPE AND NOZZLE NECKS TO VESSEL WALLS. UG-dd FLANGES AND PIPE FITTINGS UG-45 NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS UG-46 INSPECTION OPENING 26 BRACED AND STAYED SURFACES UG-47 BRACED AND STAYED SURFACES— Reproduced from Information Handling Services® The 1995 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codeo 1995 by ASME Mon Nov 17 17:00:10 2003 UG-48 STAYBOLTS UG-49 LOCATION OF STAYBOLTS UG-50 DIMENSIONS OF STAYBOLTS LIGAMENTS UG-53 LIGAMENTS UG-54 SUPPORTS UG-55 LUGS FOR PLATFORMS, LADDERS, AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS TO VESSEL WALLS FABRICATION UG-75 GENERAL UG-76 CUTTING PLATES AND OTHER STOCK - UG-77 MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION (SEUG-85) UG-78 REPAIR OF DEFECTS IN MATERIALS UG-79 FORMING SHELL SECTIONS AND HEADS UG-80 PERMISSIBLE OUT-OF-ROUNDNESS OF CYLINDRICAL, CONICAL, AND SPHERICAL SHELLS UG-81 TOLERANCE FOR FORMED HEADS UG-82 LUGS AND FITTING ATTACHMENTS. UG-83 HOLES FOR SCREW STAYS 7 UG-84 CHARPY IMPACT TESTS UG-85 HEAT TREATMENT INSPECTION AND TESTS - UG-90 GENERAL UG-91 THE INSPECTOR UG-92 ACCESS FOR INSPECTOR. UG-93 INSPECTION OF MATERIALS UG-94 MARKING ON MATERIALS, UG-95 EXAMINATION OF SURFACES DURING FABRICATION UG-96 DIMENSIONAL CHECK OF COMPONENT PARTS a UG-97 INSPECTION DURING FABRICATION UG-98 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE UG-99 STANDARD HYDROSTATIC TEST - UG-100 PNEUMATIC TES 33(SEE UW-50) UG-101 PROOF TESTS TO ESTABLISH MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE UG-102 TEST GAGES UG-103 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING MARKING AND REPORTS. UG-115 GENERAL UG-116 REQUIRED MARKING : UG-117 CERTIFICATES OF AUTHORIZATION AND CODE SYMBOL STAMPS UG-118 METHODS OF MARKING UG-119 NAMEPLATES: - UG-120 DATA REPORTS PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES UG-125 GENERAL UG-126 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE 42 < UG-127 NONRECLOSING PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES UG-128 LIQUID RELIEF VALVES UG-129 MARKING UG-130 CODE SYMBOL STAMP UG-131 CERTIFICATION OF CAPACITY OF PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES UG-132 CERTIFICATION OF CAPACITY OF SAFETY AND SAFETY RELIEF VALVES IN COMBINATION WIT NONRECLOSING PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES UG-133 DETERMINATION OF PRESSURE RELIEVING REQUIREMENTS Page 2 2-4Reproduced from Information Handling Services® The 1995 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code® 1995 by ASME Mon Nov 17 17:00:10 2003 UG-134 PRESSURE SETTING OF PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICES UG-135 INSTALLATION UG-136 MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES Zao)GENERAL MATERIAL - REQUIREMENTS With some minor exceptions, all materials subject to stress due to pressure, used in the construction of a Section VIII vessel, shall be Code materials. (listed in Tables of II-D and allowed by Subsection C of Section VIII) Exceptions to the above rule are in UG-8, UG-10, UG-11, and UG-15, explained below Materials for non-pressure parts, such as skirts, supports, lugs and clips, need not be Code material. However, they have to be © proven weldable. To include a new material in the Code or a Code Case, adequate data must be supplied to the Code CommitteeSTD-ASME SEC II-D ADD-ENGL 199) MM 0759670 DS7LLSD 383 mm Table 1A 1985 SECTION tt TABLE 3A SECTION |; SECTION Ill, CLASS 2 AND 3;* AND SECTION VII, DIVISION 1 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES $FOR FERROUS MATERIALS (See Maxloum Temperature Limits for Restrictions on Class) ‘toy asd ne Noma Some Desig) Conds Sue! Group Na ___Conpeniton Product Form No. TypefGrade UNS No. Temper Thine In, P-No._ New rte Sheet A420 Koo040 ya z/¢ + Be saers r a 4 Bille ear seers 45 2 H 4 ale wd. pipe Shape Azes4 - oo sie Pate Saze A = a, oa ele Piae A205 A 1,4 ste Pine SA205 & xo1700 te 4B ‘Wid pipe SATE As ror. toon ste ‘Sheet saa A Koso. = eee) we widuee SATE A roi = » 4 ne wid. wee SAITO A Ko1z00 yon ule Wiese SATB A roi = 1 : ble wi tbe saa7e A roi 1 4 as elec Smite SAaTe 01200 yok as | est Smit ube SAE o1201 aay aw | est Smite SAE ro1201 1 4 ale Widuee Saale e180? 14 w| ess wis. S20 xor201 eeeer| ws | est Wie abe 54226 wow. a a ales Wie ee shay xo1201 1 a ales Wide $A226 = wor = a 1 ale Smintte Sassy Az xo? = eee ale we. te Sass? 42 rower = ron ule Wt. pe sass BA roas08 » 4 ale ‘wi. be Skss BA Kaas 1 4 nie Wit. ibe sass WA 2504 1 4 am nlc Wie. lee sass F i : alc Smippe Shas SUM Kozs08 a 1 ae lc Simi ple SAS) SA re2sos a4 nies smn poe sa08 A oso. = 2 1 a] os Sms pe — Sheioe A waasoi 1 i xox mis pe SAO A Koaso1 Hy ale Wid. pe sass A eae a 1 mcs Formdpie Basen FPA Kans rood as] e Wid phe SAS87 raisoo 1 1 we Wid. lee sase7 = ra1500 2 1 ale ow seers 50 5 : aoa ale Ba sAa75 50 a roa ale ow Ska7s 50 5 6 2 1 sees duced from Information Handling Servicene 1996 Boller and Preseure Vessel Coder 1996 by ASME. Nov 17 16:32:05 2003STD-ASHE SEC ZI-D ADD-ENGL 29% MM O759670 OS7LLS2 21T mm PART D—PROPERTIES TABLE1A ‘SECTION {; SECTION IIL, CLASS 2 AND 3;* AND SECTION VIII, DIVISION 2 ‘MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES $ FOR FERROUS MATERIALS (See Maximum Temperature Linits fr Restietions on Clas) (op and Mi Tee. Lis a (MP = Not Perm Ese (01's Seer Prema Une Siren Seenth, on at et um via Ne Notes 1] @ 2 ow we 0 cs6 Gicn.08 2] & Bs WP usec oP 3] nsw we wo ise 62,69, 616, 632,646 +] 4 NP occ som) oP. car, cts, ie S| 4 MP Soo eee denn eso Seah, ca On car, cas, cas ‘ mm NP we ocsa ib ; nM mo e016, 6, cz, cas ‘ a a) wo Gahan, wa sf ow " 311,62, 09, 614, ow wl 7 moe csi Gib, chr, $1 wie ni @ iw we 31 Ge cus 17,51 lo 8 ioe = Gs ease sh Galera ” Gea Gh ea co, G70, cas, wo wlio ow om ne seo cst 61,62, 69,616,617, c46 | 3% 0 Woes Glos wlio o& ° Ne 1000 cg Gt G8, gue vl Rowe NP 4000651, 62, 68, G17, 0, cas, wo 1 2% 1060 Necsus, si. * me Mots Ghosh = tow NP sas, cia, 31 a ow Ne 1000 CSG, 6a Go, a7, 035, 46, wo 2 nM NP ooo cSt Ga cxvco, cae > no NP ona GSH 6a Go, 6,35, oa, we “ owe 2 oscus 3 20 300.3 any) cs2 Gia, c2y, 51, wiz, = ne we C52 Gi, G2, Go, 64, 35, Ges, We z woe = 04 Gib eae 2 30 900 s00KGL sony) NP SG 27,81 » 50 MP 7ooser)” oo. C521, G2, G8, G14, C17, caw wo] @ 3 100 eo cay ny 4 jo WP 200 ut ear a] fee 1000 ts2 Ghz, 9,016 af a» ne soo 65261, 62,68, 7,035, cs, we x| & So ue mcs? Gla sh S| & oo 200 (G. 30) MP G7, ad wl oo "P 30 G32 G1, G2, G9, 035, we x] 2 3 ow we Gb 22,020, 52 we | 5 33 NP occa ome wl go 3 we “Tooter” ato a Gi caesersasziens “21 ced from information Handling Services 19. Boller and Pressure Vessel Coder 1995 by ASME Nov 17 16:3STD.ASME SEC IT-D ADD-ENGL L996 MM D7S4G70 OS7HLS2 15b mw Tae 1995 SECTION tt TABLE 1A ‘SECTION 1; SECTION IT, CLASS 2 AND 3;* AND SECTION Vill, DIVISION 1 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES $ FOR FERROUS MATERIALS. (See Maximum Tenperature Lins for Restrictions on Class) Masinun Allowable Sess, tt (Mut by 1000 to Oba pa, for Metal Temperature, °F, Not Exceeding Une Ne 20100 10 200 230 500 400500600) 1] 100 99 2009100 109d z]n2 “2 agg oa ome ez om os DODD 3) u3 us 30 Coons m3 ny ns My me a2 90 7a Sb «fms. ne See - s] ns ua 13 m3 us os ons éfus 2 as Do os ond ony yo oS 7, ns ong 30 Doms m3 ny ny ny no ws 900 786s has "Pos Dos ms ns ns m3 me ef ms om ne ns ny 3 uz Me 103 9973 os, wf] us "Dive Sons na ns us Ms 107 90 72 30 nine Dos 2 one na na ns ns 17 99° 71 43 afm 10 Zee 109 100 1009877 3 we] ioe oo ta 100 100 100 987, 3s ws | us nso. ne ne ne ne ns us 6 7 6s. aw] ua ne oo. ons us ns us ne us 7 m5 wl us he ue ns ne ne na us ies 7 és yy] 109 100-200 tet tog 100 eo a7 38 wine. ne . us ne ne nes ns wr 90 7a 50 w]e lous 2 ns ms ns ne nS 7 90 7143 zl io => eo) oe 100 100 10.0 oe 27 Bla a] wo wo ro 100 100 100 100 os 9.7878 zl us us us ne ua ns ne Ms ws 92 6s 2] 100 99 100 100 109 100 88378 3 al w2 0292 2 aoa 292 e299 daa Blo ~ ie = 0 wo ie ze io uy 17 90 72 3 | io2 2 oz staat oz teak 798s we | 2 ND (rz 72 7272727278 ee zw] wo > ae zoe zo oo 7a 50 we | ue uo io) > we 20 120 e120 7 107 48 sol wo. 10 = 20 120 wp ne we My 17 so 7 50 nwo > we 2 20 wo me zo we Me nis ao me 2 mo wo mo me zo uy wr 93 78 6S gy] 102 wz wr 02 022? aT | zo “Se oo oe a 7 e780 falco eo eee ee oe eee ek ee de | 22 102° 2 ea? e220 aim oo > vfs. ws ms Bs as ws ws ma no 7 xls > us > os ws ms us ws ees sls ows es 2 as Bs as Bs aes a 10 73 Se ‘ ‘reduced from information Handling Servicese ‘7095 Boller and Pressure Vessal Coder 1995 by ASME 2-9STD-ASME SEC II-D ADD-ENGL 195% M@ 0759670 0576653 092 mm PART D— PROPERTIES. ‘Table 1 TABLE 1A SECTION 1; SECTION II, CLASS 2 AND 3;* AND SECTION VItL, DIVISION 2 (MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES 5 FOR FERROUS MATERIALS, : {See Maximum Temperature Limits for Resriclons on Cass) ‘Maxirurn Allowable Srey al (Mul by 2000 to Ota pa, for Meal Temperate, Nt Exceeding ne Ne, 950 1000 1050 Too 115012001250 1500 1380 1400 14801500 1550 1400 14a0 a a ieee ee 2} oof, e S 5 Soe 2a G6 = So =o S5564 6 4 ‘ ~ e Se o 2 lee . 5 of = a = a 7 5 : = Ul|5 5 : =o w] so is 7 ee Se nj] a e ee ee nize ow lof eee -— pls a 5 Se 5 “ 5 e ~ So 4 ~~ ae ws] ae i S =o = 5 5 — wil sas 7 5 6 eS a vse a e = ee eS fee Soo ea a — wl we a =o = wim oo o a5 = alos a > S a ni] as 2s =o = — Blm wy = = = lo o BG 2 e SS Py = 5 4 5 7 aloof = 2 = ae ” 5 3 5 SBoa6 S EF Mo Go oO Sob o og oe a _ a Seagcgga 6G 2 ee ee ~ os oe ecel oo So oo o » ieee ee 8 Ss 5G ee ee ee eee ” 5 6a ee Se ” oo ee eee = ” 5 i : ” SBaoo0G G6 4c Ss 5 ro ‘eed from Information Handling Services« ‘L_SBoller and Presoure Voauol Coder 1908 by ASME 2-10GENERAL MATERIAL - REQUIREMENTS The list of approved materials now includes a number of materials produced to foreign spec. Up to recently, only material having an ASTM spec. were allowed UG-9 allows the use of welding materials other than those listed in Section II Part C, provided they are described in a Welding Procedure Specification UG-10 allows the use of materials produced to a specification not permitted by the Code or material not fully identified, with some conditions — The material will have to be re-certified as a material permitted by the Code. The certification may by either the Material Supplier, Manufacture, or another organization. Certain requirements apply to each — The material will have to meet all the chemistry and mechanical properties (yield, tensile, toughness) of the specification to which it is being re-certified. Z-tlGENERAL MATERIAL . REQUIREMENTS * UG-11 allows the use of prefabricated or preformed. pressure parts, fabricated by someone other than the : Manufacturer - Cast, forged, rolled, or die-formed pressure parts are allowed, either standard or non-standard, without requiring part stamp or material certification. Note that welded parts are not included in this exemption — The part will have to be marked and identifiable to the supplier — Requirements are different for parts supplied to an ASME approved Standard (listed in Table U-3) and. those supplied to a Manufacturer’s standard ¢ UG-15 permits the use of a material not listed in the Code, provided that there is an approved spec. = covering an approved product form of that grade. The materials must have the same chemistry and mechanical properties requirements.GENERAL MATERIAL -REQUIREMENTS Min. thickness allowed is generally 1/16 in., with some exceptions (see UG-16) Plate material under-thickness tolerances do not have to be accounted for. Those for piping and tube materials do have to be considered A vessel may be designed and fabricated by a combination of methods of construction A vessel may be designed and constructed of any combinations of materials, with some minor exceptions. Attention should be given to differential thermal expansion of different materials, for elevated temperature operationGENERAL MATERIAL . REQUIREMENTS Design loads to be considered are listed in UG-22. The Manufacturer is responsible to specify other applicable loadings. The loadings for which no rules are provided in the Code must be evaluated by U-2(g). This paragraph allows the Manufacturer to pick the method of evaluating, provided that the safety margins of the method are consistent with those provided for Code rules The Code design rules are the minimum requirements. The manufacturer is still responsible and must augment the Code rules by experience and judgment The jurisdiction may have additional design requirements 2-14Reproduced from Information Handling Services® The 1995 Boilex and Pressure Vessel CodeO 1995 by ASME Mon Nov 17 16:44:01 2003 SEC VIII D1 A PT UG General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials UG-20 DESIGN TEMPERATURE (a)Maximur, Except as required irUW-2(4)(3), the maximum temperature used in design shall be not less than the ‘mean metal temperature (through the thickness) expected under operating conditions for the part considerec 3-2) If necessary, the metal temperature shall be determined by computation or by measurement from equipment in service under equivalent operating conditions, (®)Minimum. The minimum metal temperature used in design shall be the lowest expected in service except when lower temperatures are permitted by the rules of this Division ( UCS-66). The minimum mean metal temperature shall ‘be determined by the principles described in (a) above. Consideration shall include the lowest operating temperature, operational upsets, autorefrigeration, atmospheric temperature, and any other sources of cooling [except as permitted in (G) below). (c) Design temperatures listed in excess of the maximum temperatures listed in the tables referenceUG-23 are not permitted, In addition, design temperatures for vessels under extemal pressure shall not exceed the maximum temperatures given on the external pressure charts. (@) The design of zones with different metal temperatures may be based on their determined temperatures. (c)Suggested methods for obtaining the operating temperature of vessel walls in service are giv: Appendix C. @lmpact testing pe UG-£4 is not mandatory for pressure vessel materials which satisfy all of the following. (1) The material shall be limited to P-No. 1, Gr. No. 1 or 2, and the thickness, as define UCS-66(a), sball not, ‘exceed that given in (a) of (b) below: (a)¢ in. for materials listed in Curve A oF ig. UCS-66; (®)1 in, for materials listed in Curve B, C, or D Fig. UCS-66. (2)[A96]The completed vessel shall be hydrostaticaly tested UG-99(b) oF (c) 0127-3.[A96] (@)Design temperature is no warmer than 6*¥ not colder than -2*F, Occasional operating temperatures colder than -2CF are acceptable when due to lower seasonal atmospheric temperature. (4)The thermal or mechanical shock loadings are not a controlling design requirement. UG-22.) {5)Cyelical loading is not a controlling design requirement. (§UG-22.) ‘UG-21 DESIGN PRESSUR* Vessels covered by this Division oSection VIII shall be designed for atleast the most severe condition of coincident pressure and temperature expected in normal operation. For this condition and for test conditions, the maximum difference in pressure between the inside and outside of'a vessel, or between any two chambers of a combination unit, shall be considered [se UG-98, UG-99(e), and3-2). UG-22 LOADINGS ‘The loadings to be considered in designing a vessel shall include those from: (a)internal or external design pressure (as defined UG-21);, (G)weight ofthe vessel and normal contents under operating or test conditions (this includes additional pressure due to static head of liquids); (c) superimposed static reactions from weight of attached equipment, such as motors, machinery, other vessels, piping, linings, and insulation; (@the attachment of: (Winternals (see Appendix D); (2)vessel supports, such as lugs, rings, skirts, saddles, and legs (sAppendix G); “ (@)cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations, ot from equipment mounted on a vessel, and ‘mechanical loadings; ‘(Qwind, snow, and seismic reactions, where required; (g)impact reactions such as those due to fluid shock; (®)temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion. UG-23 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS VALU’S (a) The maximum allowable stress value is the maximum unit stress permitted in a given material used in a vessel constructed under these rules. The maximum allowable tensile stress values permitted for different materials are given in 2-15Reproduced from Information Handling Services® The 1995 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Codeo 1995 by ASME Mon Nov 17 16:44:01 2003 SEC VII D1 A PT UG General Requirements for All Methods of Construction and All Materials Subpart | of Section II, Part D. A listing of these materials are given in the following tables, which are included in Subsection C. For material identified as meeting more than one material specification and/or grade, the maximum allowable tensile stress value for either material specification and/or grade may be used provided all requirements and {imitations for the material specification and grade are met for the maximum allowable tensile stress value chosen. Table UCS-23 Carbon and Low Alloy Steel (stress values in Section Il, Part Table 3 for bolting, an Table 1A for ‘other carbon steels) ‘Table UNF-23 Nonferrous Metals (stress values in Section Il, Part ITable 3 for bolting, er« Table 1B for other nonferrous metals) Table UHA-23 High Alloy Steel (stress values in Section Il, Part ITable 3 for bolting, anc Table 1 for other high alloy steels) Table UCI-23 Maximurn Allowable Stress Values in Tension for Cast Iron Table UCD-23 Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension for Cast Ductile Iron Table UHT-23 Ferritic Steels with Properties Enhanced by Heat Treatment (stress valwes in Section II, ParTable 1A) Table ULT-23 Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension for 5%, 8%, and 9% Nickel Steels and 5083-0 Alumimam Alloy at Cryogenic Temperatures for Welded and Nonwelded Construction (8) The maximum allowable longitudinal compressive stress to be used in the design of cylindrical shells or tubes, either seamless or butt welded, subjected to loadings that produce longitudinal compression in the shell or tube shall be the smaller of the following values: (i)the maximum allowable tensile stress value permitted in (a) above; (2)the value of the factc B determined by the following procedure where « the minimum required thickness ofthe cylindrical shell or tube, in. itside radius of cylindrical shell or tube, in, 4S odalen ofelantcty of material at design iemperature, ps. The modulus of elasticity to be used shal be taken from the applicable materials chart im Section UL, Part Subpart 3.'°(Interpolation may be made between lines for intermediate temperatures.) ‘The joint efficiency for butt welded joints shall be taken as unity. ‘The value 0 B shall be determined as follows. ‘Step 1. Using the selected values «1 and R, calculate the value of facti A using the following formula: Page 2 2-16MATERIAL IDENTIFICATION AND TRACEABILITY All pressure boundary materials have to be traceable to material documentation. (see UG-77) Materials for pressure parts should preferably be laid out so that when the vessel is completed, all original identification markings will be visible The Inspector has the duty to inspect materials for proper identification. (see UG-94) The Manufacturer is responsible to maintain traceability to the original markings, and has the following options: — Transfer all markings to cut pieces — Use a coded system traceable to the original markings — Use as-built sketches to assure traceability of each piece of material Marking usually done by die stamping, if service conditions do not allow, other methods may be used 2-17STRESS ALLOWABLES Stress allowable tables are included in Section II, Part D For allowable stress for Ferrous materials, see Table 1A For allowable stresses for non-Ferrous materials, see Table 1B For allowable stress for bolting materials, see Table 3 Section II, Part D also includes tables which provide values of tensile strength,yield strength, coefficient of thermal expansion and modulus of elasticity, as a function of temperature External pressure design curves and fatigue curves are also in Section II, Part DSTRESS ALLOWABLES Interpolation between tabulated values are permitted, but extrapolation is not allowed The tables indicate the maximum temperature allowed for design pressure, for each listed material External pressure curves indicate the maximum design external pressure allowed for each listed material In the allowable tables, materials are listed in the order of chemical composition. Use CD-ROM, which comes with II-D, for looking up with material spec. No. The basis for establishing allowable values is in Table 1 of II-DSTRESS ALLOWABLES The design margin on Min. tensile strength changed from 4 to 3.5, in 1999 Addenda (for wrought and cast steels) The design margin on min. yield strength has remained the same. This margin is generally 1.5, with some exceptions The reduction in design margin was a result of a study performed by the PVRC. A follow up study indicated that a further reduction in margins may be justifiable. The Code Committee is implementing this recommendation also. For the details of both studies, see WRC Bulletin 435. (cover sheet is included here) . 2-20Evaluation of Design Margins for Section VIII, Div. 1 and 2 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Report No. 1: Evaluation of Design Margins for ASME Code Section Vif, Division 1 E. Upitis, K. Mokhtartan Report No. 2: Evaluation of Design Margins for ASME Code Section VIN, Divisions 1 and 2—Phase 2 Studies E. Upitis K. Mokhtarian WRC Bulletin 435—September 1998 Publication of this report was sponsored by the Pressure Vessel Research Council of the Welding Research Council, Inc. WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL, INC. 3 Park Avenue, 27th Floor New York, New York 10016-5902 http//www.forengineers.org aesPART 4 GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTSINTRODUCTION TO STRESSES Stresses are caused by force acting over area. Units are normally pounds per square inch, psi Tensile stresses can cause yielding and rupture. Compressive stresses can also cause instability or buckling Tensile stress allowables are material dependent only. Compressive stress allowables also depend on the geometry Membrane stress is the average (uniform) stress through the thickness Bending stress has linear distribution through thickness, causing max. tension on one face and max. compression on the other face °INTRODUCTION TO STRESSES Strain is change in length, per unit of length, in./in. Up to the proportional limit of the material, stress is equal to strain times the modulus of elasticity Axial stress in a thin cylindrical shell is equal to PR/2t Circumferential stress in a thin cylindrical shell is equal to PR/ t Stress in a thin spherical shell is PR/2t, in all directions : Stresses in knuckles vary and can not be expressed by a simple equationGENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS The design rules of paragraphs UG-16 thru UG-55 apply to all methods of construction and all materials For specific methods of construction and for each material, see the additional design requirements of Subsections B and C The strength theory used in Div. 1 is maximum stress theory, which considers the stress in each direction independently of stresses in other direction. Div. 2 uses maximum shear stress theory, which accounts for multi-axial stresses and is more accurate 2-25GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS With a few exceptions, the minimum thickness permitted for shells and heads is 1/16 in., exclusive of corrosion allowance Plate material shall be ordered not thinner than the required design thickness. The mill thickness undertolerance does not have to be accounted for For pipe and tube materials, the thickness undertolerance must be accounted for in design, except for nozzle reinforcement requirements of UG-40 2-26GENERAL DESIGN -REQUIREMENTS ¢ For all design formulas and figures, the dimensions are in the corroded condition * For the combination of earthquake loading or wind loading with any other loadings, the allowable stress used for design may be 1.2 times the tabulated allowable stress. This applies to both compressive and tensile stresses 2-27GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS * Each chamber of a multi-chamber vessel must be designed to withstand the most severe combination of pressure and temperature. Common elements require special final pressure test. (see UG-19) * The max. design temperature shall not be less than the mean metal temperature (through the thickness) expected in operation, [see UG-20(a)] * The min. design temperature shall be the coldest expected in service, unless a colder temperature is permitted by the rules. Atmospheric conditions, operational upsets and autorefrigeration shall be ‘GENERAL DESIGN -REQUIREMENTS The MDMT (minimum design metal temperature) on nameplate shall correspond to MAWP (maximum allowable working pressure) More than one combination of MDMT and MAWP allowed considered. [see UG-20(b)]} UG-20(f) allows exemption of certain P-No. 1 materials from impact testing (covered under material toughness requirementsGENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS * Design pressure, specified at the top of the vessel, is to include a suitable margin above the expected operating pressure, to preclude the frequent opening of safety relief devices (see UG-21) ¢ Design temperature is specified by the User. The User could ask the Manufacturer to calculate MAWPLOADINGS ¢ The loadings to be considered in deign shall include the following: (see UG-22) 1. Internal or external pressure 2. Weight of the vessel and contents 3. Reactions from the weight of attached equipment 4. Reactions from internals and supports 5. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations 6. Wind or seismic loadings 7. Impact reactions 8. Thermal gradients and differential thermal expansions 1. Other loadings, if applicable, must be specified by User 2-3!CEOS pb ok wos to TABLE y= | CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING ALLOWABLE STRESS VALUES Below Room Temperature oom Temnerature and Above Teoste Yield Tensile Yield suress Creep Prodigt/ttateral Table Sirength ——Streng Steenach Steeagih Rupture pate Weovght se eas UESI3. Se Se 5 hs 4S, 45, 087 Sa 08 Sem 105 feervt and unA2s 7 z eRe a . onterrws UNF23 0.9 Sek Weg w ent uutaa WSR NANA Na NA mA wa na confers Doltng annealed UCS-23- 45 & Se 5B ferrous and uKADs = z * : a ee oaterrous UNF-23 vuuras 7 Batig, with strength ucs-23 Sy" Sy Sua XS, 5 Re 087 5,5 sin ohanced byhet— UKADA “ST % Tee a : ons coe Ureaument or train UNF-23 : ‘acdening, fees ULT-2? And vonterrous Welded poe or ube, UCS-23 0.85 DA X08), g@ 4X ONS, HX 0855, R (087 X O85) Sa (08 X O85) Sam O85 Se ferrous and unas aS he or oaterous wHe29 log x 0.3515, AT) Catton vera NA mA NA fa cy Nodular ten e023 S, 4S WSeRe NA NA "A 3 Strvetunl grades, ——-UCS-23 syngn BROS, WOME, Re HA ma ma eros sate Hats oe se UNF-23 ores: {Dn Table UNF-23 for specie nonferrous alloys and ln Table UHA-23 for austenite material, (wo sets of allowable tresses are provided, The bigher salve may be vse8 only where sihily greater detormation I oot objectianable. The higher allowable stresses are Ideniled by a feotnote. For nonferrous and avitentie materay, these stresses exceed twocthleds {1% x 0.85) for welded pipe er tube, but do ol exceed 00% (76.4% for welded lemperatre (Ry, These higher stresses ommended for the delgn of Ranger and other strao senineappleatons. (2) For materials whose stcenth has Been eohaneed by heat treatment or by dtran harden es are lower than the hanealed material, ia wich ease the annealed values shall be Used, 1a Tae value of 5; shall be i accordance with the mateca)specieadon bul shall sob escerd 53 4s he erteta shown shall govern unless the -o-MODULE 3 |Blackboard 5 Page 1 of 1 Course Material Current Location: Module #3 Design for Internal Pressure [Top } : Module #3 Design for intemal Pressure @ Introduction This Module covers the rules for design of pressure vessel shells, subjected to intemal pressure. The design formulas for cylindrical and spherical shells are presented and explained. @ Learning Objectives “The objective of this Module isto present the design formulas for design of cylindrical and spherical shells, subjected to internal pressure. Completing this module, you will be able to 41. Determine the minimum required thickness of such shells, for internal pressure only. (The effect of extemal loadings on the local thickness ofthe shell is not covered.) 2. Determine the acceptability of a corroded in-service vessel, for continued operation. PowerPoint ASME COURSE PD442. Module_3.ppt (4434044 Bytos ) To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen. e Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Place all required Practice Drills or exercises that you want your students to complete for this unit of instruction here. 9 Related Resources Your outside/additional reading list goes here. This is the reading list that is specific to this unit of instruction. Related URL's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of instuction. A list usually works best. e For example: [enter a link 2s shown] httofwwwblackboard,com http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 3-(PART 5 DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSUREDESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE The Code provides formulas for pressure only. Provision must be made for other loadings (see UG-27) Joint efficiency, E, depends on the type of weld and the degree of NDE (will be covered under the part on __welded vessels). See next page for examples For internal pressure, “R” used in the formulas is the inside radius (formulas in terms of outside radius are provided in Appendix 1) Corrosion allowance and forming allowance, if required, must be added to these thicknesses 3-3JOINT EFFICIENCY, E ‘a, When the Joints Fully Radio- sraphed Dutt joints as attained by double-welding or by other seas which wl obala the same quality of deposited weld metal on the inside and outside ‘weld surface, Backing strip Wused shall be removed after completion of weld, Single-welded butt fount wih ued hich emai piace after welding sate butt joint tse of backing Single fet with pl weds full fillet lap joint Single if ftet ip jointDESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS ¢ The minimum required thickness of a cylindrical shell shall be the greater of the following: — The thickness required for circumferential stress 1- PR SE-0.6P — Thickness required for longitudinal stress 1-__PR ~ 2SE+0.4PDESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS « “R” is the inside radius of the corroded shell « “P” is the design pressure * “S” is the stress allowable, from Section II, Part D ¢ “E” is the joint efficiency * The formulas are for thin shells. Thin shell means large R/T ratio and not the absolute thickness. For very large R/T ratio shells, the effect of the second term in the denominator, which is to account for stress variation through the thickness, becomes insignificant * Formulas for thick shells are provided in Appendix |DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS * Longitudinal stress will control only if joint efficiencies different and/or axial stress due to loads other than pressure exist * Axial stress due to dead loads are calculated by P/A and axial stress due to overturning moment by MC/I ¢ Shell thickness may not violate the minimum required thickness at any point, unless Code Case 2243 is used —— —_ * Shell thickness may have to be increased at supports and loaded attachments * The hydrostatic head of product has to be included. for the design of every element * Hydrotest may control design (do not include wind or seismic with overpressure test condition)EXAMPLE What is the minimum required thickness of a cylindrical shell, with the following parameters: — Inside diameter 120 in. — Corrosion allowance 0.25 in. - — Weld joints Type 1, 100% RT — Design pressure 300 psi — Design temperature 500F — Material SA-516, Gr. 70 — Loads other than pressure None Solution: _ — —_ Inside radius, corroded = 60+ 0.25=60.25 in. Joint efficiency, E= 1.0 Stress allowable from Section II-D, S=20000 psi Min. design thickness, t= PR/(SE-0.6P) = 300x60.25/(20000x1.0-0.6x300) = 0.912 in. Required nominal thickness for ordering material is 0.912 + 0.25 = 1.162 in. The stresses in the longitudinal direction will not control, since loads other than pressure are not specified' cASE (CASES OF ASME BOILEE AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE Approval Date: August 11, 1997 ‘See Numeric Index for expiration ‘and any reeffirmetion dates. Case 2243 Local Thin Area in Cylindrical Shell Section VIL, Divisén 1 Inquiry: Under what condition for Section VII, Divi- jon 1 vessels, may the thickness of Iocal areas of cylindrical shells under internal pressure be less than that required by UG-277 Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that for ‘Section VI, Division 1. vessels, the thickness of local areas of cylindrical shells under intemal pressure may bbe less than that required by UG-27 provided the local ‘thin areas satisfy the following rules. (a) Nomenclature (see Fig. 1): LTA = local thin area 4, = minismum thickness of LTA, in, L = projected axial length of LTA, in, C = projected circumferential length of LTA, in. 0 = see Fig. 1 “See UG-21(8) for other nomenclature used in this Code Case. (®) Local thin area or areas on inside or outside surfaces of @ cylindrical shell designed for internal ee ee celal ‘are satisfied. (1) Single LTA (a) The single LTA shall satisfy the following ‘equations. feos o Ls {@ @ cs ® tonszin o 2243 TABLET MAXIMUM METAL TEMPERATURE, Table In Which Materials Listed Temperature, *F ucs-23 700 UNF-23a, 300 UNF-232 150 UNF-233 900 UNF234 600 UNF235 60 UHAgS 800 unTas 700 (b) Any edge of an LITA shall not be closer than 2.5 (Ri) from a structural discontinuity soch as a head or stiffener. (c) The minimum axial distance between the ‘edge of the LTA and the edge of any nonreinforced ‘opening shall be equal to or than the inside diameter of the opening plus (@) The minimum axial distance between the ‘edge of the LTA and the reinforcement Limit of a ‘Gatos open sal be equal wo or eer tan . (c) The blend between the LTA and the thicker surface shall be with a taper Iength not less than three times the LTA depth as:shown in Fig. 1, sketch (b). ‘The minimum bottom blend radius shall be equal to ‘& greater than two times the LTA depth as shown in Fig. 1, sketch (0). () The longitudinal stresses on the LTA from ‘mechanical loads other than internal pressure shall not exceed 0.35. (g) The maximum design temperature shall not cazed fp meckwnt taps limit specified in Table 1. (h) The thickness at the LTA sll meet the requirements of UG-23(b) and/or UG-28 a8 applicable, (i) Provisions of this Case do not apply to corrosion resistant lining/overiays. (2) Multiple LTA. A pair of local thin areas with finished axial length L, and Zz are acceptable if the individual LTA satisfies the requirements of (6X1) Sad,‘\LADE (continued) 2243 ‘CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL, CODE Circumferential ‘direction direction & i ua 7 Taper length ed 5a (LTA depth ‘Circumferential separation Fig. 1 NOMENCLATURE ms hove and one of the following conditions [(6X2e) or (0) 2)(0)) is met. (a) When 0s 45 deg. the minimum axil sepe- ration (see Fig. 1, sketch (@)} shall be the greater of: te Som Ot 1d yy (b) When © > 45 deg., both of the following shall be met: (1) Tre minimum axial separation shall be ‘equal to oF greater than: 291 Cos (4 +1) 7 (2) The minimum circumferential separation shall be equal to or greater than 21. (c) Multiple pairs of LTA are acceptable provided ‘all pairs meet the rules of a single pair specified in (©}(2) above. (d) Multiple local thin areas may be combined as & single LTA. The resultant single LTA is acceptable if it satisfies the rules of (bX{1) above. {(¢) This Case shall not be applied to Part UF vessels. (A) All other applicable Code requirements shall be met. (g) This Case number shall be shown on the Manufac- turec’s-Data- Report. B-10‘CASES OF ASME BOILER. LAE 2310 [AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE ‘Approval Dsto: May 4, 1999 ‘See Numeric Index for expiration ‘and ony reaffirmation dates, Case 2310 Local Thin Areas in Spherical Segments of Shells Section VIII, Division 1 Inquiry: Under what conditions for Section VIL, Di 1 vessels may the thickness of local areas in spherical segments of shells under internal pressure be Jess than that required by UG-27 and UG-327 Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that for Section VII, Division 1 vessels, the thickness of local areas of spherical segments of shells (such as sphezical ‘vessels, hemispherical heads, and the sphetical portion of torispherical and ellipsoidal heads) under internal pressure for vessels or pressure on the concave. side for beads may be less than thet required by UG-27(6) or UG-32(€), UG-32(6), mi UG-32(f) provided the local thin areas satisfy the following conditions: (a) Nomenclature red shell thickness per UG-27(d) of UG- 32(€), UG-32(6), of UG-32(f) local thin area ‘minimum thickness of LTA, in. smuxisuum dimension of LTA, in. ~~ R= inside radius for spherical segment, for ellipsoi- dal heads R = K,D where K, is from Teble UG-33.1 D= pet UG-32 (®) LTAs on the inside or outside surface of spherical ‘segments of shells designed for internal pressure are acceptable provided the following conditions are suti- shed. (2) Single LTAS (a) The single LTA shall satisfy the following ‘equations 4. 209 wo Ds VRE @ 1s %oin. o (®) The minimum distance between the edge of the LTA and the edge of any unreinforced opening elem oe eee eee of the opening plus {c) The minimum distance between the edge of the LTA and the reinforcement limit of a reinforced opening shall be equal to or greater than Ri. (d) The edges of a LTA shall not be closer than 2.5 fr from a structural discontinuity. (@) A constant thickness junction between head and cylindrical sbell is not considered to be a structural discontinuity for LTA rales, (f) The blend between the LTA and the thicker surface shall be with a taper lengts uot less than three times the LTA depth. The minimum bottom blend radius shall be equal to or greater than two times the LITA depth. The blend requirements are shown in Fig. 1. (g) The LTA for a torispherical head must lie ‘entirely within the spherical portion of the head. See Fig. 2. (hy The LTA for an ellipsoidal head must lie atively within a circle, the center of which coincides with the axis of the vessel and the diameter of which is equal to 80% of the shell inside diameter. See Fig. 3. (i) The LTA for a hemispherical head is accept- able within amy-portion of the-head-except-as-limited by (@) above, See Fig. 4. @) The maximum desiga temperature shall not ‘exceed the maximam temperatire limits specified in Table 1. (&) The thickness at the LTA shall meet the requirements of UG-28(6) or UG-33 as applicable, TABLE 1 MAXIMUM METAL TEMPERATURE Table in Which Temperature, *F Materials Usted 700 uCs23 300 UNF-232, 180 UNe-23.2 4900 UN-233, UNF-23.4 600 UNE235, ‘200 UHA2S 700 UHT-23 4s 3-Il‘LADe \continueg} 2310 (CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE spherical portion LTA limit UTA depth FIG. 1 BLEND REQUIREMENTS FIG. 2 LIMITS FOR TORISPHERICAL HEAD LTA limit (S00 (OTE (a) Constant Thickness Junction () Nor-Constant Thickness Junction FIG. 4 LIMITS FOR HEMISPHERICAL HEAD 46 BIZDESIGN OF SPHERICAL SHELLS The minimum required thickness of a spherical shell is: 1=__PR 2SE -0.2P ~ If thickness exceeds 0.356R or pressure exceeds 0.665SE. Thick shell formulas of Appendix 1 may be used Other loadings, including hydrostatic head have to be accounted for. Thickness may not violate the required minimum, unless Code Case 2310 is used.MODULE 4Blackboard 5 Page 1 of 1 Course Material Current Location: Module #4 Design of Formed Heads [Top] : Module #4 Design of Formed Heads @ © ¢ ¢$ ¢ Introduction ‘This Module Covers the design rules for formed heads, including hemi-spherical, ellipsoidal, and torispherical heads. These are the most common shapes used for pressure vessel heads. Learning Objectives ‘The objective of this Module is to to introduce the formulas for the design of formed heads. After completing this Module, you will be able to determine the minimum required thickness for various types of heads. PowerPoint ‘ASME_COURSE P0442 Module_4.ppt (2276396 eyes) ‘To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen. Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Place all required Practice Drills or exercises that you want your students to complete for this unit of instruction here. Related Resources Your outside/additionel reading list goes here. This is the reading list that is specific to this unit of instruction, Related URL's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of instuction. A list usually works best. For example: [enter a link as shown} httpufwww blackboard. com http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pi?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 4-lDESIGN OF FORMED HEADS Pressure on concave side is internal pressure on a normal external head (for a reverse or internal head, internal pressure is applied to the convex side) Formed heads could be ellipsoidal, torispherical, hemi-spherical, conical or toriconical : The type of head to be used is often specified by the Owner. Otherwise the designer will try to come up with the most economical head What kind of head to choose depends on many factors, and is not an easy decision. Have to consider volume requirements, height requirements, internals requirements and the costs of material vs. fabrication.DESIGN OF FORMED HEADS * Ellipsoidal heads are defined by the ratio of major diameter to minor diameter of the ellipse (the head is one half of the ellipse). The radius of curvature changes continuously * Torispherical heads are defined by the knuckle ratio, r/D, and dome ratio, L/D, where, — R=knuckle radius — L=dome radius — D= diameter of cylinder to which head is attached * Hemispherical heads are one half of a sphere with radius, L, equal to one half the vessel diameter, D .DESIGN OF FORMED HEADS Conical heads are defined by the half apex angle and have no transition piece between the head and the shell (a discontinuity) Toriconical heads have a transition knuckle between the head and shell (better design, but more expensive) When ordering plates, allow for thinning due to forming of knuckle If forming strains are excessive, heat treatment may be required (see UCS-79) - For details of head to shell attachment, see Part UW{eh Toriconica! (Cone Heed With Keuckle) PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS OF TYPICAL HEADS| DESIGN OF ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS * The minimum required thickness of a 2:1 ellipsoidal head is: (see UG-32) PD t=——_—_ 2SE -—0.2P * An acceptable approximation to a 2:1 ellipsoidal head is a torispherical head with 1/d = 0.17 and L/D =0.9 * For heads with other aspect ratios, the minimum required thickness is: (see Appendix 1-4) fe PDK 2SE -—0.2P 4-6DESIGN OF ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS — Value of “K” is obtained from Table 1-4.1 * Knuckles of ellipsoidal heads are in hoop compression ¢ The knuckle for an ellipsoidal head is defined as that portion of the head falling outside of a circle having a diameter equal to 80% of the cylindrical shell diameter ¢ The rules do not address buckling. For heads with L/t ratio greater than 500, the designer should consider buckling. See WRC (Welding Research Council} Bulletin 444DESIGN OF TORISPHERICAL HEADS ¢ The minimum thickness of a torispherical head with a 6% knuckle (1/D = 0.06) is: (see UG-32) _ 0.885PL SE-0.1P ¢ The minimum required thickness of heads with other knuckle ratios is ,-__PLM 2SE -0.2P — The Value of “M” is obtained from Table 1-4.2 4-8DESIGN OF TORISPHERICAL HEADS Tori heads made of material having specified minimum tensile strength exceeding 70 ksi must be designed with S = 20 ksi. This is to indirectly provide protection against buckling. Knuckles of tori heads are in hoop compression The rules do not address buckling. For heads with L/t ratio greater than 500, the designer should consider buckling. See WRC (Welding Research Council) Bulletin 444 Knuckle ratios less than 0.06 not allowed‘TABLE 1-41 VALUES OF FACTOR K (Use Nearest Value of D/2h; Interpolation Unnecessary) ws 30~2~«48)”~*~«S SSCS nae « les 173k 7 pk 1.09 oh is yeaa Pry an) 093 os7 OM 07% OLA STOO ' TABLE 1-42 VALUES OF FACTOR Mf (Use Nearest Value of L/z Interpolation Unnecessary) aay SOs BOOS SOC 323. 350 1308S a 120 ze 43 so 55 68 OS] 8 ry 90 ize Skee nas 180 woo 805 DS DOE ase 356 55k 4-10DESIGN OF OTHER FORMED HEADS * Hemispherical heads are to be designed as spherical shells ¢ The required minimum thickness of conical heads having a half apex angle, a , not exceeding 30 degrees is: (see UG-32) . PD 2cosa(SE —0.6S) — Areinforcing ring must be provided at the Junction, if required by 1-5(d) and (e) — For conical heads having a half-apex angle exceeding 30 degrees, analysis must be performed or Code Case 2150 be used. (CC rules apply up to 60 degrees) : * For toriconical heads, see UG-32(h) 4-I/2150 (CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE ‘Approval Date: August 12, 1893 ‘See Numerle Index for expiration ‘and any reaffirmation dates. Case 2150 Large-End Cone-to-Cylinder Junction for 30 < a $0 Degrees Section VIII, Division 1 Inquiry: Where radiography of a circumferential joint is not required, may a cone without a knwckle at the large end of the cone-to-cylinder junction having a half-apex angle a greater than 30 deg. be used in the construction of a vessel complying with the Section ‘VIM, Division 1 rules without the special analysis specified in 1-5(@)? Reply: It is the opinion of the Committee that when radiography of a circuvaferential joint is not required, ‘a cone without knuckle at the large end of a cone- to-cylinder junction having a half-apex angle « greater than 30 deg. may be used for Section VIIL, Division 1 construction without the special analysis specified in 1-5), provided: (a) Formulas (1) and (2) and Figs. 1 and 2 given below shall be used for calculating the localized stress at the discontinuity. oa membrane hoop stress plus average discontinn- ity boop stress, psi 0 @ 1st = membrane longitudinal stress plus discontinuity longitudinal stress due to bending, psi XY = factors taken from Fig. 1 or 2 (or tabular values taken from Table 1 or 2) P = intemal pressure, psi = inside radius of the cylinder at large end of cone, in, 1 = cylinder thickness, in. (6) Toe batf-apex angle c: is not greater than 60 deg. (c) The axial forces come solely from internal pres- sure acting on the closed ends. When other Toads (such as wind loads, dead loads, etc.) are involved, the design shall be in accordance with U-2(8). (d) ov shall not be greater than 1.58 and o, shall not be greater than 35 where Sis the maximom allowable (g) This Case mummber shall be shown on the Manufac- taret’s Data Report. 4-22150 ‘CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE, Xory Half-Apex Angle in Degrees FIG. 1 X AND Y FOR CONE THICKNESS = ¢ 12 4-132150 (CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE: VESSEL CODE XorY Half-Apex Angle In Degrees FIG. 2X AND Y FOR CONE THICKNESS = dcos a 153 4-142150 ‘CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE 4-15EXAMPLES Determine the required thickness of a seamless ellipsoidal head, for the following conditions: - D=40in. - H=9in. — P= 200 psi — $= 13750 psi - E=10 The aspect ratio = D/2h = 40/18 = 2.22 From Table 1-4.1, K = 1.14 Required thickness, t, is equal to 200x40x1.14 eee __ = 0,33in, [2x13750x1.0—(0.2x200)] Ordered thickness is 0.33 + C.A. + forming allowanceEXAMPLES * Determine the required thickness of a torispherical head for the following conditions: —- D=40in. — L=40 in. - R=4in. — P=200 psi S = 13750 psi - E=1.0 * Calculate L/r = 40/4 = 10 ¢ For this value of L/r, from Table 1-4.2, M= 1.54 * Min. required thickness is ie 200x40x1.54 [2x13750x1.0—90.2x200)] * Ordered thickness is 0.45 + C.A. + forming allopwance =0.456in. 4-7ALTERNATIVE RULES FOR DESIGN OF FORMED HEADS « The present Div.1 rules for formed heads are very old and outdated. Although safe, then do not have a rational basis, and safety margins are not uniform over the range of parameters and for different materials * Div.2 rules, developed in early 60’s are based on geometrically linear finite element analysis by Drucker and Shields and are totally different form those of Div. 1 * It has been learned since that the knuckles of formed heads change shape as pressure is applied and, as a result, strengthen themselves. The geometrically non-linear analysis results (verified by test results) indicate that the knuckles can cafry a great deal more pressure than the geometrically linear analysis indicates. 4-18ALTERNATIVE RULES FOR DESIGN OF FORMED . HEADS Based on these studied, the ASME Code Committee developed Code Cases for Div. 1 and Div. 2 vessels (see CC-2260, included here) This design method is intended to replace the present rules in both Divisions The Code Case rules are based on the failure of the dome rather than the knuckle (analysis and test results indicated that, for constant thickness heads, which is a requirement, the dome fails before the knuckle) Since the knuckle undergoes significant deformation, another criteria based on fatigue was added 4-19ALTERNATIVE RULES FOR DESIGN OF FORMED HEADS * There are some limitations on the Code Case that have to be met. The design temperature can not exceed a certain value (estimated creep temperature for the material). Nozzles of greater than certain size not allowed in the knuckle of heads designed by this method * For a comparison of new and old rules, se the table of comparison included here. For some materials and geometries, the new design will be more economical and for ~ some others, the old rules result in lighter heads. New rules have uniform safety margins ;Appendix A 197 Table A.2. Head volume Volumes listed are approximate volumes of: dished portion of head; straight flanges are not included. Torispherical heads Elliptical heads Hemispherical heads (flanged and dished) : t + D R. —— o—+ \---1,-~-4 i Volume = D8 x 0.582 Volume = D8 x 0.954 Volume = D8 x 1.958 Inside Radius Volume, Inside Volume, Inside Volume, Diameter, of dish, gal Diameter, gal Diameter, gal in in - in in fie 2 0.58 7 0.95 12 1.95 1% «18 1.96 18 3.2 18 66 24 24 465 24 76 24 156 30-30 92 30 1s 30 30.5 36 (36 157 36 26 36 53 42 42 25 42 al 42 84 a 48 7 48 61 48 125 54 SA 53 54 87 (sac I78 60 60 73 69 60245 5 66 7 66 O«S9 66 «326 72 «72 126 72 206 72 423 ne en) 78 (262 78 538 84 84 200 84 327 84 672 90 84 26 90 403 90 826 9% «90 «= 298 96 (489 9 1,003 102-96 = 387 102586 102 1,203 108 102,424 108696 108 1,428 14108499 14818 141,679 120 «114582 120954 120, 1,958 126 «120674 126 1,110 126° 2,267 132130275 132 1,270 132 2,606 138. 132885 138 1,452 138 (2,978 144 132,——*1,006 1441649 144 3,384 A-21MODULE 5Blackboard 5 Page 1 of 1 Course Material Current Location: Module #5 Design for Buckling [Top ] : Module #5 Design for Buckling @ @ © ¢ ¢ http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?actior Introduction This Module overs the design rules for vessel shells subjected to comressive rules. The design rules for cylindrical and conical shells subjected to axial compression and extemal pressure are covered, The rules for design of spherical shells subjected to external pressure are also covered, Learning Objectives The leaming objectives are the outcomes you define as the knowledge, skill, or affect to be developed by the leamer as a result of participating in this module of instruction. Detail, in a list, what it is that you ‘expect your students to know and be able to do by the end of this unit [module] of instruction. Course Packet Replace this block of text with a short summary of what the student wil find in the course packet folder. ‘You need to give participants a reason to click. Don't leave therm guessing about where you place their materials. What participants should find beneath this folder are the individual activities that you expect them to complete as they master this topic. PowerPoint ASME_COURSE PD442_ Module 5.ppt (4641782 Byt0s ) To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen, Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Place all required Practice Drills or exercises that you want your students to complete for this unit of instruction here. Related Resources Your outside/additional reading list goes here. This is the reading list thatis specific to this unit of instruction, Related URL's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of instuction. A list usually works best. For example: [enter a link as shown] http:/tweww.blackboard.com ‘LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 alaePART 6 DESIGN FOR BUCKLING 5-2DESIGN FOR COMPRESSIVE STRESSES Allowable compressive stress may not exceed the allowable tensile stress for the material Allowable compressive stress depends on the geometry, as well as material properties. The thickness can not be calculated by a simple formula Thickness and, if needed, other geometric parameters have to be assumed and an iterative procedure used Joint efficiencies do not apply to compressive stress allowables Code does not address combinations of compressive stresses, shear buckling, column buckling Design for axial compressive load and overturning moment, without taking credit from internal pressureDESIGN OF CYNLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION Axial compression may be due to axial load (dead weight) of maximum compressive stress due to overturning moment (wind or earthquake). Allowable is the same for both distributions Code does not provide credit for ring stiffeners. Theoretically correct, but rings do help in reducing imperfections and improving the axial compressive stress capability Follow the following steps to determine the thickness required for axial compression: — Assume a shell thickness, t — Calculate geometric parameter, ADESIGN OF CYNLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION + R, is the outside radius — Using the value of “A”, enter the applicable material chart in Section II, Part D ( the appropriate curve for a particular material is determined by consulting the stress allowable tables). Move vertically to the curve for the design temperature. (Interpolation may be used between the temperature lines). Move horizontally and read the value of “B”. This is the maximum allowable compressive stress — If the value of “A” falls to the left of the material curve, the following, which is the equation of the straight portion of the curves, shall be used * B=AE2DESIGN OF CYNLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER AXIAL COMPRESSION — In the above equation use the value of “E” marked on the material curve for the design temperature ~ If the value of “A” falls to the right of the material curve, the value of “B” is the value at the top of the applicable curve. Do not extrapolate — If the allowable compressive stress is less than the calculated axial compressive stress, increase thickness and repeat the above procedure. Keep iterating until a satisfactory design is © arrived at — Code does not provide for calculation of wind or seismic loadings and stresses. The loads must be calculated by any recognized standard. The resulting stresses must be calculated at each section to be designed 5-6wigs 201 SECTION ? g PEGE ER TEEG EEE FIG. €51 CHART FOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF COMPONENTS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF CARBON OR LOW ALLOY STEELS (Spcfed Minimum Yield Steewk 24,00 pl, et ot nc, 30000 pa (Note CD) ‘GENEANL NOTE Se Tae oa bape GREG EEEGEGGEEEE E FIG. ¢$2 CHART FOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF COMPONENTS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE ‘WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF CARBON OR LOW ALLOY STEELS (Shcfed Misi Ve Steeth 30000 pol ard (rer Except for Mauris Wid Ts Range Whee Oe Specie rs Are Referenced) AND TYPE 408 AND TYPE a0 STAINLESS STEELS (hate 1) 5-7DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE * Each panel of the vessel (the length between adjacent lines of support) need to be checked for shell buckling * Column buckling is not addressed and may control the design of long slender vessels ¢ Shear buckling not addressed, but usually insignificant * Combinations with axial compression and local compressive stresses have to be considered, but Code has no rules : * Code Case 2286, included in these notes, is a much more up-to-date document and covers a lot of these areasDESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE * The following could be considered a line of support: — Acircumferential line on a head at one third the depth of the head (any formed head) ~ Astiffening ring that meets the Code requirements for moment of inertia — A jacket closure of a jacketed vessel meeting certain requirements — Acone to cylinder junction that meets the moment of inertia requirements — A bulkhead or any other internal attachment which meets the moment of inertia requirements « There are three significant geometric parameters: — D, = outside diameter — t= thickness — L=the distance between lines of support * Usually inside diameter is known, but “t? and “L” have to be assumed. There is a trade off between increasing “t” or reducing “L” (by adding stiffeners). The most economical combination must be found by iterationoot Lp bop bm fen bo bm Terms FoR EXTERNAL Pressure ANALYSIS 5-10PATTER lL ju) L won fe TW ede {1 FL {31 When the coneto-cylader or the knuckieto-clinder hnction lt alee f wupport, the momeft of inertia shell bet Provided ln scoordenca with 1-8. Fig, 9-1 Lines oF Support - CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UnpeR EXTERNAL PRESSURE 5-1/DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE * Adding stiffeners will reduce the volume of the total material (reducing material cost), but will increase fabrication costs * When increasing the thickness will result in a thickness that requires PWTH (post- weld heat treatment), would normally be more economical to add stiffeners * A vessel designed and stamped for internal pressure, which is required to be also designed for an external pressure not exceeding 15 psi, need not be designed by Code rules and stamped, unless the owner requires stamping for external pressureDESIGN OF CYLINDERS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE The minimum required thickness of each panel of a cylinder, having a D,/t ratio equal to or greater than 10, is determined by the following procedures: ~ Assume the thickness,t — Ifa stiffened shell is desired, assume the number and location of stiffeners, then calculate “L” . for each panel — Calculate L/D, and D,/t ratios 5-13DESIGN OF CYLINDRICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE — Enter Fig. G in II-D with L/D, value and move horizontally to the curve corresponding to the D,/t value. From this point of intersection, move vertically down to read the geometric constant “A” (does not depend on the material) ¢ Interpolation between the curves is allowed, but not extrapolation. For values of L/D, greater than 50, enter the chart with a value of 50. For L/D, values less than 0.05, enter the chart with a value of 0.05. See Fig. On next page * Code does not have rules for D,/t values greater than 1000. Code Case 2286 allows ratios up to 2500 5-14.Length + Outside Olemeter = /05 2 u “ a | as] 2s| | al a (GENERAL NOTE: See Table G for tabular | alues. aa 0] an] 0) sl roy eeeres ET 2 3 «sees 23 «sere st 0 om a 4 ractonA 6 Geometric CHART FOR ALL MATERIALS 5-15DESIGN OF CYLINDERS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE — Using the value of “A” calculated above, enter the applicable external pressure chart for the material. (charts are in II-D). Move vertically to an intersection with the line for the design pressure (can not extrapolate beyond the maximum temperature on the chart, but can interpolate). Move horizontally and read “B”. See Fig. On next page — The maximum allowable pRtemal pressure is “~3(D,/1) — For values of “A” falling to the left of the chart, 2AE P= 2 oC ib) : 5-16* Pipe O81, 082 SECTION ‘GENERAL NOTE: Soe. sole CS-1 for tabula valles sacrone BEREG EGGERT EGG aa ee eTeE da wees se eeres 2 TE seo a ‘ot fseron FIG, C$-1 CHART FOR DETERMINING SHELL THICKNESS OF COMPONENTS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE WHEN CONSTRUCTED OF CARBON OR LOW ALLOY STEELS (SPECIFIED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH 24,000 pst ‘TO, BUT NOT INCLUDING, 30,000 pl) (NOTE (202DESIGN OF CYLINDERS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE — For values of “A” falling to the right of the chart, use the max. value of “B” for the temperature curve * IfP, is smaller than the specified value of external pressure, increase “t” or add stiffeners to reduce “L” ~ © For cylinders with D,/t ratio less than 10, : see UG-(c)(2) 5-18DESIGN OF RING STIFFENERS To qualify as a line of support, a ring stiffener must meet certain moment of inertia requirement. The Code provides two choices: 1. The moment of inertia of the added section must be at least equal to I, I =[D'L(t+A/L)A/14 2. The moment of inertia of the combination of the added section and the effective part of shell shall be at least equal to I,’ I =[D'L(t+.4/L)A/109 The effective section is a shell length, on either side of the stiffener equal to 0.5 5 [Dt DmuiZDESIGN OF RING STIFFENERS Select a member to be used for the stiffening ring and determine it’s cross sectional area A, Calculate factor B, 3 B=) 4°t+A/L, Calculate value of factor “A” , by working backwards, from the applicable external pressure chart Calculate the actual moment inertia, either I, or I,’. L, is the length of the shell from midspan to midspan of adjoining panels Compare either I, with the moment of inertia of the added stiffener or I,’ with the moment of inertia of combined section If one or the other requirement is met, the stiffener is adequateDESIGN OF SPHERICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE The min. required thickness of a spherical shell is determined by the following procedure: — Assume a value for thickness, t — Calculate geometric factor, A fn 02225 (R,/t) — Using the value of “A”, determine “B” from the applicable material chart — Calculate the max. allowable external pressure P, =B/(R,/t)DESIGN OF SPHERICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE — For values of “A” falling to the left of the chart, the allowable external pressure is P= 0.0625E ‘(Rit — If P, is less than the specified pressure, increase thickness * Code does not have rules for stiffened spheresDESIGN OF CONICAL SHELLS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE * Design procedure for conical shells, with half-apex angle not exceeding 60 degrees, is the same as that for cylindrical shells, except, — Equivalent length of cone L, is equal to (L/2)(1+D,/D,), where D, and D, are the outside shell diameters at the small end and large end of the cone, respectively * For cones with half-apex angle exceeding 60 degrees, use unstayed flat head formulas of UG-34DESIGN OF FORMED HEADS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE * For normal outward heads, external i pressure is pressure on convex side | (see UG-33) * For hemispherical heads, use the same procedure as that for spheres ¢ For ellipsoidal heads, the min. required thickness shall be the P greater of the following: — That required for a head under internal pressure equal to 1.67 times the design external pressure ( very arbitrary) 5 -24-DESIGN OF FORMED HEADS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE — The thickness required by the following procedure « Assume t * Use the same procedure as that for a sphere, except for outside radius use R,K,, where K, is obtained from Table UG-33.1 ¢ For torispehrical heads, use the same procedure as that for ellipsoidal heads, except for outside radius use the outside radius of the crown. ¢ For conical heads, use the same procedure as that for conical shellsEXAMPLE PROBLEMS Find the required thickness of the following cylindrical shell, — Inside diameter 14 ft. — Tangent length 21 ft. — Design external pressure 15 psi — Design temperature 700 — Material Sa-285, Grade C — Stiffened, so that design length of all panels is 39 in. Assume a thickness t = 0.3125 in. Calculate D, = 12x14 + 2x0.3125 = 168.625 in. Calculate L/D, = 39/168.625 = 0.231 and D,/t=168.625/0.3125 = 540EXAMPLE PROBLEMS Enter Fig. G at a value of L/D, = 0.231 and move horizontally to to the D,/t line of 540. Read the value of A = 0.0005 Enter Fig. CS-2 at a value of A = 0.000S5and move vertically to the 700 degree temperature line.Move horizontally and read B = 6100 Calculate the allowable external pressure _ 4B _ 4(6100) | *3(D./t) — 3(540) 15.1psi Since P, is greater than the design pressure, the assumed thickness is satisfactory. 5-2FMODULE 6Blackboard § Page 1 of 1 Course Material Current Location: Module #6 Alternative Buckling Rules and Design of Flat Covers [ Top}: Module #8 Alternative Buckling Rules end Design of Flat Covers @ Introduction ‘This Module covers Code Case 2286 and the design rules for flat covers. Code Case 2286 provides alternative rules for design of shells subjected to compressive stresses (altemative to the Code rules presented in Module 5). these alternative rules are much more up-to-date and more-accurate than those of the present Code, and will eventually replace the existing buckling rules, To study the Code case, the participants will have to have access to the Code Case book, which is @ part of the ASME Boller and Pressure Vessel Code. ‘The design formulas for determining the minimum required thickness of flat heads are also presented. @ Learning Objectives . ‘The objective of this Module is to familiarize you with the alternative buckling rules of Code Case 2286, and provide you with the means for design of flat heads, subjected to pressure. After completing this Module and studying the Code Case, you will be able to: = Design cylindrical and conical shells subjected to any combination of uniform axial compressive stress, overturning moment, extemal pressure, and in plane shear. = Design spherical shells for extemal pressure and for non-uniform compressive stresses = Determine when a vessel may fail by column buckling, prior to shell buckling. Determine the required size of stiffening rings for extemal pressure and axial compression, Determine the minimum required thickness of welded and bolted flat heads. %@ Course Packet . Replace this block of text with a short summary of what participants will find in the course packet folder. ‘You need to give participants @ reason to click. Don't leave them guessing about where you place their materials. ‘What particpants should find beneath this folder are the individual activities that you expect them to complete as they master this topic. ASE COURSE PD4Ae Modu Soot mf COUR’ odie Spot 7285 pe) To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen. @ Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Place all required Practice Drills or exercises that you want your students to complete for this unit of instruction here. @} Related Resources Any related reading materials should be listed here. Related URL's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of instuction. Allst usually works best. http://208.254.4,135/bin/common/content.pI?actior =LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 6-1ALTERNATIVE ‘-BUCKLING RULES ¢ The existing Code Buckling rules are very old and out of date. The PVRC performed a study, for several years, to come up with more up to date and comprehensive rules. The results of the study were published in WRC Bulletin 444 * The recommendations of WRCB 444 were incorporated into CC-2286, for Div.1 and Div. 2. It is expected that these rules will replace the existing Code rules. * The Code Case rules have many advantages, including uniform safety margins for the range of geometries and materials, covering more loadings and load combinations, and they always produce more economical designs. (for a comparison, see the plots included in these notes)ALTERNATIVE BUCKLING RULES ¢ The CC includes rules for stiffened cylinders under axial compression, shear buckling, column buckling, buckling due to overturning moment, and for interaction between various loadings * The CC requires a straightness tolerance to be met * Acopy of the first page of this CC is shown on next pageCASE 2286 ‘CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE, ‘Approval Date: July 17, 1998, ‘See Numeric Index for expiration ‘and any reaffirmation dates. Division 1, UG-23, UG-28, UG-29, UG-33, and Ap- pendix 1-8, or Section VIM, Division 2, Article D-3? is the opinion of the Committe that cylin- LI Scope ‘This Code Case provides alternative rules to those ‘givea in Section VII, Division 1, UG-23(0), UG-28, UG-29, UG-33 and Appendix 1-8, or Section VIIL Division 2, Anite D-3 for determining allowable com- pressive stresses for unstiffened and ring stiffened circa- lar cylinders and cones, and for unstiffened spherical, ‘ellipsoidal, and torispherical heads. The allowable stress ‘equations are based upon theoretical buckling equations that bave been reduced by knockdown factors and by ‘This Code Case expands the coverage of load condi- tions and shell geomettics, and includes equations for combinations of loads not considered in the Code paragraphs referenced above. These alternative rules are applicable to D,t ratios not exceeding 2000, com- pared to the D,/t = 1000 limit in Fig. G in Subpart 3 of Section I, Part D. Use of these slterative rules assumes the shell section to be axisymmetric with ‘uniform thickness for unstiffeoed cylinders and formed heads. Stiffened cylinders and cones are also assumed 461 to be of uniform thickness between stiffeners. Where noezies with reinforcing plates or locally thickened shell sections exist, use the thinnest uniform thickness in the applicable unstiffeced or stiffened shell section for calculation of allowable compressive stress. Whea used, this Code Case shall be made applicable to the cate vessel. ‘The reinforcement for openings in vessels that do not exceed 10% of the cylinder diameter or 80% of the ring spacing into which the opening is placed may be designed in accordance with the following rules. Openings in shells that exceed these limitations require ‘2 special design performed in accordance with the rules of Division 1, U-2(g) or Division 2, AD-100 as applicable. Reinforcement for nozzle openings in vessels de- Signed for exicrnal pressure alone shall be in accordance ‘With the requirements of UG-37(8)(1) or AD-520@), ‘8 applicable. The required thiclness shal be determined ‘in accordance with para 3.3 or 4.2. The factor F used in UG-37(¢) and AD-520(2) shall be 1.0. For cases where the shell thickness is controlled by combinations other than external pressure alone, the ‘opening(s) shall be reinforced to provide 100% of that required in UG-37(¢) or AD-520(@), as applicable. The required thickness 1 oF f (in the applicable unstiffened (or stiffened shell section) shall be the thickness used for allowable stress calculation in the appropeiate portion of para, 5.0. The factor F used i UG-37(c) and AD- ‘520(@) shall be 1.0. ‘The maximum temperature permitted for use of this Code Case is shown in Table 1. ‘When applying this Code Case for Section VII, Divi- sion 1, all references to Section VIL, Division 2 shall ‘be ignored. Likewise, when using this Code Case for ‘Section VIII, Division 2 applications, then all references to Section VI, Division 1 shall be ignored. ‘Alternative equations for determinatiog of allowable compressive stress due to Joads specified in UG-22 or ‘AD-110 are given for the following: (a) Stiffeaed or unstffened cylinders and cones sub- jected wo: : (1) vniform axial or loogitndinal compression; (2) longitudinal compression from a bending mo- ment applied over the entire cross-section; b-4 SUPP.2—BPVPART 7 DESIGN OF FLAT HEADS AND COVERSDESIGN OF FLAT HEADS AND COVERS Flat heads are not efficient in carrying pressure. For high pressure and/or large diameter, the thickness gets excessive Circular blind flanges with ring type gaskets, conforming to any of the flange standards in Table U-3 are permitted for the rated pressure and temperature It is preferable to use a standard flange, but if a designed flange or cover is desired or required, the rules are in UG-44 A number of acceptable details are provided in Figure UG-44, but other details may also be used. If one of the acceptable figured given are chosen, all requirements of that figure have to be complied ~ with. The figure will specify the value of constant “C”, which accounts for the boundary effects The sizes of the welds are tied to the actual thickness of the shell. Excessive shell thickness will require larger weldDESIGN OF FLAT HEADS AND COVERS ¢ Fora flat unstayed circular cover, attached by welding, the min. required thickness is: t=a | SE * Fora flat unstayed bolted flange or cover, the min. required thickness is: CP. Wh, SE "Sed : Tn the above formulas, “d” is the cover diameter subject to pressure “S” is the stress allowable from II-D tables “E” is the joint efficiency, if there is a seam “C” is the constant for the detail from Fig. UG-34 6-7DESIGN OF FLAT HEADS AND COVERS “W” is the total bolt load “hg” is the radial distance from bolt circle to the gasket reaction point Formulas are also provided for rectangular flat heads, either welded or bolted It should be pointed out “d” is not necessarily the diameter of the cover, but the diameter of that portion of the head subject to pressure (usually vessel inside diameter) Also note that “S” is the actual value from the stress allowable table, even though bending allowable is 1.5S. The value of 1.5 is built into “C” Values of “C” are arbitrary and vary from one Code to another‘oduced from Information Hanaling Services STD-ASME SEC VIII Di ADD-ENGL 15% MM OPSSL7D 0575929 D7 1“ 1995 SECTION VII — DIVISION 1 “ Mot Lam Th DewdinWo Co Lae Tha ute en Pane Tee a Son Tete aes [eee ratrewonionwag MIRE MO — AF] FIG. 1-6 SPHERICALLY DISHED COVERS WITH BOLTING FLANGES (1) bead thickness (a) For preanure on concave side, 5PL oS a () for pressure on convex side, the head thick- eas shall be determined based on UC-33() using the ‘ulside radius of the epherical bead segment; (2) Gange thickness for ring gasket re JE] @ (3) flange thickness for full fece gasket PEAT ONC. a Fae I ; 8 sore ne ems ent ine tomate (Vie ng ge ct do Te US te ge nd ans may coo oe ‘iy ete non eae Ore a ‘considered as a minimum requirement.) (f) Heads of the type shown in Fig. 1-6 sketch (¢) ar hy ear ee 316 398 Boller and Pressure Vessel Coder 1998 by ASME Nov 19 09:26:88 2003 (1) beat thickness a) for pressure on concave side, srt ok © (b) for pressure on convex side, the heed thick. ‘est shall be determined based on UG-33(c) using the ‘uttide radios of the spherical bead segment; (2) flange thickness for ring gasket for heads with round bolting holes 6-9- ASME *SECAVIIT DL 95 MH 0759670 0560303 472 a PART UW — WELDED VESSELS Mig. Uw.182 : Y Za grt tL ro gt © Somes iw Seneatee 7 : Seace edahl ovate isn ratte ot tpor Va. Zp. 9, not tee han Oey hot greeter than 269 ft tind 0 40-94 \ Wort survornt ed Unnpportd Tuber th ching Pana GENERAL NOTE: . 7 For wpporeed tubeahert: «+b no ima thn 2 ¢ not et then 0.74, OFA mbichava i et, Forannpporedtubetwet: » + not se han Sty not mutha oF 2fn wala fae. {perl ty etalon! in UG340). Se UWS) for dtntion oF upper wet, FIG, UW-13.2 ATTACHMENT OF PRESSURE PARTS TO FLAT PLATES To FORM A CORNER JOINT 24_ 20d from Information Handling Servicose ‘8. Boller and Pressure Vousel Coder 1895 by ASME Now 19 09:27:44 2003 - 6-10STD-ASME SEC VIII DL ADD~ENGL 1956 M@ O759670 05758b2 TT PART UW — WELDED VESSELS Fig. UW.133, UWA WV AS ” Noves: 1 Rear ta Fig, UG-24 hatch (2) for cimansional quirements, {2} Not permissible I machined Wom role pate uniem tn eocordance with Appendix 20. See UW-13(0, {3) Tension ast specimen muy be located inside or outside the hub. 14) inthe greater of 6 nor 1Sty but need not exceed 2m. Fig, UW-133 TYPICAL PRESSURE PARTS WITH BUTT WELDED HUBS Notes: (1) Avadtinad in UG40. (2) ad bel ehopen fo tluetion only. (2), rotor dan he retro: 1) 03tp whare = ule deka of semi nose (0) tine wall lek of connecting lps FIG, UW-13.4 NOZZLE NECKS ATTACHED TO PIPING OF LESSER WALL THICKNESS. w ‘oduced from information Handling Services 1995 Bollor and Pressure Vessel Coder 1995 by ASME ‘Nov 19 09:28:40 2003 ellMODULE 7Blackboard § Faye sure Course Material Current Location: Module #7 Design of Openings {Top |: Module #7 Design of Openings g eg @ $ ¢ Introduction ‘This Module covers the design of openings, in various types of shells, for pressure loading. The area replacement concept is explained. Learning Objectives The abjecive of this module is to introduce the Code rules for design of openings. ‘After studying this Module and the related Code paragraphs, you will be able to: = Understand the area replacement concept. = Determine ihe required area to be replaced = Determine the limits of reinforcement ~ Calculate the available reinforcement area, = Cheek reinforcement for multiple openings. ~Delermine the minimum required thickness of nozzle necks. PowerPoint ASME_COURSE_PD442_ Module_7.p9 caa43138 ayes To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen, Exercises Place all required Practice Drills or exercises that you want your students to complete for this unit of instruction here. Related Resources - Your outside/adcitional reading list goes here. This is the reading list thet is specific to this unit of instruction. Related URL's go here. Use this section 10 stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related 0 the unit of instuction. A list usually works best For example: [enter a link as shown} http viww.biackboard.com http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 7-PART 8 DESIGN OF OPENINGSOPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENT The rules for design of openings and reinforcement around openings are included in UG-36 through UG-46. Some additional requirements are included in Appendix 1-7 The basic rule is “area replacement’, which is old and conservative. It requires that the area of steel cut out along any axis be replaced along the edge of the opening, within certain distance of the nozzle to shell intersection The Code has rules for pressure loading only. Other loadings also have to be considered, but the designer has to come up with design method and acceptance criteria. For nozzle external loadings, the methods of WRC bulletins 107 and 297 are commonly used.OPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENT Openings in shells shall preferably be round, elliptical, or obround. Openings of other shapes are allowed, but require analysis or proof test Small openings, up to 3.5 in. diameter in shells not exceeding 3/8 in. thickness and up to 2 3/8 in. diameter in shells exceeding 3/8 in. thickness are exempt from reinforcement rules. This is arbitrary, but has worked well For large openings, defined in UG-36, the requirements of 1-7 apply For external pressure design, only one half of the cut-out area needs to be replaced. Arbitrary, but conservative For openings in flat heads and covers, half the cut-out area needs to be replacedOPENINGS AND REINFORCEMENT * Unless a full penetration weld detail is used to attach nozzle neck, the attachment weld strength calculations must be made (see UG-41)SMALL OPENINGS * Openings exempt from reinforcement shall not exceed the following limits: — Welded connections ° In shells or heads not exceeding 3/8 in. thickness, nozzle diameter limited to 3.5 in. + In shells or heads exceeding 3/8 in. thickness, nozzle diameter limited to 2 3/8 in. — Threaded or studded connections ¢ Nozzle diameter limited to 2 3/8 in., for all shell thickness ¢ The shell thickness used for the above check is the actual thickness and not the required thicknessSMALL OPENINGS ¢ There are limits on how close these unreinforced openings can get together. The limits are different in different directions. (See UG- 36(c)(3) UW-14 allows these unreinforced openings be located in head-to-shell or Category B or C butt welded joints, provided that the weld meets the RT requirements of UW-51 for a length equal to three times the nozzle diameter. They are not allowed in other Category A welds 7-7LARGE OPENINGS ¢ Large opening rules of Appendix 1-7 apply to openings in cylindrical or conical shells only * Openings exceeding the following sizes must meet the compact reinforcement requirements of 1-7(a): ~ For vessels not exceeding 60 in. diameter, % the vessel diameter or 20 in. — For vessels exceeding 60 in. diameter, 1/3 the vessel diameter or 40 in. ¢ Ifthe vessel also falls in the following range, the additional requirements of 1-7 (b) shall also be met — Vessel diameter greater than 60 in. — Nozzle diameter greater than 40in. And also exceeding 3.4 /Rr, and — The ratio of R,/ R not exceeding 0.7LARGE OPENINGS The concern with large openings in cylindrical shells is the bending moment at the intersection and the deformation of the nozzle neck The Code does not have rules for openings in cylinders (or cones) with a R,/R ratio greater than 0.7 There is no size limits for reinforced openings in spherical shells and formed heads Appendix 1-7 also includes some rules for fabrication and inspection of large openingsAREA REPLACEMENT Except for small openings and openings designed as ligaments, area replacement rules must be met, along all planes through the center of openings (openings designed as reducer sections are also exempt). Attached Fig. UG-37.1 shows the procedure graphically For internal pressure, unless CC-2168 is used, 100 % of the cut-out area must be replaced (50% for flat heads) At least one half of the required area must be placed on either side of the opening The total area of reinforcement at any plane for shells and formed heads subject to internal pressure is, A=aF =2ttF(-f,) 7-10AREA REPLACEMENT Where, t, is the required shell thickness for pressure F is the directionality factor from Figure UG-37 f,, is the ratio of the stress allowable for the nozzle neck material to shell material t, is the actual nozzle neck thickness, exclusive of corrosion allowance + For external pressure, 50% of the above value needs to be replaced and the required shell thickness is based on external pressure * Itis good design practice to choose a nozzle neck material having an allowable equal to or greater than that of the shell. In that case, the second term in the above equation drops out * No credit is allowed for neck material having allowable greater than shell * For new construction, usually F=1 is used for all planes. See attached Fig. UG-37‘oenenat Nove: Ircasas consideration ofthese ares SeiSye 10 fbam ele ot) nase 284, ‘Use sale valve Om coer aoe ‘For note walt anid tro he vassal wa —e fe— Foc ne wal abutting th ssl wall Wau Rlatocng Eemert ‘Area reins Eaa-« Z a Ey = Ft 2g (Et FE Ae) ZaA-« MY m zie egN eye -Fid = inlet FEY =F) = Aad = Site ten) feat > Bln to te GFF 2g ty Fttn tp) PADS ~ Aap omer nose wald = bal QPP - Angew nora g WAytAge Ag tags tAag >A Way +42 Ag tay tAQg A - Nore F Getarger aie ‘ares sraaba in ahels ve are vate ‘Area eat a nozte projecting curd wt male vee ‘Arve erate in rwerd roa; use amalest vale ‘Ares evita in cura ais ‘Area wes nar wk Ooening i wtequtely reared ‘Opaning is not adequate afore 20 ‘Ar evabe in nonsie pritng outwards (reels ‘Are eve In inwerd norte Ares eeiuble in outward ls ‘Aco rataba In cute wal ‘Arnelle eer wd ‘Area alse in element pening adequately renored (3) Tie formal appt fora rectangle ersaeetional element that ft wile dhe Hits of informant FIG. UG-37.1 NOMENCLATURE AND FORMULAS FOR REINFORCED OPENINGS This Figure Illustrates a Common Nozzle Configuratlon and Is Hot Intended to Prohibit Other Configurations Permitted by the Code.) Thgus Caz (0-4 - “LMP PO ="V (dg uis—2'P) = “(@1ea AWSW/ISNW) auRtoUaION vonsauuos young 17 TUN - - - - - - “t+ - - adid 9- - ssaNxoIKy c 27 wouy 03803’) 439 01 (¢ NIS-2) 48 yauy SIML ATdt LIM, ra N = C LF woz SK ANaW39H0ANIDE —{> ae xR LEZ, Lil) N N N LCi pe abaeee LO 7 ! aN Transeo N98 > anoz AN3N3DHOSNITW Vee SYNIWON | %—1.00 00| 080 076; Values ot F 070 os co) oss, o.s0| 0 1020 30 40 80 60 70 8) 90 ‘Anale 6, hoa. of plane with orginal axis FIG. UG-37 CHART FOR DETERMINING VALUE OF FAS REQUIRED IN UG-37AREA REPLACEMENT * The boundaries of cross section in any plane within which metal must be located (limits of reinforcement) are the following: — Parallel to the vessel (measured from the center of the opening), the greater of the following: + Diameter of finished opening + Radius of finished opening plus thickness of shell plus thickness of neck — Normal to the vessel wall measured from the shell surface (applies to inside and outside neck extension), the smaller of the following; * 2.5 times the thickness of shell * 2.5 times the neck thickness * All the calculations and geometries to be used are in the corroded condition * The sketches included in these notes summarize the above rulesMULTIPLE OPENINGS When any two openings are closely spaced so that their limits of reinforcement overlap, in the plane connecting the centers, the combined reinforcement must have an area not less than the sum of the areas required for each opening (no portion of the area is to be considered as reinforcement for more than one opening) Any overlap shall be proportioned as contributing to the two openings by the ratio of their diameters A number of adjacent openings shall be treated as successive pairs of openings The Code provides the option of treating a number of adjacent openings as one opening having a diameter equal to a circle enveloping all openings. Such large opening would be subject to the rules of 1-7, if the diameter exceeds the limits to which these rules are appliedNOZZLE NECK THICKNESS All nozzle neck thickness shall, as a minimum, be adequate to meet the following; (see UG-45) — The thickness required to meet the stress allowables, for any applied loadings — The thickness required to meet allowable stress for internal and/or external pressure — The min. thickness of standard wall pipe Corrosion allowance must be added to all above calculated thicknesses The min. thickness of pipe is the nominal thickness minus 12 2 % (under-thickness tolerance). This would normally control the required thickness. In that case a heavier schedule pipe than standard wall is to be specified The min. thickness of standard wall pipe requirement does not apply to access openingsISPECTION OPENINGS All vessels in compressed air service and all vessels subject to any amount of corrosion or efosion (with minor exceptions) must be supplied with an access or inspection opening (see UG-46) Inspection openings may be omitted iftel ltale holes are provided and the vessel diameter does not exceed 36 in. Inspection openings may be omitted from the shell side of fixed tube sheet heat exchangers For vessels with 12” LD. or less, inspection openings may be omitted if there are two or more removable pipe connections not less than NPS % Vessels over 12” and less than 18” I.D. must have at least 2 handholes and 2 threaded pipe plug openings of not less than 1 ¥2 NPS All vessels 18” to 36” I.D. must have amanhole or at least 2 handholes and two threaded openings of not less than NPS 2 All vessels over 36” I.D. must have a manholeINSPECTION OPENINGS * When inspection openings are required, they must meet the following — An elliptical manhole shall not be less than 12” x 16” — Acircular manhole shall not be less than 16” — Ahandhole shall not be less than 2”x 3” * Lack of inspection openings,and the reason for it, must be denoted on the Data ReportLIGAMENTS Design of multiple openings in a regular pattern may be by ligament calculation, in lieu of area replacement calculations (see UG-53) The Code provides formulas and charts for several common patterns For equal pitch rows, the ligament efficiency is simply (p-d)/p, where “p” is the pitch and “‘d” is the opening diameter. See Fig, UG-53.1 on next page The calculated ligament efficiency is used in the applicable design formula for calculating min. required shell thickness The value of “E” in the design formulas for pressure is the lower of joint efficiency and ligament efficiency (not the combination of two) 7-20Longitudinal ing ——» GENERALNOTE: Sin. = 189 mm FIG. UG-531 EXAMPLE OF TUBE SPACING WITH PITCH OF HOLES EQUAL IN EVERY ROW oN GENERAL NOTE: Lamm 82 in. = 179 em FIG, UG-532 EXAMPLE OF TUBE SPACING WIT H PITCH OF HOLES UNEQUAL IN EVERY SECOND ROW Ph, Bie Mg 8h Ba \ by = 291418 ———+} (49 mm Longitudinal fine, ——e- GENERAL NOTE: Yin, = 133mm @%in. = 7 mm, IG. UG-533 EXAMPLE OF TUBE SPACING WITH PITCH OF HOLES VARYING IN EVERY SECOND AND THIRD ROW p= pin, Si 6.4210. (15mm) “69 mm) Longitudinal ing ——> FIG, UG-53.4 EXAMPLE OF TUBE SI TURF HOFFS ON nrARanATCODE CASE 2168 It has been felt that replacing 100% of area, for nozzle reinforcement, may be overly conservative. A study performed by the PVRC and published in WRC Bulletin 335 indicates that less than 100% reinforcement is in most cases adequate to restore the rupture pressure to that of the shell without opening Code Case 2168 (copy attached) was published based on the results of the study, and may result in significant savings The Case has a number of limitations. It is limited to Carbon steel and low alloy materials below creep range. It also has some limitations on the geometry The limitations were based on the available test results. There is an attempt to widen the range of applicability of the Case2168-1 ‘CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE ‘Approval Date: July 10, 2006 ‘Soe Numeric index for expirstion ‘and any reeftirmetion dates. Case 2168-1. Alternative Method to Area Replacement Rules for Openings Under Internal Pressure Section VIL, Division 1 Inquiry: Ia Section VIM, Division 1 vessels, may ‘openings in cylindrical shells subjected to internal pres- sure be designed to rules other than those given in uG37 Reply: Itis the opinion of the Committee that Section VIL, Division 1 vessel openings in cylindrical shelis subjected to internal pressure as shown in Fig. UW- 16.1 with full penetration welds and integral reinforce- ment may be designed for intemal pressure using the following rules instead of those given in UG-37. (a) Nomenclature (See Fig. 1) By = 162 for t/t $1.0 54 for t/t > 10 By = 20 for tet $ 1.0 = B18 for felt > 1.0 dq, = mean diameter of connecting pipe, in. (corroded condition), [see (6\9)] ‘Da = mean diameter of cylindrical vessel, in. (cor- roded condition) 4, = nominal wall thickness of connecting pipe, less corrosion allowance, in. 4, = nominal wal thickness of nozzle, less corrosion allowance, in. 1 = nominal wall thickness of vessel, less corrosion allowance, in, 4, = Tequired thickness of vessel wall caloulated pec UG-21XI), with E = 1.00, in. LL = axial length of nozzle with thickness fy, in. A = GqlDaXDult? tea nominal wall thickness of ANST B36.10 stan- dard weight pipe, in. (b) The following conditions shall be met: (2) Maximum design temperature shall not exceed 60°F. (2) Material shall be carbon or low-alloy steel with allowable stress in tension per Table 1A of Section I, Part D, not exceeding 20 ksi. (3) The openings shall not exceed the following: FIG. 1 () for vests of diameter 60 in. and less, one half the vessel dimeter, but not to exceed 20 in. (0) for vatels of diameter over 60 in., one third the vessel diameter, but not to exceed 40 in, (4) The ratio of vessel diameter (Dx) to vesse: thickness (shall not exceed 250, (5) Cyclic losdimmg is not a controlling desigr requirement (see UG-22). (6) The opeing is in a cylindrical vessel. It shal be located not ies than 1.8 (Dqf) from any other gross structural continuity such as a head or stiffenee (7) The sping between the centerlines of tht openings and ty che opening is not Yess than thret times their avenge di ameter. (8) The opeing is circular in cross section anc its axis is nomi to the surface of the cylindrica vessel, (9) EL < 05 (Buty), use t, = f im Eqs. (1 and (2) below. (10) ty shall ot Tbe tess than % tea through a axial length of (éy)'/. The other applicable rules 0, UG-45 shall be net 7-232168-1 CASES OF ASME BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL CODE, (11) The opening shall satisfy Eqs. (1) and (2), as follows: FETs yg “aly " [a(sf Ni) eho sow? + [2a aah.» se 21093 + 00000 (+) (12) This Case number shall be shown on the Manufacturer's Data Report. (c) This Code Case was developed from WRC Bulle. tin 335.EXAMPLE PROBLEMS Problem — Check the adequacy of the reinforcement for the following opening — Cylindrical shell — Inside diameter — Shell thickness — Shell allowable stress — Design pressure — Design temperature — Corrosion allowance - Welded joints — Nozzle neck — Nozzle inside diameter — Nozzle allowable stress Solution: 96 in. 2in. 11400 psi 425 psi 800F 1/16 in. Type 1, 100% RT Weld neck 16 in. 12000 psi — Required shell thickness, t, = PR/(SE-0.6P) = 425x48.0625/(11400x1 — 0.6x425) = 1.83 in. — Required nozzle neck thickness, t,, = 425x8.0625/(12000x1 ~ 0.6x425) = 0.292 in.EXAMPLE PROBLEMS — Limit of reinf. along the vessel is the largerof nozzle inside diameter d= 16.125 or d/2 +t, +1, = 11.69 in.. - For the more critical axial plane, F= 1.0 - Joint efficiency, E=1 — The ratio of the allowable stress for nozzleis greater than that of the shell, therefore, f,, = 1.0 ~ Available reinf. area in shell, Ay = (Et — Fi)d. = (1.937- 1.830)16.125 = 1.73 sq. in. - The value of T,, from Fig. UG=40, sketch (4), is 3.5 - Limit of reinf. Normal to vessel is the smaller: of 2.5 x1.937 = 4.84 in. or 2.5x 1.687 +3.5=7.72 in. ~— Available reinf, area in nozzle, A, = (1.687 — 0.292)(2x4.84))1.0) = 13.5 sq. in. - Available reinf. area in welds, A, = 2x0.5x0.775x0.75x1.0 = 0.563 in. — Available area in reinforcing element, A,=(26.0 — 16.125 —3.375)[GB.5 + 2)/2\(1.0) = 17.9 sq, in. — Total available area, A, + A) + Ag + A,=33.7 sq. in. - Available area is more than the required aea, therefore, OK 7~26. 4116 in, corrosion allowance 1/16 in. corrosion 3/4 in. allowance filtet weld 18/16 in. . EXAMPLE OF REINFORCED OPENINGEXAMPLE PROBLEMS Problem — Find the ligament efficiency for the following: — Tubes arranged per Fig. UG-53.1 in a cylindrical shell — Pitch of tube holes p= 5.25 in. ~- Diameter of tubes 3.25 in. — Diameter of tube holes, d= 3.281 in. Solution: — Ligament efficiency E = (p-d)/p = (5.25-3.281)/5.25 = 0.375 - This value of E to be used for design of shell, in lieu of joint efficiency Problem — Find the ligament efficiency for the following: — Tubes arranged per UG-53.2 - Pitch p= 12 - Tube hole d= 3.281 Solution: E = (p-nd)/p = 12-2x3.281/12 = 0.453MODULE 8Blackboard 5 vage 1 0t1 Course Material Current Location: Modute #8 Fabrication Requirements [Top]: Module #8 Fabrication Requirements @ Introduction This Module covers the fabrication rules of the Code. The generat fabrication, welding, NDE, tolerance requirements and other fabrication practices are covered @ beaming Objectives ‘The objeciive of this Module is to introduce some of the more important fabrication rules and how to meet them. After studying this Moduie and the Code fabrication paragraphs, you will be abie to: - Determine the welding requirements. = Determine the NDE requirements. = Understand the tolerance requireents and haw to apply these requirements = Assure thal a vessel is fabricated to Code standard, PowerPoint ASME_COURSE_PD442_Module_& ppt (758008 aytes) To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen. @ Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Place all required Practice Drills or exercises thet you want your students to complete for this unit of instruction nere g Related Resources Your outside/additional reading list goes here. This is the reading list that is specific (0 this unit of instruction, Related URU's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of Instuction. A list usually works best. @ For example: [enter a link as shown} hntp www blexckDoard.com http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pI?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003. &-!PART 9 FABRICATION REQUIREMENTSGENERAL FABRICATION REQUIREMENTS Material cutting may be by machining, shearing, grinding, or by oxygen or arc cutting (see UG-76) All slag and detrimental discoloration must be removed (usually by grinding) from cut edges Material identification requirements of UG-77 are covered in the Part on material requirements Defects in materials may be repaired, only by the prior approval of the Authorized Inspector (AI) Forming requirements are given in UG-79. The forming process shall not impair physica! properties Limits are provided in UCS-79 (for carbon and low alloy steels) and in UHT-79 (for heat treated materials), on the amount of forming strain allowed. Exceeding a certain strain will require hot forming. Formulas are provided for calculating the strain Requirements for attachment of lugs and fittings are given in UG-82 The Charpy impact test requirements of UG-84 are covered under the Material Requirements 8-3TOLERANCE REQUIREMENTS The Code has very few tolerance requirements Code tolerances usually have to be supplemented by the design specifications. The owner my want to specify requirements on straightness, on weld peaking, on location of nozzles and attachments, ete. UG-80 has requirements for out-of-roundness tolerance for cylindrical, conical and spherical shells UG-80(a) provides tolerances on the out-of- roundness of gross cross sections. The max. difference between the major and minor diameters at any cross section is limited to 1% of nominal diameter, with some minor exceptions UG-80(b) requires that, for vessels subject to external pressure, the deviations from true circular shape be also limited. The local deviation is measured by a template. The allowable value of the deviation is given by Fig. UG-80.1. This value may not exceed the local shell thickness, and need not be less than 20% of the thickness8 § B8g8st 3 get sssesd ‘uni Dlanrer# Teka, Bt & a e203 04 G8 oe en 10 22 4 6 6780 eign Lang + Ov Diet Py FIG, UG-G0] MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE DEVIATION FROM A CIRCULAR FORM ¢ FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE, 3 Guwie Dimer #Thekne, Dol u 8 888 88 g gees as 0 oo) 0f@ 00 Ons «ON Og OB OCC ‘evan Langth + Ose Diente, L/D FIG. UG292 MAXIMUM ARC OF SHELL LEFT UNSUPPORTED RECAUSE OF GAP IN STIFFENING RING OF CYLINDRICAL SHELL UNDER EXTERNAL PRESSURE.TOLERANCES The required length of the template to be used is given by Fig. UG-29.2 The equivalent values of geometric parameters to be used in these figures are given by UG-80(b) How many locations to be checked for tolerance is at the discretion of the AI Division 1 does not provide for any deviation from the specified tolerances, except for special services such as glass lined vessels and forged vessels Tolerances for formed heads are given by UG-81. The inner surface of such heads shall not deviate outside the specified shape by more than | 1/4 % of the vessel diameter, nor inside of the specified shape by more than 5/8% of the vessel diameter Hemispherical heads and the dome portions of ellipsoidal or torispherical heads must also meet the requirements of UG-80(b) on local deviation Measuring deviations from true form in a knuckle is difficult and the method must be worked out with the AIINSPECTION REQUIREMENTS The Manufacturer has certain responsibilities, spelled out in UG-90(b) The duties of the Inspector are spelled out in UG- 90(c) The term Inspector refers to the Authorized Inspector who must have a National Board Commission and be employed by an ASME approved Authorized Inspection Agency The Inspector must witness certain operations such as overpressure test and affixing of name plates. The performance and extent of other inspections is left to the discretion of the Inspector One of the main duties of the Inspector is to assure that the Manufacturer complies with the Code and his Quality Control program The Code requires that the Manufacturer provide free access by the Inspector, at all times while work is being performed The requirements for inspection of materials are provided in UG-93MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE The maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP), for a vessel, is the maximum pressure permissible at the top of the vessel in it’s normal operating position MAWP shall have a designated coincident temperature. More than one combination of pressure and coincident temperature may be specified The MAWP (or design) pressure for each part of the vessel shall include the hydrostatic head of the product at the elevation of the lowest point of the part MAWP may be equal to or greater than the design pressure. Design pressure is specified by the User. If the User does not require calculation of MAWP, the Manufacturer will set MAWP equal to the design pressure If the Manufacturer is required to calculate MAWP, he will calculate the MAWP for all essential parts of the vessel, based on actual nominal thickness (rather than the minimum design thickness) and the MAWP for the vessel would be the least of these calculated valuesPART 10 NDE, TESTING, PRESSURE RELIEF AND DOCUMENTATION REQUIREMENTSNDE REQUIREMENTS Nondestructive examination (NDE) requirements are specified in different parts of the Code for various materials and methods of construction The primary volumetric examination method allowed is Radiographic (RT). The Code allows only the closing seams not accessible for RT to be examined by ultrasonic method (UT) The Code allows the use of dye-penetrant (PT) or magnetic particle (MT) for surface examination A recent Code Case (CC-2235) allows the use of UT in lieu of RT. European codes allow both UT and RT No direct comparison can be made between RT and UT. UT is better in detecting flaws in certain direction and RT is more sensitive for flaws in another direction UW-50 requires RT of full length of all attachment welds including nozzle attachment welds, if the vessel is to be pneumatically tested UW-51 includes the rules for RT examination (radioscopic examination is allowed). RT procedures are in Section VNDE REQUIREMENTS All personnel performing and evaluating RT would have to be qualified to SNT-TC-1A. ASNT Central Certification Program is also allowed Rejectable flaws are specified in UW-50 UW-52 has rules for spot RT. One spot must be examined on each vessel for each 50 ft. increment of weld or fraction thereof Spot RT shall be taken at locations to assure examination of welds by all welders Spot RT shall be taken as soon as practicable after the completion of the weld increment UW-53 and Appendix 12 provide rules for RT Specific materials have additional NDE requirements imposedOVERPRESSURE TESTING ¢ The Code requires an overpressure test, hydrostatic or pneumatic, prior to stamping of the vessel ¢ Hydrostatic test is preferred. Pneumatic test is allowed only under the following conditions: — The foundation is not designed for the weight of the test liquid ~— The vessel has installed internals that should not get wet (such as refractory) * Test must be performed after all fabrication is complete, except for operations which could not be performed prior to test (such as weld end preps and minor grinding) * The Code specifies the minimum test pressure, but not a maximum. The design must consider the test pressure at each element, including the hydrostatic head of liquid (usually water). Hydrotest condition may control the design of the lower elements of long vertical towers. * UG-99(c) allows the use of a hydrostatic test pressure based on calculations.OVERPRESSURE TESTING * Ifcalculated, the test pressure at top of vessel shall be the minimum of test pressures calculated for each element of the vessel. If the vessel has thickness greater than required by design formula, this will require testing at higher than the minimum required pressure. The owner should consider this, if there is a possibility of uprating the vessel, in the future. May eliminate a need for in-service test * Visible permanent deformations due to test may be ground for rejection of the vessel by the inspector * The minimum required hydrotest pressure at each vessel element is 1.3 times the MAWP times the lowest ratio (for different materials of the vessel, including bolting) of the allowable stress at test temperature to the allowable stress at design temperature (the factor used to be 1.5 up to the 1999Addenda) * For pneumatic test the factor is 1.1 (used to be 1.25), due to the increased riskOVERPRESSURE TESTING + The coldest metal temperature allowed during jis, 04.. #9. hydro is recommended to be 30Fabove the MDMT. This requirement is mandatory for Pneumatic + The test water temperature may have to be considerably warmer to maintain this minimum metal temperature * The maximum metal temp allowed during test is 120F. This is for safety of inspection personnel * Overpressure test to be maintained for at least 10 ap ul inutes. The pressure then must be reduced to the > kk, prudLAWP (corrected for the ratio of allowable stresses) and vessel inspected at this pressure ¢ Iftest is pneumatic, additional precautions must be taken. The Code requires surface examination of all attachment welds. Additionally, it would be prudent to take certain step, such as: — Increase the temperature slowly in small increments — Monitor highly stressed points by acoustic emission — Clear all personnel within certain distance S-14STAMPING REQUIREMENTS * Units used must be either US Customary units only or US Customary with metric units in parenthesis * The markings must, as a minimum, include the following: — The appropriate Code Symbol — Name of the Manufacturer — The MAWP and coincident temperature — The MDMT and the coincident pressure — Manufacturer’s serial number — Year built — The type of construction (welded, forged, etc.) — Special service (such as lethal service) — The degree of RT Coded lettering is provided for indicating the last three requirements above * Part stamps must be provided by suppliers of parts * Markings are usually provided on a name plate. Could be stamped on the vessel also.DATA REPORTS The data report preserves the essential design and fabrication information for the vessel. It is a good idea to always register the Report with the National Board. They maintain permanent records and can retrieve Data Report, if lost by Manufacturer and User The Manufacturer certifies that all Code requirements are met. The Inspector certifies that, to the best of his knowledge, Code requirements are met If not registered with National Board, the Manufacturer is required to keep for at least 5 years The Data Report for overall vessel may be Form U-1 or U-1a (simpler form for single chamber vessels) The Data Report for parts may be U-2 or U-2a Partial Data Report must be attached to the vessel Data Report Form U-3 is for small (miniature) vessels. See U-1 (j). Form U-4 is for supplementary information Copies must be provide to the User and Inspector See Appendix W for Forms and filling instructions. Form U-1 is attached‘APPENDIX W — NONMANDATORY Forma U- FORM U-1 MANUFACTURER'S DATA REPORT FOR PRESSURE VESSELS. ‘As Required by the Provisions of the ASME Code Rules, Section Vil, Division 1 T Mouaed endertedty ————?> Tae aT 9 eS a oa Tae WRT 5. ASME cote, Section vi Ow.1 GG toms €-18 ine, io be complete for single wall ves, jackas ol ceed vases af heat axcheagar, or chm of muflchember veetle Shall (a) No. of courra{el: —_@___ (0) vara length tft in. : —___@___ Coarse wera | Teenes [long JoiniGnt A] Gram. saim (On AB EO | Rex Tenant We (gt An | Spee Ts [Wome | Cae | Troe | Pt, S60. norm [EAC Troe [ rl Spt Nene [en | Teno. | Tope 7 vaio mane cari eT —— © ma ee ha | Sas Ree Gataoer fevers nce) | Min] Coe | Comm [Fraden | ‘Alo | Acer | Racin | Darr [ Conve | Concave | Type | Fi oot None [Ee cy eletete ® (er W rwmovatn bos use seb oer ng) a 2 Tne oticet ® Jett sue Tae oe TAT bot, dserbe or seh sme So paetmex np. — 2. 1F Ma dni met tame, Dore mt i 2 10. topes Faro oo wd he company Vrna Didl test tommy a 7 11 yr, po, oF anh te pot Patt tae 12 4d 1290 be cone fb aon. 2 Tubesheet aa Mae tem Soe a Ear Aliow | “Pension or bo] ——_— a Woe Saracen Oa Wa ea Tia Re ee Wee Tipe esa or Oh eRe ec Ea ine amas anans ats nar amen ec wSemicuran ‘cout Metal] TWidow [tong Jonnfene A) Crom agit A820) | Wen Tement Ti] arm, [ue Type (Nome [ear | pe | Ft St Nore [EH Fuh Soo. None [ et Tene. | Tine We Hesse Ta Ta HRD RT » STFS T= eT Taoeniton [Tiare [Bae Tepece | concn gory A becom Gra [mic [Cove] Gown [ero] Rate | Ase Ate Fut Sct oe [ER om by Weamovabia, bots used (nseibe or festening) "Wi form 0018 ny be sult rm te Cede Dep, ASME, 2 Law Ove, Bos 28, Fll, NI EPO Z00,Form U4 2001 SECTION VIII ~ DIVISION 1 FORM U-1 (Back) Ye pag mae i tmp, am Mn sn tl IL awe ea . Mn. devon mata me fs 1 pnt tt oS SST atentenpemunet ——@, 48, Hydra, pri OF comb. tot pase. 18, Noses, upectlon, and salety vaNe openings roo tet Dievaw | rare [oma | oni idem | memoranem | Bewaneaied | cpcnon ue vines ouigeoa otet | a. | “orb | pe’ [Rocae [rapes | nom [con | “turn” [Rerie [ Fanat | ener Sood Tatas tot —B— too Br Oman gS —— tance ToT arn! Osta Pepors propery Idertfed end eantd by Commissloned Inepectore have been frrished forthe fotowin tam ot |e eer tthe nae of pare nrba nae ae ig nub o ‘CERTGATE OF SHOP COMPLIANCE We cortty that the statement in tie report ee correct and ha al dete of design, mate, consrustion, and workmanship of thi vessel cantor othe ASME Cada for Pressure Vessel, Secon Vil, Delon 1. U Cortiieats of Autherzation No. ‘exe. aie Name - Signet — o [SERTIRCATE OF SHOP wisPECTION Foe undersigned, oldng avai commisson isued by te National BaetdofBollar and Pressure Vessal Inspectors andor the Stata of Province of —_—@ ed employed by ot hive inepeced tre preanire vest Jscibed ln this Manufactures Osta Report on end tate that to the best of my Snowe tnd belt the Manufacturer hes constructed tia preeaureveseln socordance with ASME Code, Section Wi vison 1. By signing this ceria neithar the Inspector nor ht employer makes any warranty, expressed or impli, caneerning the Pressure vessel descrfed in this Manufacurer! Det Report. Furthommor, nether We faapector nor his rngloyer shall be abo in any maner for any ereonal injury er propery damage oF # oes of any kind wising from or ccnnected wit i Inspection, Da Stoned aa aT ome O08 a a ORT ‘SERTINCATE OF RELD ASSEARILY COMPLIANCE Wie cetty that he statements on this roport are erect And ak te Rte asteMMy cont of requtrments of ASME Code, Secon Vil, Divison 1, U Cartcte of Aversion No, pers of thle vessa conform withthe spires. Date Nome Stoned aa © ‘CERTIFICATE OF FIELD ASSEMBLY INSPECTION Inthe undersigned, heldng# vd comission inaed by ba Neionel Soar of Bller and Pressure Vessol inspectors enor ta Stator Proves ot ond employed by of have compared the srterants nthe Manufactures Data Ropon withthe dexciba presure vessel tnd ete thet pare referred 0 we data tama _@)___ not included inthe coicate of chop inspection, have been Inepucied by me and 19 the best of my hnowtedge and ball the Mancecturr es cnatructed end assemnbed this presse Voxso In ezoedenc withthe ASME Code, Secon Vil, Ovsion 1. The describ veeel wat inspected and subjected to « hyurostate tat of wy By signing tis cartcte neler the Inpecor nor hie employer rakes sny waranty, expreseed oF lmple, coocaring the Pressure vassal desc in thie Manufactures Data Report Furthermore, miter ta irepecer nor hs employer shal bello any manne for ey persona ‘njry oF property damage oF alos of any Kind arsng fom or eanntcted wih this inspacton. commissions Date Stared RTT RET aa BaP STPRESSURE RELIEF REQUIREMENTS * All vessels must be provided with a relief device * The installation of the device is the responsibility of the Owner. Need not be supplied by the Manufacturer * The device must have adequate relief capacity to prevent the pressure from rising more than 10% or 3 psi, whichever is greater, above the MAWP, with the following exceptions: — When multiple devices are provided, they shall prevent the pressure from rising more than 16% or 4 psi, whichever greater, above MAWP — When fire hazard (or other unexpected conditions)exists, supplementary relief devices must be installed that prevent the pressure from rising more than 21% above MAWP * Relief device requirements are in Section VIII, but these devices get their own Certification and stamping * Code Case 2211 allows pressure relief by system design. No mechanical device needed * Relief device does not have to be on the vessel, but there may not be intervening valves (unless means are provided to prevent inadvertent closing of the valve)MODULE 9Blackboard 5 Page Tot Course Material Current Location: Module # 9 Vessels Fabricated by Welding [ Top ] : Module # 9 Vessels Fabricated by Welding ®@ Introduction This Module covers the rules of Part LW, an requirements for welding details. B Leaming Objectives ‘The objective Of this Module is to introduce the wold detail requirements of Part UW. After studying this Module and Part UW, you will be abie to: = Design welded joints of various categories. “Determine the details of nozzle fo shel attachment welds, “Design details for attachment of formed heads or flat components to shells, = Determine the requirements for minimum taper and maximum offset at welded joints. PowerPoint ASME COURSE PD44?_Module_9.ppt:sase002 ayes) ‘To see this PowerPoint cick on the link then rightclick on Futl Screen, Exercises/Quizzes/Tests All your practice exercises and drills for participants go Into ths folder. a ¢ So here's your opportunity to level the playing field by having everyone have access to the same materials Related Resources Your outside/adsitional reading list goes here. This is the reading list that is specific to this unit of instruction. Related URL's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of instuction. A list usually works best. @ For example: [enter a link as shawn} inti, bfackboard.com http://208.254 4.135/bin/common/content, pl?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003PART 11 REQUIREMENTS FOR VESSELS FABRICATED BY WELDINDSERVICE RESTRICTIONS UW-2 provides specific welding requirements for vessels in special service, such as: — Lethal service — Low temperature operation — Unfired steam boilers — Vessels subject to direct firing For these special service vessels, joints of various categories (defined later) must be of certain types (defined later) that are more stringent than normal vessels Additional NDE requirements are imposed Additional Postweld heat treatment (PWHT) requirements are imposed Certain material restrictions apply 9-3WELDED JOINT CATEGORIES The term “category” defines the location of a joint (not the type of weld) NDE requirements and other special requirements are tied to joint category CATEGORY A includes longitudinal welds within shells and nozzies, all welds in spherical shells, all welds in flat components, and circumferential welds connecting hemispherical heads to sheils CATEGORY B includes circumferential welds within shells and nozzles and circumferential weld connecting formed heads, other than hemispherical, to shells CATEGORY C includes welds connecting flanges, tube sheets or flat heads to shells CATEGORY D includes welds connecting nozzles to shells, heads and flat covers When butt welds are specified, an angle joint not exceeding 30 degrees must be considered a butt weld : Not all welds are categorized. Welds attaching brackets are non-category weldssee eae! FIG. UW-3 ILLUSTRATION OF WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS TYPICAL OF CATEGORIES A, B, C, AND DMm 0759670 OSb72b4 233 mm 1995 SECTION VII — DIVISION 1 Table UW.I2 “and 09 29 ow > anvwE HR HAT ea 59) 360 5H J oo vw w ° oan 21 bajees pp Bed te oo ww cy ® ‘ol aay as AS) sso va w ove so vn w v wt 9 1 3G uns curoea jo 269 10 ovo vw ww oFav son wet nme peRRMHIBUIS CO) 1 pen popnps sv0 oro ovo oPay og wa Jaye ous tere #0 oo 060 aro0y Wm Bet 6G 2p; — Gy spn poe 9 im prisodeg 40 fe aes 00 soo oor ar2ey un a aon 005, uns ‘ssn ‘one oH eo ‘@ © or wt Sa Ria Ea SAMIOP 030 12M SO GMY JUV YO e:S3IDNIOTI3 LNIOF STEVMOTIV MNO 2emN FTV. 6 uced from Information Handling Services 11298 Bollor and Pressure Vessel Code~ 1995 by ASME Nov 19 12:25:42 2003.Tang wa, . CaO ALLOWABLE JODUT EFFICTENGIES! FOR ANC AND GAS WELDED JOOITS (COMTTDD Dees alee Ean t . x — to of 2 o eee ae eeeen see rr =e So Preset inn SSS Ae : . cea ewe Some ea Beatie Sein. Sax Be eee nee cee eters pee enna ent ee Eousheaeetemmameermor sae 9 Renna ie BESTE pa epee 9-7Cc es LJ HEMISPHERICAL A-TYPE 1 BUTT WELD FULL RT SEE UW-11(a)(5)(a)/UW-12(a)/TABLE UW-12(a) Eet.00 SHELL CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) Ee1.00 HEAD CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) E=1.00 LONGITUDINAL STRESS CALCULATIONS A TYPE 1 BUTT WELD IN SHELL FULL RT A TYPE 2 BUTT WELD HEAD TO SHELL FULL RT SEE UW-11(a)(5)(a)/UW-12(aVTABLE UW-12(a) Ee1.00 SHELL CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) HEAD CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) 0.90 LONGITUDINAL STRESS CALCULATIONSSEAMLESS ELLIPSOIDAL oR TORISPHERICAL A TYPE 1 BUTT WELD FULL RT 8 TYPE 1 BUTT WELD FULL RT SEE UW-11(a)(5)(ayUW-12(ay TABLE UW-12(e) Ee1.00 SHELL CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) E=1.00 SEAMLESS HEAD CALCULATIONS (QUALITY FACTOR) E=1.00 LONGITUDINAL STRESS CALCULATIONS A TYPE 1 BUTT WELD FULL RT B TYPE 4 BUTT WELD SPOT RT SEE UW-11(a)(5)(a)&(b)/UW-12(a),(b)&(GY/TABLE UW-12(a)&(b) E=1.00 SHELL CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) Es1.00 SEAMLESS HEAD CALCULATIONS (QUALITY FACTOR) — £=0.85 LONGITUDINAL STRESS CALCULATIONSSEAMLESS HEMISPHERICAL A TYPE 1 BUTT WELD IN SHELL FULL RT A TYPE 2 BUTT WELD HEAD TO SHELL SPOT AT SEE UW-11(a)(5)(a)&(b/UW-12(8),(b)&(d)/TABLE UW-12(a)&(b) Ee1.00 SHELL CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) E=0.80 HEAD CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) £20.80 LONGITUDINAL STRESS CALCULATIONS A TYPE 1 BUTT WELD IN SHELL NO RT A TYPE 2 BUTT WELD HEAD TO SHELL NO AT SEE UW-12(c) & (GVTABLE UW-12(c) Ec0.70 SHELL CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) E=0.65 HEAD CALCULATIONS (JOINT EFFICIENCY) E=0.65 LONGITUDINAL STRESS CALCULATIONSDESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS Types of welds allowed are listed in Table UW-12 A tapered transition shall be required when joining materials that differ in thickness by more than % of the thickness of the thinner section or by more than 1/8 in. (see Fig. UW-9) Thickness transitions must have a taper with a minimum slope of 3:1. This is to avoid excessive stress concentration The transition may be provided by weld buildup Welds attaching heads to shells must comply with details of Fig. UW-13.1 Thickness transitions must be located on the thinner member, so that not to violate required thickness Welds attaching flat components to shells must meet the requirements of Fig. UW-13.2 Welds attaching nozzle necks to piping must meet the requirements of Fig. UW-13.4 Welds attaching nozzles to shells may be one of the details shown in Fig. UW-16.1. Other details may also be used. All requirements of each detail must be met£29y, where fle required fength of taper and y it ‘the offset between the scjacent suraoes of abutting sectons \ Taper Either Vide NOTE: Length of required | ‘or Outside taper, may include the ‘width of the weld. ' In all eases shall be not less than 37, o FIG. UW-9 BUTT WELDING OF PLATES OF UNEQUAL THICKNESS 9-12.PART UW — WELDED VESSELS Fig. UW-13.4 For alipsoidal heads — minimum 2% ret less than "in, (13 mm ike Sangont line ‘but ret loss than "gin (19 mm) Minimum 2t¢ For ther hoado — minimum 2%, +%in. (19mm), Minimum 1Sty-r] a Minimum 13%, KZZzz&tleeze EMMA ss th . Minimum 3¢p + Ye in. (19 mm) |_| Minium 3ty Ve in. (13 me) ‘but not less than 1 in, (26 mm) but not ess than tin, (26 mm) (2) Single Fillet Lap Weld For alipsoldal hoads — minimum 2ty ‘but not lees than 7p in. 13 res) Tengent line For ltipsoldal heads — minimum 2ty Dut not fess than M7. (13 mim) For other heeds — ‘minimum 2, 41/2 (13mm) Minky Tangent fine + For other heads — Plug weld ‘minimum 2ty +1 in. (18. Not less than d | Minimum ty Minimum 3d Minimum At or At, ‘Grover atese” Minimum 3t,+% in (19mm) wi ‘but not less then 1 in. (25 mm) SS, he (b) Double Fillet Lap Weld (6) Single Fillet Lap Weld With PlugWelds Minimum 3t) bu need not exceed 1%, in (98 mm) for all heeds =>} Skirt optionsl [+ Tengen 6 ‘n [+= Tengont tne SING t vine pogo or wahoo s tyexceeds t, and e tapered transition ‘Whon th exceeds tgand a tepered transition is required per UW-13(b43) (4) Burt Weld FIG, UW-13.1 HEADS ATTACHED TO SHELLS (See Table UW-12 for Limitations) 9-13Fig UW-131 2001 SECTION Vii — DIVISION 1 Butt wold end filet wald, if used, ‘hal ba designed to wha shear at 117, times the differential prescure Minimum 3ty but need not man can exist ‘excead tH/gin. (38 mm) Need not exceed 1 in, (26 mm) Tangent lino —»| —2tp minimum Minimum ty Mg in. (13 mm) einkmum, sanimmisy —#@ BSS Minimum 2t Taper optional = 2 dag Sestor filet weld "Seg 20 den [see UW-13(c)(2)] (0) Single Filet Lap Weld (0 Intermediate Head GENERAL NOTE: te and typ moy be different te 6 t to toa wm o GENERAL NOTE: Sketches (g-1, (921 (h), and () are not pormisel 2'/pt maximum Bavel optional. i#minimum nore ‘See Note (2) See Note 2) (1) Fot ont connecting hemlephero ends © to shells, the following shall apy: > a tor fy =f In. (10 mm) maxientn (b)maximum slfference In thickness betweon for f= gg in. (24 mm); (e)usa of this figure for Joints con- Avoid sharp break ‘necting hemispherical heads to ‘hall be noted In the “Remarks” part Depth of offeet= f ‘of the Date Report Form, 1s dosirod a . (2) See UW-19(6)(4) for limitation when gt eninimum ‘wold bead Is deposited from insid, tor f= 5/g maximum (seo Noto (1) (0 ButtWeld With On late Edge Offset FIG. UW-13._ HEADS ATTACHED TO SHELLS (CONT'D) (See Table UW-12 for Limitations) GF -14-PART UW — WELDED VESSELS Fig. UW-13. a i 7 say rewmtine 44° SMalte- tnd Lent frauen |. . ue rat ‘s ‘the width of the weld Lt. o in In all cases, the projected lenath of taper f shall be not less thon 3y- “Tho shell plate center line mey be on elther side of the head plate center line, Thinrer part (ty td) In alt cases £ sholl be not lass than By when fy exceeds ty. Minimum length of skit Is 34, but need not exceed “Wizin. (98 mm except when necessery to provide requited length of taper. ‘When ths equal to oF less than 1.26%, longth of skirt shell be sufficiont for any required taper. Longth of required taper £ may Include the width of the weld. The shell plate center fine may ba on elther side of the head plate center fine, FIG, UW-I3.1_ HEADS ATTACHED TO SHELLS (CONT’D) (See Table UW-12 for Limitations)Fig, UW-13.2 2001 SECTION VIII — DIVISION 1 A "na ty A ty not loss then ty “ind tg not toes than fp not loe tha the smaller of gor @ ales of or Ygin. (6 mm) Ma in. (6 mm) « rene te 2+ brot lees than 2t,(b= 0) 2 not lets than 0.54, ‘ot greater than 2a “Tis wold metal ‘may be daposited ‘before completing the joint fetiaesthanty yg brats to is permiesiblo “Wpleal Unstayed Fat Heads, Supported and Unsupported Tubesheets Without a Botting Flange, and Side Plates of Rectangular Vessels For unstayed flat heads, see els0 UG-24 + bnotless Athen 2 LULA, lace IA las ES rmotal may be deposited before te o o \ {gla dotined x. UG-24(b) ‘Typleal Supported end Unsupported Tubeshests With a Boling Flange | ——————“ GENERAL NOTES: (0) For supported tubeshe (b} For unsupported tubeshe +b not lass than 2g, Cnot lees than 0.7ty oF 1st, whichever lees, 2 + bnotless then 3ty c not less than f, or 2, whichever Isless.. defined in UG-341b). (3) for definition of supported tubeshost. {e} Dimension b's produced by the weld preparation and shall be verified aftor fit up and before welding. o FIG, UW.32 ATTACHMENT OF PRESSURE PARTS TO FLAT PLATES TO FORM A CORNER JOINT 2-16(ekg 8 et my be ra we s in Va rat re ep Rabat 7 - Deon en ww See Nicene hid betray ——___} (Pot Pn Ya ch epee Plt Pe Maybe Aa i 6 Da ete oon ont peo ie Pee JWSK2. SOME ACCEPTABLE TYPES OF WELDED NORZLES AND OTHER CONNECTIONS TO SELLS, ™ ‘HEADS, ETC. . .22 ée0 Pn Myint Nyy trom fy + weer foe en ay (08 mm Feraaea — Soha rr ok ne ara ee hee ett cl Dl kee Tm eta Notes follow on let page ot he Figo FIG. UW.2621 SOME ACCEPTABLE TYPES OF WELDED NOZZLES AND OTHER CONNECTIONS TO SHE EADS, ETC. (CONTD) 9-18oa ye ten ote foto at page: ‘FIG. UW-161 SOME ACCEPTABLE TYPES OF WELDED NOZZLES AMD OTHER CONNECTIONS 10 SHE ‘MEADS, ETC. (COMTD)MODULE 10Blackboard 5 rays rus Course Material Current Location: Module #10 Post-Weld Heat Treatment {Top |: Module #10 Post-Weld Heat Treatment @ Introduction This Module covers the Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) requirements of the Code, @ beaming Objectives ‘The objective of this Module is to familiarize you with the PWHT requirements of the Code. After studying this Module and paragraphs USC-66 and UG-40 of the Code, you will be able to: - Determine when PWHT of a certain weldment is required, - Understand the various methods of heat treatment alowed. = Determine the minimum required PWHT temperature and time. PowerPoint ASME_COURSE_PD442_ Module_10.ppt (3706880 Bytes) To S86 this PowerPoint click on the link then right cick on Full Screen. Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Place all required Practice Drills or exercises that you want your students to complete for this unit of instruction here. e @ Related Resources ‘Your outside/additional reading list goes here. This is the reading list that is specific to this unit of instruction. Related URL's go here, Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly relaied to the unit of instuction. A list usually works best. © For example: fenler a link as shown} hit t)www..biackboare.com htlp://208.254.4.135/binicommon/eontent.pi?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/10/2003 la-fPROCEDURES FOR POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT PWHT requirements for various types of materials are provided in the applicable part of Subsection C. This includes determination of when PWHT is required and the required time and temperature UW-40 provides rules for the procedure of performing PWHT, when required The “soak band” is a relatively new term and defined as the volume of metal required to meet or exceed the minimum PWHT temperature The “soak band” shall contain the weld, heat affected zone, and a portion of metal adjacent to the weld. The minimum width is the width of the weld plus the smaller of plate thickness or 2 in. on either side of the weld The Code provides a number of options for the method of PWHT. The preferred method is to heat the vessel as a whole in the furnace. If the vessel is too long for the furnace, the option of heat treating in 2 operations is available, provided that the overlap of heated sections is at least 5 ft. Insulation should be provided for the portion of the vessel outside of the furnace, to make sure thermal gradients are not “harmful”PROCEDURES FOR POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT When not practical to PWHT the entire vessel, partS may be heat treated individually. The attachment welds will have to be treated locally. Areas adjacent to local heating must be protected to prevent harmful gradients. (The Code does not define what “harmful” is; it is up to the designer) Heating the vessel internally is also allowed. One method used is blowing hot air through a large opening. The vessel should be insulated to assure the required temperature is achieved through the thickness Tf a local area of the vessel such as a nozzle is to be heat treated, the preferred method is to heat the entire band around the circumference. But the Code now allows a reduction of heated band width or temperature (or both) away from the local area. This also applies to heating a vertical seam. Thermal gradients around the circumference are a concern. For thick vessels or portions close to radial restraint, the entire band should be heated to temperature fo -3TABLE UCS-56 POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELS Minimum Welding Time at Normal Te Normal Holding for Nerinal Thickness {See UW-A0KD) “Temperature, °F (0), Mik Upte2ia Over 2 In. to Sto. Over Sin. Material mum Gina) (51 mm t0 127 mm) (227 mn) ~ Pll 1100 (593), Livin (25 rm, 2 he plus 25 min for 2 he ple 15 min Gr. Nos. 3, 2, 3 115 min minima each ational och foreach asi (25 mm) over 2 fa, ‘onal inch (25 1mm en) over 2 (1 em) Gr Nou 4 NA None None Hone NoTEs: (2) When its impractical to poseld heat teat atthe temperature speced In this Table, i permissible to cary cut the posweld heat treatmtnt at lower temperature for longer periods of tne In accordance wth Table UCS-56.1, (2) Postel beat teokmert ls mandatory under the (llowieg conditions: {a) for welded jolets over 14 ln, (38 mem) nomial thickness; - (@) for welded jlnts over 1% In (32 mm) nominal tckzess through 2% la (38 mem) nominal thickness unless preheat aolied at a ‘minimum temperature of 200°F (93°C) during welding; Co) fr led ot fa etn H ques 67 UW2, exe puted Ret teinen ewok mandlory under the cers ited lone “BD for sroore welds not over Yn (13 mn lea fillet weld wit throat ot over Yin. (13 mam) that attach sere comections tSohevea fled ice Sater wot pes han 21 mm, rove coe do nt er ane a ee Snr nl er ad ces an real oa minimum engerare a 20°F (OD°) fe (2) for groove welds not over % In, (23 mm) in size or fillet welds with a throat thickness of 4 In. (13 enm) or less that attach tubes {Gatco wen te ute dancer docs exced 2m (Bt mei Abe oF 00°F €93°) imum ms apd we - the carton coef tues eed 0.27%. (3) for grove weld nt oer C3 fe ile els ha ret ico of In es ud for atachog tgs pro rate rove pret on enrire 00 CP aed ve Woe Otte pete pr scents (32 ny Ca) for sos weed epee par prone preeaf mimun temperate of 200% (9340 ppd when te lots of ‘the pressure part exceeds 2%, In, (32 mm (a) ferro restart weld etal ov ly Cig oor wes acing eacsin ett ale tng ne UEL349 provided brett sawn empeaie of 200F (030) marae Grin appa of he ft yer when he ines of he pressure part exceeds 1% in. (32 mm). NA = not applicablePROCEDURES FOR POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT Local heat treatment in doubly curved heads and spherical shells is allowed For circumstances that do not fit any of the above, local treatment is allowed, provided that the effects of thermal gradients are specifically addressed and documented. When materials of two different P-numbers are joined, the PWHT must meet the rules for the material requiring a higher temperature. (The Code does not limit the maximum times and temperatures. Some people have a problem with this in that some materials may suffer damage due to too much heating) PWHT must be performed before the hydrotest and after any repair welding. (To assure that there are no leaks requiring repair and a costly second PWHT, some manufacturers do an additional hydrotest prior to PWHT) The thickness which is used to determine the need for PWHT may not be the same as the material thickness. For definitions of what constitutes nominal thickness, see Uw-40(f) The AI must satisfy himself that PWHT has been correctly performedPART 12 REQUIREMENTS FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELSVESSELS CONSTRUCTED OF CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELS Carbon and low alloy steels (UCS materials) are listed in Table UCS-23. Located at the end of the Code paragraphs before the Appendices The requirements for vessels fabricated of these materials are in Part UCS. These are in addition to the requirements of Subsections A and B Materials having a Carbon content greater than 0.35% are not allowed for welded construction These materials have to have 100% RT, above a certain thickness, depending on P-number. For P-1 materials this thickness is 1.25 in. When these thicknesses are exceeded, all Category A and B welds must also be of Type | and 2 only UCS-79 provides specific requirements for forming of these materials Cold formed materials must be heat treated, if the extreme fiber elongation exceed 5% and other conditions are applicable. Formulas are provided for calculating elongation (These formulas are being assessed for accuracy and more accurate methods are being considered)PWHT REQUIREMENTS UCS-56 provides rules for PWHT. Tables are provided for each P-rumber. The P-number is a measure of weldability of the material P-1 materials of Group 1,2, and 3 must be heat treated if the thickness (see UW-40) exceed 1.25 in. For thickness exceeding 1.25 in. and not exceeding 1.5 in, preheat to 200F is allowed, in lieu of PWHT The minimum holding temperature for these P-1 materials is 1100F The minimum hold time is specified in Table UCS- 56 Vessels in lethal service and some other applications must be postweld heat treated in all thicknesses (with some minor exceptions) PWHT must be included in the weld procedure qualification The thickness used for determining the need for PWHT includes corrosion allowance PWHT, beyond that required by the Code, may be specified by the owner, for service conditions 10-8PWHT REQUIREMENTS UCS-56(d) provides rules for heating and cooling rates, to avoid harmful gradients. Furnace temperature shall not exceed 800F, when the vessel is placed in it Above 800F, the rate of heating shall not exceed 400F/hr divided by maximum metal thickness During heating, the temperature variation over any 15 ft portion shall not exceed 250F During the hold time at PWHT temperature the maximum temperature difference between any two points shall not exceed 150F Above 800F, the cooling rate shall not exceed 500F/hr divided by metal thickness Vessels or parts that have been post weld heat treated must again be treated, if welded repairs are performed. Some manufacturers perform additional NDE prior to PWHT, to minimize the chances of repair after PWHT Table UCS-56.1 allows heat treatment at lower temperatures and longer times. This is controversial and not allowed by a lot of company specifications lo-9TOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS The requirements for vessels in low temperature operation are included in UCS-65 through UCS-68. These requirements mostly relate to toughness of the material. But, some design requirements are also specified in USC-68. Toughness rules have to be met for shells, heads, nozzles, reinforcing pads, flanges, flat covers, backing strips, and attachments essential for structural integrity of the vessel Figure UCS-66 is to be generally used for establishing exemption from impact testing of various materials in a vessel. (exceptions explained later) Minimum Design Metal Temperature (MDMT) is established and specified by the owner, based on the coldest operating and atmospheric temperatures. If the vessel operation is such that more than one combination of MDMT and coincident pressure is possible, all such combinations may be specified. If the combination of the MDMT and governing thickness (to be defined later) falls below the Figure UCS-68 curve applicable to the material, impact testing not required (exceptions will be explained later)TOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS The abscissa of Figure UCS-66 is the governing thickness defined by UCS-66(a), summarized below, and not necessarily the actual thickness of the material (see Figure UCS 66.3, for further details). The governing thickness is: — The plate thickness for butt joints (except for flat plates) — The thinner of two parts joined for corner, fillet, or lap welded joints — Thickness divided by 4 for flat plates (not welded) For assignment of material to the curves of Figure UCS- 66, see the notes to this Figure. Materials that are required to be impact tested by material specification may be used for vessels having an MDMT not colder than the impact test temperature. For bolting materials, the impact test temperatures are specified by notes to Figure UCS-56 and are not dependent on size For a welded part, if the governing thickness exceeds 4 in. and the MDMT is colder than 120F, impact testing is mandatoryTOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS For non-welded components if the governing thickness exceeds 6 in. and the MDMT is colder than 120F, impact testing is mandatory The rules of UCS-66 may be overridden by UG-20(f). This allows curve A materials up to % in. and curve B materials up to | in. to be exempted from impact testing for MDMT not colder than -20F, provided certain conditions are met. (This is a grandfather clause based on experience and applies to P-1 materials only) UG-20(f) should always be consulted before going to Fig. UCS-66. If these provisions are applicable, it will save a great deal of calculations and may provide exemption not otherwise allowed by Figure UCS-66 When a part is thicker than that required by the design formulas (stress is less than the allowable stress), Figure UCS-66.1 allows a credit on exemption temperature. Calculate the ratio on the ordinate of this figure, move horizontally to the curve and drop vertically. The value on the abscissa is the credit that may be applied to the exemption temperature of Fig. UCS-66 For MDMT colder than —55F, impact testing is required, unless the stress ratio (ordinate of Fig. UCS-66.1) is less than 0.35 10-12TOUGHNESS REQUIREMENTS For MDMT colder than —155F, impact testing is required regardless of stress ratio No impact testing is required for ANSI Standard flanges at MDMT not colder than —20F No impact testing is required for materials not thicker than 0.10 in. Materials having a minimum specified yield strength exceeding 65 ksi must generally be impact tested [see UCS-66(f)] If PWHT performed, when not required by the Code, a 30F credit for exemption temperature is allowed [see UCS-66(c)] UCS-160 allows operating a vessel at a temperature colder than the MDMT stamped on the vessel, provided that calculations are performed to assure the the colder temperature coincident with a lower pressure meets Code rules 10-1314a 60) 120,49) 100 (38) £ 0127) 60 (76) 404) wee waa-feen been f eso a pony 20K G8) [Mtnimurn Design Motel Ternpersture, * 8 & ~40 (40) 548) b=“ fm b nna n pany copepod 0-40) Impact taeting required (0394 (10) 9 (26) 206) 3076) 4102) sua) [Nornina! Thicknosa, in, enn) TUmited ta 4 in, (102 mm} for Welded Construction) - Goners! Notes and Notas folow on noxt two pages FIG. UCS46 IMPACT TEST EXEMPTION CURVES (SEE NOTES (2) AND (2)] [SEE UCS-66(a)1 /6-14.Section xx form ta gata (seamless) or (0) Butt Welded Components 1 fo ! ey 1 ” te tgy=the thinner tga the thinner fgg sthe thinnoe of taorte of tgerte of torte - NOTE: Using fg tga, and tga. determine the warmest MOMT and use that as the permissible MMT for the walded assembly. {b) Welded Connection with Reinforcement Plate Added FIG, UCS-653 SOME TYPICAL VESSEL DETAILS SHOWING THE GOVERNING THICKNESSES AS DEFINED IN uesQ Is @ Win aie Pressure part sure pi fgrthinner of ta ort (0) Welded Attachments ex Defined ia UCS-6éia1 The oven tienes or) tstegretr orien {0} Flat Heed or Tubesheet With « Comer JottIMPACT TESTING REQUIREMENTS If the rules of UCS-66 indicate that impact testing is required, the testing must meet the requirements of UG- 84 (this applies to all materials) The impact testing is generally performed using Charpy V-notch specimens (there are exceptions) The details of the procedure are in Standard SA-370 The test temperature shall not be warmer than the MDMT Each set of test called for consists of three specimens. The average energy absorbed (to break the specimens) shall meet the requirement of Fig. UG-84.1. These required energy values depend on the actual thickness and minimum specified yield of the material. The min. value for each specimen shall not be less than 2/3 of required average value Table UG-84.4 allows a credit for impact test temperature, to account for the fact that testing is a dynamic loading but actual loads are static. This is controversial ant usually used Impact testing of welding procedures is generally required, when either of the materials joined is required to be tested (0-17TT — 0.3981n, (10.01 mm) 1 | ' I 50.00) 1 ! ' t t ! i M nim epacted | “teed 1 yield strength ! esl we mPa | t ' sou | eka (200M) ” 1 ' | I | I I Cy, fe= Ib (W) average of three specimens) 20 (2721) 15120.) 10 (12.8) ° 1.0(25.4) 2.01608) 23.0702) ‘Maximum Nominal Thickness of Matertl or Weld, In. (men) GENERAL NOTES: {2) Interpolation between ylld etrongths shown fs permitted. {b) The minimum impect energy for one specimen thal not be less then % of the aversge ‘energy fequlred for three specimans. (2) Moterais produced end impact tated In socordence with SA-S20, $A°993, SA'34, SA-350, ‘5952, SA420, and SA-765 do rot have to sais theco energy Values. They are accoptable {or use'et minimum design metal temperature not colder then the feet temperstace when, ‘the onergy values requted bythe applicable specification ae saisted. (a) For materials having 8 specltod minimum tenlla strength of 9 kl (655 MPa) or more, soo UG-£4(c4ND). FIG. UG-84.1 CHARPY V-NOTCH IMPACT TEST REQUIREMENTS FOR FULL SIZE SPECIMENS FOR CARBON AND LOW ALLOY STEELS, HAVING A SPECIFIED MINIMUM TENSILE STRENGTH OF LESS THAN 95 ksi, LISTED IN TABLE UCS-23 (0-180.315 in. (8 mm) 2.165 in. (55 mm) 0.394 in. (10 mm) [Note (1)] 0.010 in, (0.25 mm) R HK AL 45 » deg NOTE: (1) See UG-84(c) for thickness of reduced size specimen. FIG. UG-84 SIMPLE BEAM IMPACT TEST SPECIMENS (CHARPY TYPE TEST)MODULE 11Course Material Current Location: Module #11 Requirements for High Alloy Steels [Top] : Module #11 Requirements for High Alloy Stools @ Introduction ‘This Module covers the rules of Part UHA, for High Alloy materials. | Learning Objectives The objective of this Module is to make you aware of the specific requlrements that relate to High Alloy materials only. These are in addition to general requirements of Part UG. After studying this Module and Part UHA of the Code, you will be able to: - Determine the additional NDE requirements for UHA materials, - Determine the additional heat treatment requirement. - Determine and apply the toughness requirements for UMA materials. PowerPoint ASME_COURSE_PD442_Module_11 ppt 20387125; ) To see this PowerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Seren, © Exercises/Quizzes/Tests Place all required Practice Drills or exercises that you want your sludents to complete for this nit of instruction here. @ Related Resources Your outside/additional reading list goes here. This is the reading list that is specific to this unit of instruction. Related URL's go here. Use this section to stimulate investigation by your student's. These links should be directly related to the unit of instuction, A list usually works best. @ For example: fenter a link as shown} blackboar http://208. 254.4, 135/bin/commoncontent.pf?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU.., 11/11/2003 -tPART 13 REQUIREMENTS FOR HIGH ALLOY STEELSVESSELS CONSTRUCTED OF HIGH ALLOY STEELS High alloy steels are generally used to resist corrosion, to avoid contamination, to facilitate cleaning, to provide high temperature resistance, or provide toughness for cold temperatures Appendix HA provides some suggestions for selection and treatment of Austenitic Chrome- nickel materials High alloy materials allowed for use by this Code are listed in Table UHA-23 When RT of butt welds is required, joints of Categories A and B shall be of Type 1 and 2 only PWHT requirements are specified in Table UHA- 23 All austenitic and austenitic/ferritic duplex metal welds which exceed % in. shall be examined by PT or MT (see UHA-34) Requirements for post forming heat treatment are provided in UHA-44.VESSELS CONSTRUCTED FROM HIGH ALLOY STEELS ¢ Impact test requirements are provided in UHA-51. These materials are generally very tough. The requirements are rather convoluted, They are summarized in attached flow chart. * Austenitic materials are subject to embrittlement, at temperatures exceeding 885F. For service at higher temperatures, low Carbon grades of these materials should be specified. Nitrogen may be added to partially compensate for the loss of strength due to reduction in Carbon content * Austenitic materials have higher coefficients of thermal expansion than carbon and low alloy steels. The effect should be accounted for, in high temperature applications.MINIMUM DESIGN METAL TEMPERATURES IN HIGH ALLOY STEELS WITHOUT PACT TESTING. 1s materia 304, S0aL, 316, ‘910L, 221, 47 ‘materia (© Austentic fete uplex teed wth 128 in, (© Fentc chromium stain(éss staat ‘with 1< 788, (© Martens chromium staniges Stoel with 2< 174 in. H-4%PART 14 REQUIREMENTS FOR HEAT TREATED MATERIALS 1i-GVESSELS CONSTRUCTED OF HEAT TREATED MATERIALS Part UHT contains the requirements for vessels constructed of ferritic steels with tensile properties enhanced by heat treatment (UHT materials) Not all heat treated or quenched and tempered materials are UHT materials. For a list of Code acceptable UHT materials, see Table UHT 23 UHT materials may be attached to other materials, except as prohibited by UHA-18 and UHA-28 All UHT materials must be tested for notch ductility, per UHT-6. These tests shall be at a temperature not warmer than either MDMT or 32F. The credits on test temperature, due to primary membrane stresses being lower than the allowables, per Fig. UCS-66.1 may be used. All test specimens must be prepared from the material in it’s final heat treated condition The effects of hot forming and PWHT must be simulated on the specimens The acceptance criteria for Charpy V-notch testing is mills of lateral expansion. How much the width of the specimen grows at the end of the notch, after breaking, is an indication of material toughness (1-7VESSELS CONSTRUCTED OF HEAT TREATED MATERIALS The required mills of lateral expansion depend on the nominal thickness of the material and given in Figure UHT-6.1. These requirements also apply to UCS materials having specified minimum tensile strength of 95 ksi or greater For certain materials at certain temperatures, Drop- Weight testing must be conducted. These are much larger specimens than Charpy specimens and more expensive to test The welded joints in UHT materials must meet the requirements of UHT-17 Generally all Category A, B, and C joints are to be Type | Category D welds are required to be Type 1 in shells not greater than 2 in. thick. In thicker shells a corner weld is allowed ( this a due to impracticality of purchasing large contoured nozzle forgings) With some exceptions, UHT-18 requires that nozzle materials have a minimum specified yield within 20 % of that of the shell to which they are attached UHT 18.1 and UHT 18.2) 1-8VESSELS CONSTRUCTED OF HEAT TREATED MATERIALS Nozzle attachment details allowed are much more restrictive than those for other materials. No partial penetration details or fillet welded attachments allowed. (see Figures UHT-28 requires that the minimum specified yield of structural attachments be within 20% of that of the shell to which they are attached, with some exceptions Since these higher strength materials are more prone to cracking, additional examination requirements apply to these materials. See UHT-57 PWHT requirements are in Table UHT-S6 Additional fabrication requirements are applicable. See UHT-75 For heat treatment requirements, see UHT-81. Since the strength of these materials depend on heat treatment, care must be taken in heat treating these materials "-9- 49 (1016), — t 7 T & s006a z = L g i 20 ($08) _ =z y 3 tense é ol 1 pj} | ‘0 10128) 20 BOTT —AO(t02) Maximum Nominot Thickness in. (ram) FIG. UNT6.2 CHARPY V-HOTCH IMPACT TEST REQUIREMENTS For Table UCS-23 Materials Having a Specified Minimum Tensile Strength of 195,000 psi (655 MPa) or Greater, and for Table UHT-23 Materialsel ef Tye soztbut soeey pl! ait Act sesione perpendicular 14 62 $188.00 nox ‘porta tothe e pnt vessels fon Backing ring If uced, shot be removed to) aportnsteny Prien Line otninoeamen, Pein an ot NS Baty Fy = Mgt to Vat 2 & Sig in (39 mm) t= nominal thickness of shell or head fn = nominal thekness of nozzle Limits of relntorcemont ty = nominal thickness of enached pipe Relnforcement may be distributed within the limits preseribed by this Division o FIG. UHT-181 ACCEPTABLE WELDED NOZZLE ATTACHMENT READILY RADIOGRAPHED TO CODE ‘STANDARDS, /i~//Beating erin | used shell be removed ite ‘ Backing strip ‘fused shall be removed fy = Met to Mat 22 Vain. (19 mm) - tq Min. (ram) f= nominal thekness of shel or head te 2 O7tqor Main. (@ mm), whichever ie less ty = nominel thideness of nozla FIG. UHT-182 ACCEPTABLE FULL PENETRATION WELDED NOZZLE ATTACHMENTS RADIOGRAPHABLE WITH DIFFICULTY AND GENERALLY REQUIRING SPECIAL TECHNIQUES INCLUDING MULTIPLE EXPOSURES TO TAKE CARE OF THICKNESS VARIATIONS I-12.PART 15 CODE APPENDICES if ~13MANDATORY APPENDICES The numbered Appendices are mandatory, whenever they are applicable. The following is a summary of some of the significant Appendices (for others see Code): APPENDIX | - SUPPLEMENTARY DESIGN FORMULAS This appendix contains some significant design formulas including thick shell formulas, formulas for design of formed heads under internal pressure, rules for design of cone-cylinder junctions, rules for design of spherically dished covers, and rules for large openings APPENDIX 2 — RULES FOR BOLTED DESIGN CONNECTIONS WITH RING TYPE GASKETS These rules are for bolted flange connections with gaskets that are entirely within the bolt circle and no contact outside the bolt circle. Standard flanges should be used, if possible. This will avoid the need for design calculations and will be more economical. Ifa custom flange is required, the use of a computer program is recommended. /-14MANDATORY APPENDICES New flange design rules, incorporating a tightness factor, have been developed by PVRC and are being considered by ASME Code Committee as a supplement to existing rules. Gasket factors in Appendix 2, which are not mandatory, are quite old. More accurate factors may be obtained from the suppliers of each particular kind of gasket APPENDIX 3 - DEFINITIONS There is some significant information contained in these definitions. New Code users should look at these APPENDIX 9 — JACKETED VESSELS Extensive design and fabrication rules are provided for various types of jacketed vesselsMANDATORY APPENDICES APPENDIX 10 -QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM This Appendix contains rules for establishing a quality control program for those organizations desiring to obtain a Code Stamp. The Appendix has only an outline of the program and not the required details. The ASME survey teams will establish detailed requirements within the framework of this Appendix APPENDIX 13 — VESSELS OF NONCIRCULAR CROSS SECTION This Appendix provides extensive rules for design of vessels with rectangular, oval, or obround cross section APPENDIX 16-—SUBMITTAL OF INQUIRIES TO THE BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL COMMITTEE This Appendix provides rules for submittal of inquiries such as Code Cases, requests for interpretations, or requests for Code addition or revision. Inquiries not meeting the format of this Appendix may be returned 11 ~16MANDATORY APPENDICES APPENDIX 17 —- DIMPLED OR EMBOSSED ASSEMBLIES Detailed design and fabrication rules for such vessels are provided APPENDIX 26 —- PRESSURE VESSEL AND HEAT EXCHANGER EXPANSION JOINTS Rules are provided for expansion joints in the shell of heat exchangers. These rules may be used in combination with TEMA rules APPENDIX 30 -RULES FOR DRILLED HOLES NOT PENETRATING THROUGH VESEL WALL These rules provide for design of partially drilled holes. It can not be assumed that a partially drilled hole is no worse than through thickness hole. There are stress concentrations of concern at the bottom of partial holesNONMANDOTORY APPENDICES The lettered Appendices are nonmandatory and are provide for guidance. The following is a summary of some of the significant Appendices (for others see Code): APPENDIX D ~ SUGGESTED GOOD PRACTICE REGARDING INTERNAL STRUCTURES There are a number of good practical suggestions for internal structures and their attachment to the vessel shelf APPENDIX G —- SUGGESTED GOOD PRACTICE - REGARDING PIPE REACTIONS AND DESIGN OF SUPPORTS AND ATTACHMENTS. Very helpful information provided for the designer. All Code users should familiarize themselves with this Appendix APPENDIX L —- EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING THE APPLICATION OF CODE FORMULAS AND RULES Includes many useful example problems /} = /8NONMANDOTORY APPENDICES APPENDIX W — GUIDE FOR PREPARING MANUFACURER’S DATA REPORTS This Appendix includes a copy of various data reports and provides notes that are helpful in filling out these forms APPENDIX Y - FLAT FACE FLANGES WITH METAL-TO-METAL CONTACT OUTSIDE THE BOLT CIRCLE These rules can best be used by the use of a spreadsheet or computer program. Tedious to do by hand APPENDIX AA — RULES FOR THE DESIGN OF TUBE SHEETS These rules provide an alternative to TEMA rules, Code Committee is considering making these rules mandatoryNotes 1. Allowable sireses. The maximum stress is the com pressive stress at the tangency of the large knuckle and the cone. Failure would occur in local yielding rather than buckling therefore the allowable stress should he the same as required for cylinders. Thus the allowable circumferential compressive stress should he the lesser of 2SE of Fy. Using a lower al- lowable stress would require the knuckle radius to be ~ made very large—well above code requirements, See Reference 3. 2, Toriconical sections are mandatory ifangle a exceeds 30 uniess the design complies with Para. 1-5(c) of Te the ASME code [1]. This paragraph requires a dive continuity analysis of the cone-shell juncture, No reinforcing rings or added reiniorcement is re- quired at the intersections of cones and cylinde! providing a knuckle radius meeting ASME Code re- quirements is used. The minimum knuckle radius for the large end is the lesser of Bt or 1K + &). Th kauckle radius of the smnall end (laze) has no mini mum, (Sce [Reference 1, Figure UG-36)) ‘conical transitions are advisable to uvoid the high discontinuity stresses at the juncvures for the lol- lowing conditions: a, High pressure—greater than 300 psig. b. High temperature—greater than 450) ur SO0°F. ¢. Low temperature—less than ~ 20°F, d. Cyclic service (lacigue) PROCEDURE 2-5 - DESIGN OF FLANGES [1, 4] Notation A= flange O.D,, in. ‘Ay = cross-sectional area of bolts, in.? Aq = total required cross-sectional area of bolts, - int a = nominal bolt diameter, in. B = flange LD., in. (see Note 1) B, = flange LD., in. (see Note 1) b « effective gasket width, in. bb, = gasket seating width, in. C = bolt circle diameter, in. d= hub shape factor 4d, = bolt hole diameter, in. 15, fp, ho» by, R= radial distances, in. € = hub shape factor F = hub shape factor for integral-type flanges F., = hub shape factor for loose-type flanges f= hub stress correction factor for integral flanges G = diameter at gasket load reaction, in. Bo = thickness of hub at small end, in, &; = thickness of hub at back of flange, in HI = hydrostatic end force, Ib Ho = hydrostatic end force on area inside of Flange, Tb Hy = gasket load, operating, tb Hy = total joini-contact surface compression load, ib Hr © pressure force on flange face, Ib h = hub length, in, b= hub factor My = moment due to Hp, inlb ‘Mg = moment due to Ho, in-lb M, = total moment on flange, operating, in.-ib MM, = total moment on flange, scating Mr = moment due to Hr, in.lb m © gasket factor (see Table 2-3) m, = unit load, operating, Tb mg = unit load, gasket seating, Ib N = width of gasket, in. (see Table 2-4) w= width of raised face or gasket contact width, in, (see Table 2-8) n = number of bolts » = Poisson's ratio, .3 for steel P = design pressure, psi S, = allowable stress, bolt, at ambient temperature, psi S, = allowable stress, bolt, at design temperature, psi Si. = allowable stress, flange, at ambient temperature, psi Sg = allowable stress, flange, at design temperature, psiSi, = longitudinal hub stress, psi Sq © radial stress in flange, psi Sy = tangential stress in flange, psi TU, ¥, Z © K-faciors (see Table 2-5) 2 Ure Y= K-factors for reverse flanges ( « flange thickness, in. = pipe wall thickness, in. V = hub shape factor for integral flanges V;, = hub shape factor for loose flanges W = flange design bolt load, Ib = required bolt load, operating, Ib = required bolt load, gasket scating, Ib y= gasket design seating stress, psi ee Formulas hye VBS Hp=—e °° SBP Hy = H- Hp Hg = operating = Wri = H Gasket seating = W Hp = Wy = H US ye KE fet 1 -y)U Ri[1 + 4.6052 Lae logusK u i 1,0472(K? = 1K = + ») B, = loose flanges = B + g, «= integral flanges, £< 1 = B+ g) > imegral flanges, f= 1 = B+ g, ds loose flanges = Ube 8 t = integral flanges = = reverse flanges = Fy f= loose flanges = EL ee ‘= integral flanges = z G = (if b, =.25 in.) mean diameter of gasket face = (if by > .25 in.) OLD. of gasket contact face - = Stress Formula Factors aatet B= 1333 te+1 aoe yn or a for reverse flanges hayes tf, WK + Mt =») od | ee) Onn ge FY For factors, F, U, Fi, and Ut, see Table 2-7.1 of ASME Code [}}. H- 2Deporte I Aiawat Dengn neato f Fae T Five Teaver en Be on Tam Thin rch eee = i 2 "GASKET AND FACING OETANS saat r Ts 2 TALES 23 AND a {OAD AN BOLT CALCULATIONS ae [way = Tenn goalirar > fers Foran iss sy z oo i y Wale Fe oF [We SRT OWEN EALEULATIONS Tae z Tra o aa ‘pein oe Fia= ae fra se OF No = Foto Rea TS Mee aim Te t I Tee ic TCO RFACTOR TT eR . Be roa sper DP ‘STRESS FORMULA FACTORS Figure 2-10. Dimonsional data and forces for a weld neck flange (integral), TTREas CALEULIONs Sas Ta So a Sa TFS Tariana eran onshge saat ipa - Senna [Sa memoht aa ‘gerne Fa [Semaine Se SPE y cere ae aaa © rr ere s $3835 ‘ied em Taper Forge inematonal ne, By poransonTYPE 2: SLIP-ON FLANGE DESIGN (LOOSE) 7 DESIGN CONDITIONS Capron F—] ‘Geng veer Fae ecg Farge mene (aera Te Ee Bang mien ra, Covronan atowanee 2 “GASKET AND FACING DETARLS. Caner r — eae r 3 TABLES 2.3 AND A 4 {CORD AND BOLT CALCULATIONS: Fe» Dorn Ning or ay EEK [ke Wa = FoF [= Set A, MOMENT CALEULATIONS ‘Gperatng Tae eeT fea he oe es ee War han 8 = The = Hat irs H= Fo [re As VP) lar = hy Me Seni mew Tee se= fe I TK AND HUB FACTORS ‘STRESS FORMULA FACTORS Te Ma re Ha wmnratserniaaee ¢ Bats Ho Fire 2:1, dinesoral eta an feces fora sinon ‘Mange (loose). 8 ‘STRESS CALCULATIONS: Tite aT Spans “Aiecanie Baee | was ae ie ite Saar % Soca % Slee = eras = arn % Seoiety = ‘Aenea Ves Tyo Farge iereavonal, ne, By porta,TYPE 3; RING FLANGE DESIGN 1 DESIGN CONOTIONE Dea Ta ESCO Deeg Tair Sa Fang ra lDesaA Se [SererTOO Sp eg i ws, Sa CCE Sra a 2 TGAERET nO HOG DETANS Car I La I 3 Taates Fa ano Ba GAD AND BOUT CALCULATIONS * Fan gaairat ¥ no Ss ie z TESTA S CAEULATIONS ia ar = Ta cy Teese ee Hes We ie ree io Seat rae H 8 6 THAPE CONSTANTS Ww ee r Ae Ho Wok sraang cease ta tmoteh Bor Seana hy —t . MRASERPURRSRREEAR phy Bee sco — a te L : po ng tt] — = 7 FLANGE THICKNESS REQUIRED 4 [rere Ho TH Sparen Seaing Bois om Figure 2-42. Dimensional data and forces for a ring Figure 2.19, Various attachments of ring flanges. (All omer dimensions and loadings per Figure 2-14.) I 8 _ NOTES Tas ii wah Ch app waa g > ITS a a oe RS mice (es, "fn ob lamp, "e703" Zosgn astra er oe, Catesse of e or ota an 91 ‘cafe om Tay Fg eGR, Bg eM,TYPE 4; REVERSE FLANGE DESIGN 7 ‘DESIGN CONGITIONS Dene ere FT aes Betas ——— = Tage este Fags ete estnwas para I Betng mate iin oS ion Bs Cerin wow 2 GASKET AND FAGG DETAR Saar I Treas I 3 THORS 2 NO Ra TOA ano BOTT CALCULATIONS —_ r T a= gener = nis Ml © Te y Was ee Wa Se Re = 5 ; MOWAT CALEULATIONS Tae 5 ron = Tara ‘Sperning 1 [o> Horan) Wo = Fake | a= 8-6) Wa Fate T [r= St =18 +O i a t ES rat ECT We NTE BET ves aT Wat i Ew I Tee 3 T 6 1 NUD FACTORS co Tae t F z iv + v iss Fe ves ot Tem ara a |. ema one hf oes) i Zo, Tere Hohe oe ¥ {TRESS FORMULA FACTORS sg ae t (rate som frexet Figure 2-14, Dimensional data and forces tor a reverse [Ess ina = a fhange. > [pa = Na 4 ‘STRESS CALGULATIONS Cans aiseate Sra sa TF Laren 135. Ss IF iene = semen * [Sem amor aoaentar i, ge aoe * natant ‘ BrP avant osm Genes 8 Bare. 8 (Sater et 88s» Sp a (Saar of Se Sa ee oases 8 [ero 35,233 | = ae En "aorta ange 1008") = 08 artes Ze] BiG “Tr | ‘azing wom Tay Fogo eralon ey pormnsoN, 9 f/-25TYPE 5; SLIP-ON FLANGE, FLAT FACE, FULL GASKET Benen cone a 1 ae i Se ar fees SE Pee parr Caistor eae 2 ‘ane alo EWE AS sash I Trang r 3 pnasaemor a Tako ae BOLT oRCaUCATOWS To-me [Wes = BrGY + Hoy] Tan = greeter oF ETeSee her ane Tins Y Patong Ti = sane eee finer RS = rome 3 wOMENT EAEUOTONS Sane maar maa os % 5 oR fac ea co Teowen hae Be oo ate ad | 3 eae ue Peron n re a H Bo le Ae + eae z “e ner ie “ye 7 TRESS FORMA FACTORS 3 pare} ere7 coe meige a | oon psengecedh a ety (BEL SERy [—# mines or c Trneas EASA ONE TiS ST as 7% SRO * rma He = ort event = Sens ms S- & Sane Fe 23:8 sot Figure 2-18, Dimensional data and forees fr a sip-en fange, fat face, fl geaket ‘eaotod ver Tayi Fa Trireabana ne By Puranen [/~26‘Teble 23 Ganket Materials and Contact Facings! GGusket Factors (for Opaating Condens ana Minimum De ng Stress (y) = Shetener Tieng yoo ® mse er eancom - 6 a> aonaee 109. 0 ‘Mins coonnegcrstom [ames is he QS Tagg aaa a ep AR aera Fee | eer mm a | nee ue Lop Tore ne won ea 7 ow RD " trates bhai a ae ES ap a oe tn. (80, com Ee eer | tht tee { Faria eae mon — eh 35h tee Stems aa tee fee ne is [mS ewone ie Sac 0 eterna ry 1 Cros et is ap | Vn | ie { Se aa sesame BS op | tes LS me hy rs see isa nou Scan wane Oe - notes: 1 This tub iva ait many comment spa gasket maton ans cena fcngs wih suggested sin value of ea ital nav genera roves satancory neta sarven when ving active gesuetsouting wich ® ren nati 2 re cesen values ene aiher Cus ven ins tin ae auggetled ony and 8 net mandaery. 2. Pra sortie of «gestarnavng lg should not be agatha ubbi. Fepnnied by permitsion tm ASME Code Sucien Vil Ov. 3. Bb 25.Tobte 2-4 Effective Gasket Wieth Facing Sketch Gasket Sening Wath, By (eaagoerated CRT coum . ay LEE 0 os Wy Recess 3 5 =o = aad 7 ERLE a Sr cot wen B Tues 7 ~ 7 pee Baa nen sein Mate erp oe o Lat a " etn muon wel 4 am ae 5 Se ° toa ow 7" tear e 1% ~ 6 “ NNN] N i z a) soe i Eviective Gasket Seating Wid B B= By, whoa OS Win be \Be-nten De > Min, = hn ‘Nota: The gasket aaa ated + | apply to llanged Face Joins in wien the ‘ga5k9t Is containag bolt holes: For b> ein For be Mein * were snraicns co no! eyed ein tn en with pH ante by pemisnen er ASME Code Section Vi Oe. 1, Table 28.2 ate (10) 38g (19) sal Bo Use 49 .=f] N I Table 2-5 Table of Coettictents «12 yo «12 vu x Tz xt 2 {001 191 100080 tir.16 200.18 | 1.046 1.90 7205 wo | t00) 88 17.52 hiss 186 78 002 191 50050 958.16 1050.72 | 1047 190 21.79 asoa [ 1092 12828 11.40 1437 186 783 1515 1065 1003 131 33983 697.85 1003 190° 21.95 4509 | 31.093 160 1128 2176 2391 | 1138 186 7.78 1505 1654 1004 1.91 25050 47871 1049 190 2092 4421 | sone vas 19.16 2154 2067 | 1199 186 773 1495 16.43 {i005 1181 200.60 98322 1050 189 2052 soo { (095 188 1105 2132 wae | 1140 196 788 1405 1835 1.008 181 19747 31958 Lost 1.99 20.12 42st | 1096 108 to94 ara 2320 | tar 198 752 1476 1622 too7 191 143.98 274.09 1.952 1.39. 19.74 4173 | 1007 188 1083 2091 2297 | Taz 186 757 1466 86:11 11908 191 12550 23995 105d 1.39 19.38 4096 | 1.098 199 10.79 mort 22s } frag 188 TSE VEST 1691 too ¢3t titer 21340 Nose 1.89 18.03, 4923 | tc09 188 toe2 20st 2299 | 1144 105 748 1948 1591 1010 191 tooso 192.19 1055 1.89 1869 3595 3964 | 1.100 188 tos2 2091 2218 | 1145 195 743 1499 1589 fom 11 9141 17463 tose 1.89 1828 9524 sse¢ | 1.101 188 1043 2055 2212 | h148 199 758 1429 “15.71 tote 193 a98¢ 180.98 fosr 189 1805 3474 38.19 | 1102 183 1053 1994 2192 | 1.47 188 734 1420 15.61 1013 1917743 148.05 ose 189 17.76 3417 3756 | 1109 488 1023 976 2172 | 1149 186 729 1412 1551 tote tat 71.93 197.69 1059 1.69 1747 3082 9895 | 1104 vee 1014 1952 2152 | t149 196 7.25 1493 t5.42 iors 191 67.417 12661 too 189 17:18 ga0¢ 3534 | 1105 198 1005 1893 2130 | 1190 186 720 1395 1534 1018 190 6400 120.58 1061 189 191 a285 3578 | 3.105 186 995 1993 2114 | 1151 196 7.16 988 1523 1017 190 59.93 T1198 N62 189 1664 g20¢ 3521 | 1107 187 987 1907 2096 | 1isz 186 711 1377 1818 1018 1.20 58.08 107.98 1.083 1.83 1640 3155 3468 | 1.108 187 978 1890 277 } H159 198 ror 1369 1505 1018 190 S14 10r72 1066 189 1615 3108 3417 | 1103 187 9.70 1874 2059 | 1154 186 703 1961 1498 1020 180 5051 9873 105 189 15.90 g061 S065 | 1110 1a7 962 1855 2038 | 115s 186 699 1954 1497 1021 190 4842 9221 tose 169 1567 9017 wo.A7 | tat tar ose 1842 2025 | 1.158 1968 695 1245 3478 1.022 190 4598 8804 189 15.05 20.7 3258 | 4112 187 946 12? 7008 | 1157 186 GOL 1327 1470 1023 130 4398 8420 1522 2032 saz | 1113 187 946 1813 1091 | 1158 185 G87 1390 1461 toe 190 427 8081 s502 2091 3179 | 1.14 197 950 1797 1975 | 1159 198 663 1322 1489 1025 1.90 4081 7781 vaso zest aise | nits 197 2180 199 6.79 1215 ka 1026 1.90 3897 74.70 1461 2019 s002 | vane 197 11 1.85 675 1307 1436 3027 190 3754 7187 naar 2778 3051) NT a7 1482 185 671 1300 1428 1028 1.90 38.22 69.49 422 a9 on | tie 187 4163 195 967 1292 1420 1023 1893489 67.11 noe 2708 2a72 { Cg 187 Tied 185 664 1285 14.12 {090 199 3368 east 7139, 1385 2669 2994 | 1.120 1.87 1165 185 860 1278 1408 toot 190 32:78 6285 99.08, 1368 2536 2890 | 1121 187 1165 1.85 856 1271 1397 tose 190 3176 6092 6594 1958 2603 2869 | 3.122 1.87 667 165 685 1264 1389 035 199 set $9.11 6495 ya35 272 227 | 1.123 187 1168 185, rss 1982 tom 190 2992 5741 6308 tas 2540 2782 | sx2¢ 187 4163185 1251 13.7% 135 190 2908 5580 61.82 ta02 2510 2789 | 1125 187 1170 185, 1243 1366 4.095 190 2829 5420 53.86 weer ater 2727 | 4.26 187 847 1697 1799 | 14171 185 1298 13.60 1037 180 2754 5285 $8.08, ware 2452 2895 | 1127 187 840 1625 1788 | 1.172 1.85 231 1359 11098 190 2883 5150 50.59 ta57 2424 2865 | 1.12 187 894 1814 773 | 1.179 1.65, 1228 1348 1039 180 28.15 5021 55.17 w249 2400 2622 | teag cer 928 1602 1760 | 1.174 185 1218 1339 1049 180 2551 4897 59.82 yeas agg 2608 | 1.190 187 @22 1591 1748 | 1475 185 1210 1330 1.081 180 2490 4781 53.10 reas 2344 25.77 | 1.191 216 1579 1.35 | 1.178 195 1206 1325 owe 190 2452 4871 51.33 yoo 219 2548 | 1390 197 ort t568 e726 | LAT fos 1083 190 2377 45.84 50:15, tag 2293 2520 | 1.193 196 605 Iss7 M711 | 1178 1.85, 1193 1311 Yoee 190 2323 4864 49.05, 1176 2268 2699 | 1134 146 799 1546 1699 | 1179 1.85 187 1305 1045 190 22.74 4369 48.02 s163 22.44 24668 | 1195 185 794 1535 1690 | 1190 1.85 610 31.79 1298 Foprnies by permission Toor Fog Paeranlonal Ineve O8-/1 Tab’ ‘Table of Coetficients (conunued) « Zw Kt 2 vu x72 ¥ xt 2 YU 1.188 Boa isto 1288 | 1278 18) 416 605 ges | 1434 ira 209 556 610 | 178 150 197 364 400 1164 593 188 27a [ 1281 Ler 412 7.8 4498 174 287 552 605 | 176 190 195 361 396 186 592 1147 1261 | 1204 180 408 791 saz 174 205 548 Gor | 177 180 194 387 399 4499 585 1196 1249 | 1287 180 405 784 aja 263 sae sa7 | 178 189 192 384 309 1190 sar 1126 1237 | 1.290 180 401 77 17a 201 540 593 | 179 189 191 351 965 1192 575 1115 1225 ] 1293 1.80 398 770 173 280 538 soo | 120 188 109 947 Sao hig 570 1105 rate | 1298 160 394 769 ta 278 532 sas { rai 159 188 344 979 1198 65 1095 1209 | 1200 120 391 757 fre 276 $20 sao | 182 158 186 341 O75 1.198 560 1085 ti92 | 1302 100 988 750 173 274 526 576 | 183 157 105 398 372 11200 555 1075 tet | 1305 160 Sat 744 tv 272 520 571 | ta 157 196 335 369 1.202 sso 1065 4171 | 1308 179 3e1 7.98 172 270 $16 566 | 185 183 333° 65 1206 sas 1056 q61 | 131 179 378 732 12 263 512 ser | 196 ier 330 352 1208 sao 147 y151 | 1314 179 378 726 tye 263° 508 ss | tar 160 327 380 1208 137 179 372 720 i226 soa 553 | 108 179 41.210 1300 179 369 714 tr 262 500 Sag | 189 178 1212 size | 1223 179 967 709 171 260 496 545 | 190 4.77 12t4 ani | 136 tm 364 703 a7 asa age sar | 191 178 1216 1103 | 1909 178 361 898 171 258 488 Sar | 192 174 1218 rose | 1202 178 ase 692 tm 254 4d 533 | 193 173 1220 you? | 1305 178 ase 6.87 179 253 480 529 | 198 in 4202 so77 | 1308 1.78 353 682 179 251 477 525 | 195 an 1224 ross | 1941 1.738 3st 677 179 24a 47 521 | 198 179 1.226 ro6o | 136 173 348 672 170 247 4% Sar | 97 169 1208 rose | 1367 tre 346 668 fos 245 466 813 | 198 168 1230 wae | 1350 179 343 663 1bes 169 24a 463 509 | 139 1.68 1292 ross | 1354 177 340 657 155 169 243 460 505 | 200 187 1234 soz | 1388 177 337 650 ¥56 169 240 454 499 | 200 156 1.236 so20 | 1362 177 a3 648 17 158 237 448 492 | 202 195 1.238 tora | 1366 177 31 638 450 168 234 442 495 | 208 183 1.240 ros | 1370 177 320 632 150 187 231 436 479 | 206 152 1.242 gon | 137% 17y 325 627 160 167 229 «31 473 | 208 1.60 nae gar | 1378 176 322 629 ier 166 226 425 467 | 2.10 159 1.248, ge | x362 176 320 6.16 fee 195 223 420 a6 | 212 197 4208 g77 | 1303 176 317 611 ver 16s 221 415 ase | 244 158 1250 p70 | 1.390 315 606 164 165 216 410 450 | 216 155, 1282 gee | 139 312 601 165 165 218 405 445 | 238 153 4.254 gsr | 1398 310 $96 166 16 214 401 440 | 220 152 1256 gst | 1402 307 592 ver 164 232 396 435 | 222 1st 1258 gaa | 1405 175 905 587 rss 163 210 392 430 | 224 150 11260 993 | 1410 175 302 582 s69 163 200 387 426 | 226 149 4.263 928 | 1414 175 900 577 170 169 206 369 421 | 228 443 1266 gag | 141 175 298 5.72 471 162 208 379 417 | 230 147 1289 941 | 1422 175 206 568 172 162 202 375 ane | 202 145 1272 So2 | 1428 174 294 S64 173 181 200 372 408 | 296 145 125 gaa | a0 174 291 560 174 161 199 368 404 | 236 tae+ ¢ -/) w Table 2-5 Table of Coeillents (continued) Ea ey vp ed Bab 1a) 14250 her | Bed 1a 120 10 aay [aus iN Mw ve ye | ais seo 1a ise zap tay tar 250 259 | ze6 tae $20 190 21s | 350 ti 120 tse tv | 420 see 112 199 159 bez tae ta 200 ose | ze 120 tar ton ate | ase too tar ter te | 42s gs tn tae tat bee 190 tao 231 25¢ | 292 tz tar ise at | 35 too 7 159 175 | 450 see ty 135 10 245 135 140 227 25 | ee egos | Bee tor tas ts 17 | a3 oee tay ta tan 248° 1.95 (1.99 227 280 298 121 1.25 (1.88 2.07 365 107 1.16 1561.71 4 885 NT te 7 250 1394 198 225 247 302 1.20 1.25 (1.86 2.04 370 1,06 (1.16 355 1.70 445 8B MB bea tar tar ac 2c | gop ia tae tes aor | am sos tis 153 tae | $9 S41 SAD tay 144 256 192 136 219 244 378 105 11S 152 1.67 455 $04 1640 1.30 1.63 310 1.18 (1.23 185 199 460 928 140 129 142 zso 131 195 217 2an | Ste sap 12a 490 ter | age soe sap 150 os | 1 Ga tio tas ta Zaz 130 toe ate aas | oye tae tae tre tae | ane to tie ta tee | O55 Sk tes tae 2es 130 ts ae ace | gee tae tar 75 tee | am to tie tas tee | O30 Gon tos tae 2es a3 tae 200 220 | a20 tis tat 170 tg | ae tor 4 tae ter | 29 Goo too tas zr 128 tar 207 aar | aap im 1g0 17 tos | ase 101 nia 145 160 | aes 899 109 124 2m jar tat zoe 225 | 330 14 te 68 186 | 409 too Lis 145 159 | 490 a7 top 129 Ptr ze 190 200 ee | ga3 tre 119 ter tee | aos tom 119 143 ter | aoe 00 108 122 2oo 126 129 200 220 | 3a iit tte tes 182 | 410 oop 119 tae 188 | 500 879 toe 12131/90 Figure 2-16. Values of V (integral lange factors). (Reprinted by permissian trom the ASME Code, Sect P axoaate os o7 o5| os ' 18 2 25 a as a 190 Figure 2-17, Values of F (integral tlange factors). (Reprinted by permission from ASME Code, Section Vill, Ol. 1, Figure 27.2) 16 N32Te iment FE 1 CIRCE unto mickona toi = 1 1s FS 1 owe atten angen NOTE! Gee ASE Cove se 27.1 emus 0) Figure 2-18, Values ol (nub sttess correction factar). (Reprinted by permission fram the ASME Code, Section VII, Div. 1, Figure 278) Figure 2-18, Volues of Vi (loose hub flange factors) (Re Figure 2-20. Values of F (Jase hub lange factors). (Reprinted printed by permission vom ASME Code, Section Vil, Dw. 1, by permission from ASME Cade, Section Vil, Diu 3, Figure Figure 2:7) 274) 11-33Notes . The procedures as outlined hercin have becn taken entirely from Taylor Forge Bulletin No. $02, 7th Edition, entitled “Modern Flange Design.” "The forms and tables have been duplicated here for the user's convenience. The design forms arc fast and accurate and are accepted throughout the industry. For additional information regarding flange design, please consult this excellent bulletin. Whenever possible, utilize standard flanges. The ASME code accepts the standard pressure-ternpera ture ratings of ANSI B16.5. Other standards which may be utilized if the design is checked are API- 605, ANSI B16.1, and MSS-SP¢#, . Flange calculations are done either as “integral” or “loose.” A third classification, “optional,” refers to flanges which do not fall into cither of the foregoing categories and thus can be designed as either inte gral or loose, Definitions and examples of these cat~ ‘egories are: © Integrai—Hiub and flange are one continuous structure either by manufacture or by full pene- tration welding, Some examples are: a, Welding neck flanges. b. Long weld neck flanges. c. Ring flanges attached with full penetration, welds. Use design form “Type 1: Weld Neck Flange De- sign (Integral),” or “Type 3: Ring Flange De- fens Leote—Neither flange nor pipe have any attache ment or are non-integral. Tt is assumed for pur poses of analysis, that the hubs (if used) act inde- pendenuly of the pipe. Examples are: a. Slip-on flanges b, Socket weld flanges ce. Lap joint flanges d. Screwed flanges «. Ring flanges attached without full penetration welds Use design form "Type 2: Slip-On Flange Design (Loose),” or “Type 3: Ring Flange Design.” 18 4 10. Hubs have no minimum limit for h and g,, but val- ues off < 1.5ty and h < g, are not recommended, For slip-on flanges as a first trial, use g; ~ 2 times pipe wall thickness, . The values of T, Z, ¥, and U in Table 2-5 have been computed based on Poisson's ratio of 0.3. . B is the [.D-of the flange and not the pipe L.D. For small-diameter flanges when B is less than 20g, it is optional for the designer to substitute B, for B in Code formula for longitudinal hub stress, Sy. (See (1, Para, 2-3 of Section VITI, Div 1].) In general, bolts should always be used in multiples of 4, For large-diameter flanges, use many smaller bolts on a tight bolt circle to reduce the flange thick- ness, Larger bolts require a large bolt circle, which greatly increases flange thickness. . Ifthe bolt holes are slotted to allow for swing-away. bolting, substitute the diameter ofthe circle tangent to the inner edges of the slots for dimension A and follow the appropriate design procedures. ). Square and oval flanges with circular bores should bbe treated as “inseribed” circular flanges. Use a bol circle passing through the center of the outer- most boit holes. The same applies for noncircular ‘openings: however, the bolt spacing becomes more critical. The spacing factor can be less than re- quired for circular flanges since the metal available in the corners tends to spread the bolt load and even out the moment. Design flanges to withstand both pressure and ex- ternal loads, use “equivalent” pressure P, as fol lows: where M = bending moment, F = radial load, IbPROCEDURE 2-6 DESIGN OF SPHERICALLY DISHED COVERS DESIGN CONDITIONS — Fang Sanne ann. Se Dagens Se (Ane, Se Rab, te. ‘GASKET ANO FACING DETAILS [a {LEAD AND BOLT CALCULATIONS 7 Wars BS Ta = geal = Don SoromP Wnt of Wap = [Des Ghar ie x [Wins =F + We eA 5 “GASKET WiOTH CHECK Tae oreo I 6 -MOWENT CALCULATIONS Name y= en raw 1 Te T peewee 7 FANE AND HEAD Figure 2-21. Dimensional data and forces for @ spherically dishes Tere ‘cover.PROCEDURE 2-7- DESIGN OF BLIND FLANGES WITH OPE ‘Besion CONDONE rage loamgr mma [Geaaemm [an 1 [Am 5.8 2 “GASKET AND FACING DETAR = I Tee 3 TABLES 7:9 AND Ft 4 {LOAD AND BOLT CALCULATIONS € [Wars Bx exe = Te = Porn Wass o¢ Way Tee eT T [r= Oem Be x War = eo Ws Sine Se = L e= 5C~o) 5 THIORNESS AND REINFORCEMENT CALCULATIONS Denar, Tip dons O nan Sine ganorer Toe SBS nO = later ol tated ce danaT ET OO.= “Thies Required Speratag. eT UST) ee Rete Bening lense Figure 2-22. Dimensional data and forces for a blind flange. ! en ar [Arm aren oral [As= BIO. Ba = 0, nome) IEA A, BrOUGR AS EASA, Option 2—If opening exceeds one half the nominal z f Notes flange diameter, the flange may be computed as 1. Reinforcement is only required for operating ie an optional-yype reducing flange. Tons noc baie Yeates For eperating condi: | _ Option 3—No additional reinforcement is required 2, fons not in if t, is caleulated substituting .6 for 3 in the prions in lew of caleulating reinforcement cate ated sominuing 8 fe Opti 1—No additional reinforcement is required if flange thickness is greater than 1.414 ty. 3, For terms and Tables 2-3 and 2-4, see Procedure 2-5PROCEDURE 2-8 BOLT TORQUE REQUIRED FOR SEALING FLANGES [10-13] Notation Ay, = cross-sectional area of bolts, int Ay = actual jointcontact area of gasket, in.? b = elfective gasket scating width, in, d= r00t diameter of threads, i dj, = pitch diameter of threads, in, G = diameter at location of gasket load reaction, in ‘M = external bending moment, in.-Ib 'm = gasket factor N = gasket width, in n= number of bolts E,, = modulus of elasticity of bolting material at em- perature, psi modulus of elasticity of gasket material at tem- perature, psi P = internal pressure, psi P, = equivalent pressure including external loads, R= psi P, = radial load, 1b Pre © test pressure, psi = restoring force of gasket (decreasing compres- sion foree) from initial bolting strain, 1b = initial tightening force, Ib = effective length of bolt, mid mut to mid nut, in = total tightening force, Ib = H+ Hy = required bolt load, operating, tb = required bolt foad, gasket seating, lb gasket unit seating load, psi total hydrostatie end force, Ib total joint-contact surface compression load, Ib initial tightening torque required, fe-lo thickness of gasket, in thickness of nut, in. total friction factor between bol/mut and nut/ Slange face Ww = width of ring joint gasket, in Note: See Procedure 2-5 for values of G, N, m, b, and y. Figure 2-23. Flange Table 2-6 Fog ne , tal Gel J Bolting Dimensional Data EZ in Th Tin. Tia. wi. | Thin 7 FI 6273 7387 “3486 76 1.0868 13485 Tare tn ‘5850 3028 ‘ou 1.0486 1.1688 vat83 1598 . 7348 904 9046 11084 12168 1.4688 1.5908 ‘se, Ta, 7h Ine Zin. Din. 2h In. in 34 In. Fl 15986 17216 73406 2.0966 23468 poy 3.0966 tn 1.6688 17938 19188 21688 24189 2o188 3.1888 © 4.7188 13438 1.9688 22001 2asat | 29531 3.1875 Rone Hana tm Bes ‘ONE sais tends, AGE arg 8 pes 083s, A -meneone 60 WOM ANSI 182.Table 27 Modulus of Elasticity, Es. 108 psi Material 70° 200" 00" 00" oor anor 200" ‘Garzone \aor8 oro 272 2a 270 ae 257 248 pa 135] \Ae109-87, 816, 87 299) m5 290 230 2a 286 257 2658 287 20a, arr 270250 288 2a Ea ent 266 263 254 248 ts aaa Modulus of Elasticity of Gasket Material, | * Spiral wound: 5,690 psi Ee Friction Factor, K Ring joint and flat metal: Select values from ASME. Gee, Section VUE. Div: 2, Tables AMG-2, 2.1, 2.2 23, and 24, AF = change in junt load ‘due 10 the gasket relaxing Elongation BONE OH | logo aga prose “re bee Geen M agalona, Pr “eter ee esi mperture oe N-38Calculations © Equivalent pressure, Pa psi pa Ap 7G" x6! © Hydrostatic end force, H, Ib © Total joint-contact-surface compression load, Ha 1B Hp = QbrGmP, © Minimum required bolt load for gasket sealing, Waa, lb. Wr = 2G y 1 Actual joint area contact for gasket, A, in Ape arbG © Decreasing compression force in gaskel, AF. lb AF= © Initial requited tightening force (ension), Fy lb Fue H, + AF © Taal tightening force required to seal joint, W, tb W = greater of Fy, or Wrz © Required torque, T, ft-ld. KW de ia Te Notes 4. Bolted joints in high-pressure systems require an ini- tial prélead (0 prevent the joint from leaking. ‘Thi Joads which tend to open the joint are: a. Internal pressure. b. Thermal bending moment, ¢. Dead load bending moment, 2. Either stud tensioners or torque wrenches are usci for prestressing bolts to the required stress for gaske! ‘seating, Stud tensioners are by far the most acturatc Stud tension achieved by torquing the nut is aflectes bby many variables and may vary from 10% wo 100% of calculated values, The following are the majo: variables affecting tension achieved by torquing: & Class of fit of nut and stud Burrs. Lubrication. Grit, chips, and dirt in threads of bolts or nuts Nicks (. The relative condition of the seating surface 0: the flange against which the nut is rocated epeee 3. Adequate lubrication should be used. Nonlubricate: bolting has an efficiency of about 50% of a well-lu bricated bolt. For standard applications, a heav graphite and oil mixture works well. For high tem perature service (500°F to 1000°F), a high tempera ture thread compound may be used. 4. The stiffness of the bolt is only ‘A to fs that of th Joint. Thus, for an equal change in deformation, th change of the load in the bolt must be only Ms to 5 ¢ the change in the load of the joint, 5. Joints almost always relax after they have first bee tightened. Relaxation of 10% to 20% of the initi: preload is not uncommon, Thus an additional pre load of quantity F is required to compensate for th: “relaxing” of the joint. PROCEDURE 2-9 DESIGN OF FLAT HEADS [1, 2, 5, 6, 7] Notation © = accachment factor D = long span of noncircular heads, in. d= diameter of circular heads or short span of noneircular heads, in, E = joint efficiency (Cat. A seam only) 1 = length of straight flange measured from ta: gent line, in, P = internal pressure, psi r= inside corner radius of head, in S = code allowable stress, tension, psi 1 = minimum required thickness of head, inti = thickness of flange of forged head, in. 4, © thickness of head, in. t, © minimuin required thickness ol scamless shall, in. # thickness of shell, in # thickness of weld joint, in, = minimum distance from outside of head w. ‘edge of weld prep, in f= factor, dependent on d/D ratio = shear force per unit length, Ib/in me(-) 1. = axial tensile force per unit length, Thin. = radial bending moment, in.-Ib/in. = Poisson’s ratio, «3 for steel = Influence coeffi for head w=») a &) Den we@a(e} emul: Formulas vec s(t} + Circular heads, " bao ICP (ONE rc Cases Noncircular heads. Case £ (Figure 2-25) Figure 2.28, Case 1: Flanged head [1, Section UG-34 (a 1, C= .17 for forged circular or noncircular heads, 2 rs y 3. C= .1 for circular heads if a ae(-pa- 9d rs 1< (t= vay ay = Al -¥)or 212, V a for length 2 Vat, and taper is 4:1 minimum. Case 2 (Figure 2-26) horn L ‘Weld optionat os Figure 2-26, Case 2: Forged head (1, Section UG-36 (-1). 1.Geu7 2 yer, 3 re3y 4, For forged circular or noncircular heads Case 3 (Figure 2-27) Figure 2-27, Case 3: integrally forged head (1, Figure UG-34 (2). 4. C= 33 m but greater than .2 2. 12.375 in. if t,S 1.5 in, 3, rB..25 4 if tis greater than 1.5 in. but need not be greater than «75 in, Case 4 (Figure 2-28) a yt Figure 2-28. Case 4: Scrowed fat hesd [1, Section UG-84 (o]. 1LGe3 2.123 53. Design threads with 4:1 safety factor against falur by shear, tension, of compression due to hydrostati end force. 4. Scal welding optional. 5. Threads must be as strong as standard pipe thread: Case 5 (Figure 2-29) + Center of lap nit Figure 2-29. Case 5: Lap welded head (1, Section UG-34 (c) 1, Gircular heads: C = 19 if (>it 2. Noncircular heads and circular heads regardless o fC = 2 3. res wy Gase 6 (Figure 2-30) re ' 4 ty Figure 230, Case 6 Inopraly argo head 1, Section UG-3s (a). 1.C=.13 2. ds 2 in, 3, 05 <0/d <.25 4425 5.2254 6. Head integral with shell by upsetting, forging, or spinning. 7. Circular heads only. t= 4-(Case 7 (Figure 2-31) 6 7%4 min ‘ypical a7 VY 3 he a Projection optional ~ “Giga 2.31, Case 7; Welded lat heads [1, Seton UG-84(e) Hi tircular heads: C= .33 m but 2.1m <1, then shell cannot be tapered within 2 Vat, from inside of head 2, Noncireular heads: G = .33 {, Liquid! penetrant (L.P.) or magnetic particle test (MT) ed of shell and OD. of head if, oF ty is greater than Ye in, dick (before and after welding) Case 8 (Figure 2-32) ‘Bevel optional “Figure 2-92. Case 8: Welded lat heads (Full penetration welds reguired) (1, Section UG-94 (a 1. Circular heads: C = .33 m but > .2 te > 2, and > 4.25 & burst If m< 1, then shell cannot be tapered within 2 Vat, from inside of head 2. Noncircular heads: C= .33 3. See Note 3 in Case 7 Case 9 (Figure 2-33) 1. Circular heads only. 2 C= 33 yo a, b a Type | Backing — strip may be used Type 2 > | Types Figure 2-33. Case 9: Welded flat hoads [1, Section UG-34(h), UWetate) (0 ())- 3. 4B 125, 4. L.P/M.T. end of shell and O.D. of head if, oF ty is greater than ‘Vt in. thick (before and after welding). 5. Type ds ay + a: > 2 Say 2 Typed ar b>2e b= 0 is permissible Case 10 (Figure 2-34) 1, For Figure 2-344: C = .33 and 21.284 2, For Figure 2-34B: C = .33 m but = .2 3. ty > Gor 25 in, Et Sarb>2y 6 aay H~F2.Stresses in Flat Heads Maximum stress occurs at the junction, is axial in die rection, and may be in either the head or the shell. When fifty 1, the maximum stress in the head at the unetion. When g/t, > 1, the maximum stress is in the shell at the junetion. ‘The bending moment M, is a re- wall of internal forces N,, and Qu. © Inernal Farce, Que [ (ay = aby = (ae - ally -s) 2, = Pd, | 2 las Seca cel “> Hending Moment, My - ve pgs |__(auc aad = be) = (as = ay)h. Me Piles ‘azXby ~ bi) - ~ THT = on -- © Axial stress in shell at junction, 0, 15, Equation 6.122], Pde 6M, “ay e © Axial sess in lcad at junction, 0, {5. Ecquation 6.132), © Primary bending stress in head, 0, Note: Prisnary bending, stress is maximum at the center of the head. (=) Inside head, compression (+) Outside heud, tension °. Mo, a) Ge . Figure 2.38, Discontinuity at flat head anc cylindrical shell juncture. ° 8 ~~ 4-4PROCEDURE 2-10 MOMENT OF INERTIA OF STIFFENING RINGS Figure 2-40. Case 2: Type stillening ring. STIFFENING RING CHECK FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE Ss = 75, PO ye as A a Ea a Texasmest I As 288 ts ma a 18> 2st, wes To peaie aT semen Sto, cay i From, Socios US Z9)MODULE 12 OF PD-442Blackboard 5 Page 1 of t Course Mater Current Location: Module #12 Example Problems [Top]: Module #12 Example Problems Introduction This module contains sample problems and solutions related to ASME Section VIII Division 1. PowerPoint ASME _COURSE_PD442_Module_12.ppt (1985:400 ayes ) To see this PawerPoint click on the link then right click on Full Screen. | Related Resources Brownell, L.E., ared EH. Young: “Process Equipment Design,” John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1959. Farr, James R., and Maan H, Jawad: "Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section Vill Pressure Vessels," ASME Press, 1998, Harvey, John F.: "Theory and Design of Pressure Vessels,” Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1994 Javiad, Maan H., and James R. Farr: “Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment,” Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1959. ‘Megyesy, Eugene F.: "Pressure Vessel Handbook," Eleventh Edition, Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing Co., 1998. Young, Warren C.: "Roark's Forumulas for Stress & Strain," Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1989. http://208.254.4.135/bin/common/content.pi?action=LIST&render_type=DEFAU... 11/11/2003 12-1Example No.1 Problem Determine the required thickness of a cylindrical shell and hemispherical heads of a horizontal pressure vessel which contains a fluid during operation at 72 Ibs./ft.2 The internal design pressure is 45 psi at a design temperature of 650°F, There is no corrosion allowance. The seamless heads are welded to a cylindrical shell which contains a longitudinal butt weld joint. All butt welds are assumed to be Type (1) with full RT (E = 1.0). The shell is 10 ft. inside diameter and 30 ft, long, tan-to-tan. The material is SA-515 Gr. 60. Also, determine the required thickness of the same vessel with an external design pressure of 15 psi (full vacuum) without stiffening rings and with stiffening rings which are close-spaced to permit use of the shell thickness for internal pressure. Solution (1) From Table 1A of Il-D, for SA-515 Gr. 60 at 650°F, the allowable stress value is 15.8 ksi and the external pressure chart is Fig. CS-2 of Subpart 3 of II-D. {2} Determine the fluid head during operation: For contents: (10)(72)144) = 5.0 psi Therefore, design the vessel for 45 + 5 = 50 psi (3) For internal pressure of the cylinder using UG-27(c)(1) with E = 1.0, minimum required thickness of the shell is: (2-2(4) (5) t, = (PRIMSE-O.6P} t, = ((50)(60}}/[(15800)(1,0)-0.6(50)] = 0.190 in. Check for applicability of using UG-27(c)(1) or 1-2: Is t < R/2? 0.190<30 Is P < 0,385SE? 50<.385(15800)(1) = 6,080 For internal pressure of the hemispherical head using UG-32(f), minimum required thickness of the head is: ty = (PLI/(2SE-0, 2P) th = [(50)(60)]/[2(15800)(1.0)-0.2(50)] = 0.095 in. Check for applicability of using UG-32/f) or 1-3: Ist < 0.365L? 0,095<.365(60) = 21.4 Is P < 0.665SE? 50<.665{15800)\(1) = 10,500 For external pressure on the cylinder, use UG-28 and Part 3 of II-D with E=1.0 for butt joints in compression: Determine the effective length without stiffening rings: L = 1/3 each head depth + straight L = 2(1/3)(60) +360 = 400 in. Assume: t = 0.190 in. (for internal pressure) 0, = 120 + 2{.19) = 120.38 in. Then: L/D, = 400/120.38 = 3.32 D,/t = 120.38/0.19 = 634 (a) Enter Fig. G of II-D with L/D, = 3.32 and read across to the sloping line of D, /t = 634. Read down to Factor A = 0.000024Geometry chart for vessels under external pressureMaterials chart for vessels under external pressure - carbon and low-alloy steels (Y.S, = 30 ksi)(6) (b) Enter Fig. CS-2 with Factor A = 0.000024, which is off to the left side and can not be read. Follow Step (7) of UG-28(c) and use equation as follows: P, = (2AEV{3ID/t}] P, = {2(.000024)(25.125x10°)1/{(3)(634)) P, = 0.6 psi < 15 psi Must increase thickness! Assume: — t = 5/8 in. = 0.625 in. D, = 120 + 2(.625) = 121.25 in. Then; L/D, = 400/121.25 = 3.30 D, /t = 121.25/.625 = 194 (a) From Fig. G, Factor A = 0,00014 (b) Recalculating A, , P, = [2(.00014)(25.125x10°)}/(3)(194) P, = 12.1 psi < 15 psi> Must increase thickness! Assume: t = 11/16 in. = 0.6875 in. D, = 120 + 2(.6875) = 121.375 in. L/D, = 400/121.375 = 3.30 D,/t = 121.375/.6875 = 177 (a) From Fig. G, Factor A = 0,00017 {b) Recatculating P, , P, = [2(.00017)(25.125x10)]/(3)(177) P, = 16.1 psi > 15 psi>t = 11/16 in. ok. Further calculations show t,,, = 0.671 in. for 15 psi For external pressure on the hemispherical head, use UG-33(c}, UG-28(d), and Subpart 3 of II-D. First assume, a thickness for internal pressure of t = 0.095 in. 12-6Assume: t= 0.095in. & R,=.5(120 +.2x.095) = 60,095 in. (a) Calculate Factor A: Factor A= 0.125/(R/t)= 0.125/(60.095/,095) = 0.00020 (b) With Factor A= 0.00020, Factor B= 2,450 (c) Determine P,: P, = B/(R, /t) = 2450/(60.095/.095) P, = 3,9 psi < 15 psi > Must increase thickness! Assume: t= 0.190 in, &R,= -5(120 + 2x.19) = 60.19 in, (a) Calculate Factor A: Factor A = 0.128/(60.19/.18) = 0.00039 {b) Which gives Factor B = 4,800 {c) Determine P,: P, = 4800/(60.19/.19) P, = 15.1 psi > 15 psi>t = 0.200 in. o.k. Further calculations show t,,, = 0.189 in. for 15 psi Of interest is the fact that for 45 psi internal pressure, the minimum required thickness of the cylinder is 0.190 in. while for 15.0 psi external pressure, the minimum required thickness is 0.671 in. For the head, the minimum required thickness for internal pressure is only 0.095 in. while for external pressure of 15.0 psi, the minimum required thickness is 0.189 in. If a lesser thickness than 0.677 in. is desired for the cylinder, stiffening rings are required on the cylinder to obtain a smaller value of £ to use in the calculation of P,. 12-7By "trial-and-error," the maximum stiffening ring spacing with the minimum thickness required for internal pressure of 0.190 in. is L = 19.25 in. as follows: Assume: t = 0.190 in. L/D, = 19.26/120.38 = 0.16 D, /t = 120,38/.19 = 634 (a) Enter Fig. G, Factor A = 0.00057 (b) Determine P,: P, = (2{.00057)(25.125x109/(3)(634)) P, = 16.1 psi>15 psi t = 0.190 in. o.k. This indicates that the optimum design would be one where the shell was thickened above 0.190 in. with stiffening rings being placed at a spacing larger than 19.25 in. c-c. The optimum design would be obtained by "trial-and-error" and consider the longitudinal tension stress when the support details are set. After the best thickness and stiffening ring spacing is determined, the design of the stiffening ring shall be developed according to UG-29.Example No. 2 Problem For the vessel in Example No. 1, all butt weld joint efficiencies were assumed to be E = 1.0. What degree of inspection is required at the butt weld joints for internal pressure if the thicknesses are set by the thickness required for the external pressure without stiffening rings? Using reduced butt joint efficiencies for lesser NDE requirements if applicable, calculate thicknesses and stiffening ring requirements for internal/external pressure. No stress from support considered. Solution (1) Determine the required longitudinal butt joint efficiency for internal pressure in the cylindrical shell with t = 0.688 in. by solving UG-27(c){1) in terms of E by rearranging terms as follows: E = [PASH(t](R + 0.6t) E = [(50)/(15800)(.688)][60 + .6(.688)] = 0.27 (2) Determine the required butt joint efficiency for internal pressure in the hemispherical heads with t, = 0.25 in. based on the head-to-shell butt joint by solving UG-32(f) in terms of E by rearranging terms as follows: E = [P/2(S}(U}(R + 0.2%) E = [(50)/2(15800)(.25)][60 + .2(.25)] = 0.38(3) (4) {5} Determine the required circumferential buttjoint efficiency for internal pressure in the cylindrical shell with t = 0,688 in. by solving UG-27(0}(2) in terms of E by rearranging terms as follows: E = [P/2(S)(tH(R - 0.4t) E = {{80}/2(15800)(.688))(60 - .41.688)] = 0.14 Based on (1), (2), and (3), the assumed thicknesses for external pressure are acceptable for a butt weld joint efficiency of E = 0.27 for the oylindrical shell based on the circumferential stress; £ = 0.38 for the hemispherical head membrane stress; and E = 0.14 for the cylindrical shell based on the longitudinal stress. From Table UW-12, Col. (C), a Type (1) butt weld joint efficiency with visual only is E = 0.70 and a Type (2) butt weld joint efficiency with visual only is £ = 0,65. Consequently, with the assumed thicknesses, visual examination only of the butt joints is required for the internal design pressure of 45 psi. Based on visual examination only, determine the minimum required thicknesses for internal pressure, Place stiffening rings at @ spacing which makes these thicknesses acceptable for an external pressure of 15 psi. {a) Determine the minimum required thickness of the cylindrical shell using UG-27{c](1) with E = 0.70: 1, = (PRI/SE-0.6P) %, = {50}(60}]/((15800)(.7)-0.6(50)] t, = 0.272 in,» Use 5/16 in: 12-]0(b) Determine the adequacy of an arrangement with six stiffening rings spaced at 400/7 = 57.1 in., a shelt thickness of /16 in., and an external pressure of 15 psi: OD, = 120 + 2(5/16) = 120.625 in. L = 57.1 in. t = 0.3125 in. - 4/0, = 57.1/120.625 = 0.473 O, /t = 120.625/.3125 = 386 From the chart, Factor A= 0.00040 and Factor B= 4,700 - P = 48/3(D, /t) = [4(4700)] + (3(386)] P = 16.2 psi > 15.0 psi; t = 5/16 in. o.k. This design is acceptable with 5/16 in. shell plate using six stiffening rings with an arrangement of approximate spacing of end rings at 37 in. from the head-to-sheil joint along the shell and five intermediate spacings of 57 in. (c) Determine the minimum required thickness of the hemispherical head using UG-32(f) with E = 0.65: (PLI/M2SE-0. 2P) t, = ((50)(60}}/[2(15800)(.65)-0.2(50}} t, = 0.146 in. (d) From Example No. 1, for 15 psi external pressure, t = 0,189 in. This design is acceptable with 1/4 in. head thickness.Example No. 3 Problem Determine the required thickness of a cylindrical shell and hemispherical heads of a pressure vessel with internal design pressure of 225 psi at a design temperature of 50°F. There is no corrosion allowance and E = 1.0 for all butt weld joints. Material is SA-515 Gr. 60 The shell is 5 ft.-O in. 1.D. and 30 ft.-0 in. tan-to-tan. The vessel is installed vertically and supported at the lower head-to-shell tangent line. It is designed for 0.1g horizontal E.0. force. When the d/t is constant, force is applied at the centroid of an inverse triangle. The contents weighs 35 Ibs./ft.? and vessel will be hydrostatically tested in the vertical position, if possible. Solution {1} From Table 1A of Il-D for SA-515 Gr. 60 at 650°F, the allowable stress value is 15.8 ksi and the external pressure chart is Fig. CS-2 of Subpart 3 of II-D. When earthquake is considered in addition to the sustained 12-12loadings, according to UG-23(d) the allowable stress for the total calculated stress may be increased to 1.2 S,. Determine fluid head during operation and during hydrostatic test: (a) At lower tangent line, H = 30+2.5 = 32.5 ft. For contents: (32.5)(35)/(144) = 7.9 psi For hydro. test: (32.5)(62.4)/(144) = 14.1 psi (b) At bottom of lower head, H = 304+5 = 35 ft. For contents: (35)(35)/(144) = 8.5 psi For hydro. test: (35)(62.4)/(144) = 15.2 psi For internal pressure plus fluid head at the lower tangent line of the cylindrical shell using UG-27(c)(1) with E = 1.0, the minimum required thickness of the shell is: t, = (PRIMSE-O.6P) t, = ((225+7.9)(30)] + ((15800)(1.0)-0.6(225 + 7.9)] t, = 0.446 in. For internal pressure plus fluid head at the center of the lower hemispherical head using UG-32(f), the minimum required thickness of the head is: ty = (PLI/(2SE-0.2P} t, = (225 +8.5)(30)] + (2(15800}(1.0)-0.2(225 +8.5)] t, = 0.222 in. Assume t = 0.50 in. for shell and heads(6) (7) {8} (9) Determine the maximum allowable axial! compressive stress on the cylinder according to UG-23(b) assuming t = 0.5in.: Factor A = 0.125/(R/t) = 0.125/((30.5)(.5) = 0.0020 and from Fig. CS-2, Factor B = 10,000 psi, the allowable axial compressive stress. When EQ is considered, the allowable stress is 1.2 S, = 1.2(10000). = 12,000 psi. Determine the weight of vesse! and contents: Metal Wt. Shell = {(30,5)?-(30}7](360)(490/1728) = 9,700 ibs. Heads = (4/3)n{(30.5)*-(30)9}(490/1728) 1,630 Ibs. Total metal wt. = 11,330 Ibs. Fluid Wt Shell = 7(30}?(360)(35/1728) = 20,620 Ibs. Heads = (4/3)m(30)°(35/1728) = _2,290 ibs. Total fluid wt. = 22,910 Ibs. Determine the earthquake moment at support line: Mz = 0.1(11330 + 22910)(2/31(360) Mz = 821,760 in.-Ibs. Stress due to internal pressure following UG-27(c)(2): S = (P/2E)[(R/t)-O,4] S = [(225)2)(1)1(30/.5)-.4] = 6,710 psi (10) Stress due to dead load of shell and upper head: S = Wrb,t S = (9700 +815)/m(60.5)(.5) = 110 psi 12-14(11) Stress due to dead load of lower head and vessel contents: S = WiaDpgt S = (815+22910)/7(60.5)(.5) = 250 psi (12) Stress due to earthquake moment, M,: S = M,/nR,3t S = (821760)/m(30.25)'(.5) = 570 psi (13) Total stress above support with I.P. and D.L.: S; = +6710-110 S; = 6,600 psi tension < 15,800 psi allow. (14) Total stress above support with l.P., D.L., & +E.Q.: S; = +6710 -110 +570 S; = 7,170 psi tension < 18,960 psi allow. (15) Total stress above support with D.L. & -E.Q, and no internal pressure load;_ S; = -110 -570 S; = 680 psi compression < 12,000 psi allow. (16) Total stress above support with I.P., D.L., & -E.Q.: S; = -570 -110 +6710 S; = 6,030 psi tension< 18,960 psi allow. (17) Total stress below the support with I.P. and D.L.: S, = +6710 +250 S; = 6,960 psi tension < 15,800 psi allow. In all cases, the total stress is less than the allowable stress; and, consequently, the circumferential stress controlled and set the thickness. Local stresses at the supports shall beconsidered separately and may require an increase in shell thickness in the local region. (18) The minimum required thickness of the cylindrical shell based on the hydrostatic test pressure of (1.3P + fluid head) and with an allowable stress of yield strength” at test temperature of 32,000 psi is: t, = (PRISE -0.6P) t, = (01,3225) + 14.11(30)} + {(32000)(1) -0.61(1.34225) + 14,1]} t, = 0.289 in. < 0.5 in. ordered thickness. _Since minimum required thickness of shell based on hydro. testis less than ordered thickness, shell is satisfactory for hydro. test in vertical position. (19) The minimum required thickness of the lower head based = on the hydro. test pressure of (1.3P + fluid_head) and yield strength’ of 32,000 psi using UG-32(f) ty = (PLIM(2SE -0.2P) t, = {[(1.3}(225) + 15.2130) + {2(32000}(1) -0.2{(1.3)(225) + 15.2)}} t, = 0.144 in. < 0.50 in. ordered thickness Since minimum required thickness of lower head based on hydro. test is less than ordered thickness, lower head is satisfactory for hydro. test in vertical position. * Yield strength is assumed based on "no visible permanent distortion" being permitted as given in UG-99(d). 12-16Example No.4 Problem Using the rules of UG-29, determine the stiffening ring sizes for the vessel in Example No. 4. Rings are at 500°F, the same temperature as shell, and material is SA-36. External pressure chart is same as shell, Fig. CS-2 of Il-D, What size of stiffening rings are required when the-ting ‘alone is used? What size of | stiffening ring-shell combination is required? Solution (1). Eor the stiffening ring alone: (a). Assume an 8 in.x4 in.x9/16 in. angle with the 8 in. leg out. A, = 6.43 in3; = 42.8 ind; “Dy = 121.28 in.; L, = 360 in.; = 0.625 in.; P,’ = 18.7 psi (b) From UG-29(a) and Fig. CS-2: B= (3/4UIP, UD J+ (ASL IT B = (3/4)[(15.7}(121.25))-625 + (6.43/360}] = 2220 A = 2B/E = 2(2220)/27.0x10° = 0.000165 1, = (D,7L, [t + (A, /L, IA}/14 1 = {(121. 25)*(360)[.625 + (6.43/360}}{.000165}}/14 I, = 40.10 in.t < 42.8 int actual © Therefore, 8 in.x 4 in.x 9/16 in, angle is good! 2-17(2) For stiffening ring-shell combination: (a) Assume a ST-6Bx9.5 tee integrally attached to the shell wall so that the combination acts together. For the tee: A, = 2.81 in.?; / = 10.2 int. (b) Determine the length of shell acting with the tee where the’ effective length is 7.7(D,t]/? = 1.1(121.25x.625)"? = 9.58 in. and 0.625 in. thick. The combined moment of inertia of the tee-shell combination 1s determined as: Area Am Areax Arm .625x9.58 = 5.99 6.39 2.81 1.67 8.80 y = 42.97/8.80 = 4.88 in. hex Ara = Arm 0.19 5.98 1.51 10.20 2.81 3.21 10.39 38.28 A629 42.97 Ad? 13.66 28.95 42.61 V = 1, + Ad? = 10.39 + 42.61 = 53.00 in’ {c) From UG-29{a} and Fig, CS-2: B= (3/4N(P, UOJ t+ (AJL J] B = (3/4)((15.7)(121,25)1/1.625 +(2.81/360)] = 2256A = 2B/E = 2(2256)/27.0x10° = 0.000167 4, = {D,7L, [t + (A, b, HA}/10.9 4, = ((121.25)7(360)[.625 + (2.81/360)](.000167)} 110.9) /, = 51.31 int < 53.00 in.* actual Therefore, ST-6Bx9.5 tee is good! 12-19Example No. 2 Problem Determine the reinforcement requirements of an 8 in. 1.D. nozzle which is centrally located in a 2:1 ellipsoidal head. The _ nozzle is inserted through the head and attached by a full penetration weld, The inside diameter of the head skirt is 41.75 in. The head material is SA-516 Gr.70 and the nozzle material is SA-106 Gr.C. The internal design pressure is 700 psi at a design temperature of 400°F. There is no corrosion allowance and all butt weld joint efficiencies are E=1.0.. (1) The allowable tensile stress for both SA-516 Gr.70 and SA-106 Gr.C at 400°F is 20.0 ksi. Therefore, f,= 20.0/20.0 ="1.0. (2) Using UG-32(d), minimum required thickness of 2:1{3) (4) (5) ellipsoidal head is: t, = (PDI/M2SE - 0.2P) 1, = (700x41.75)/|2x20000x1.0 - 0.2700) 1, = 0.733 in. Nominal thickness used is t = 0.75 in. 4 According to Rule (3) of t, in UG-37(a), when an opening and its reinforcement are in an ellipsoidal head and are located entirely within a circle the center of which coincides with the head and the diameter is equal to 80% of the shell diameter, ¢, is the thickness required for a seamless sphere of radius K,D, where D is the shell 1.D. and K, is 0.9 from Table UG-37. For this head, the opening and its reinforcement shall be within a circle with a diameter of 0.8D = (.8)(41.75) = 33.4 in. Following (3), above, the radius R = K,D = 0.9(41.75) = 37.575 in. is used in UG-32(f) to determine the t, for reinforcement calculations is: t, = (PR)/(2SE - 0.2P) t, {(700}(37.575)]/[2(20000){1.0)-.2(700)] t, = 0.625 in. Using UG-27(c)(1), minimum required thickness of nozzle: th, = (PR, MSE - 0.6P) tha = ((700)(4)}/[(20000)(1.0)-.6(700)] = 0.143 in. Nominal thickness used is t, = 1.126 in. Check UG-45: UG-45(a) is 0.k. UG-45(b)(1) = 0.733 in.; UG-45(b}(4) = .365(.875) = 0.319 in.; & UG-45(b) is ok. 12-21(6) (7) (8) (9) (40) (11) (12) (13) Limit parallel to head surface: X = dor (0.5d+t+t,), whichever is larger. X = Bin. o(4+.75 + 1.125 =5.875 in.),use X = Bin. Limit perpendicular to head surface: Y = 2,5t or 2.5t,, whichever is smaller. Y¥ = 2.5(.75) = 1.875 or 2.5(1.125) =2.812 in., use Y = 1.875 in. Limits of 2X= 2(8)= 16 in.< 33.4 in., therefore, provision to use spherical head rule is valid. Reinforcement area required according to UG-37(c}, is: A, = dt, F + 2tyt, F(T - f) = (8)(.625)(1) + Q. A, = 5.00 in? Reinforcement area available in head is: A, = d(Et - Ft,) - 2t,(Et- Ft, H1-£,) A, = a(t -t,)-0 = (8)(.75-.625)- 0 = 1,000 in? Reinforcement area available in nozzle is: Az = 2Y (ty > ty) = (21,875)(1.125-.143) Az = 3.682 in? Reinforcement area available in fillet welds is: Aq = 2(.5)t,? = 2(.5)|.75)? = 0.562 in.? Total reinforcement area available in head, nozzle, and welds is: A, = A,+A,+Ag = 1.0+3,682+,562 = 5,244 in? Area available of 5.244 in.?>area required of 5.00 in.Example No.6 Problem Determine the reinforcement requirements for a 12 in. x 16 in. elliptical manway opening. The manway forging is inserted through the vessel wall and attached by a full penetration weld. The 12 in. dimension lies along the \ongitudinal axis of the vessel, The manway cover seals against the outside surface of the manway forging. The |.D. of the shell is 41.875 in. The shell material is SA-516 Gr.70 and the manway forging is SA- 105. The internal design pressure is 700 psi at a design temperature of 400°F. There Is no corrosion allowance and all butt weld joint efficiencies are E = 1.0. Solution (1) . The allowable tensile stress. for both SA-516 Gr.70 and SA-105 at 400°F is 20.0 ksi. Therefore, f, = 1.0. (2) Using UG+27(c}(1), minimum required thickness of shall is: t, = (PRIMSE-O.6P) t, = [(700}20.9375)1/[(20000)(1.0) -.6{700)] t, = 0.749 in. . Nominal thickness used is t = 0.75 in. (3) Since the manway forging is elliptical-shaped, there are no rules in VII-1 ‘for determining the minimum required thickness. Therefore, U-2{g) applies. For an ellipticalshell, the minimum required thickness is given below. The maximum value of minimum required thickness is used for calculations on all planes. This equation for minimum required thickness is: thy = Pa’ b*/ SE (a? sin? + b? cos*b)? tp, = (700)(8)7(6)71/{(17500)(1.0)((8)7(0)? +(6)7(1)797} = 0.373 in, Nominal thickness used is t, = 1.375 in. UG-45({a} is 0.k. UG-45(b) is not required. Examination of the longitudinal plane: 144" 0D 2 d= a3 c, = 1375"! 3 = = ° Al —_— 1 = te 7g 0373 8 BY y = 1875" *y ig 4 TTT TAU Tes 075" ef ot t { ig = 1875" s 3 a a s & : & IABCD=Limit of Reinforcement (a) Limit parallel to-shell surface: X = dor (0.5d+t+t,J, whichever is larger. X = 12 or (6+.75+1.375=8.125), use X = 12 in. (b} Limit perpendicular to shell surface: Y = 2,5t or 2.5t, whichever is smaller. 12-24Y = 2,5(.75) = 1,875 or 2.511.375) = 3.437, use Y = 1.875 in. Reinforcement area required following UG-37(c) is: A, = dt, F + 2t,t, Flt -f,) = (12)(. 8581.0) + 0 A, = 8.988 in.? when f, = 1.0. Reinforcement area available in shel is: A, = dlE,t- Ft.) ~ 26fE,t- Ft,)1- f) when f, = 1.0, second term becomes zero; therefore, A, = (12).75 - 749) = 0,012 in? Reinforcement area available in nozzle is: (c (d) te Outward: Ay = 2Y ty ~ try) A; = 2(1.875)(1.375 - .373) = 3.758 in? Inward: Ag = 2Ylt,) = 2(1.875)1.375) = 5.156 in? (f) Reinforcement area available in fillet welds is: Ay = 2.5)t,? = 2(.5)(.75)? = 0.562 in? Total reinforcement area available from shell, nozzle, (9) and welds is: Ar = A, tA, + Ast Ag A; = 0.012 +3.758+5.156+.562 = 9.488 in? Area available of 9.488 in.?>area required of 8.988 in? (5) Examination of the circumferential plane: The opening has a 16 in. dimension in this plane, but F = 0,8 and f, = 1.0(6) (a) Reinforcement area required following UG-37(c) is: A, = dt,F = (16)(.749)(0.5) = 5.992 in? (b) Total reinforcement area available from shell and nozzle without recalculating for 16 in. opening is: A, = 9.488 in? Area available of 9.488 in.?> area required of 5.922 in? Since A, based on the longitudinal plane is larger than A, without any consideration of an increase in the limit parallel to the shell surface, X, which is permitted due to the increase of d from 12 in. to 16 in., the design is satisfactory. Determination of weld strength and load paths: UW-15(b) states that weld strength and load path calculations for pressure loading are not required for this nozzle which is like that shown in Fig. UW-16.1(c). [2- NSSuggested references ™ Farr, James R., and Maan H. Jawad: "Guidebook for the Design of ASME Section VIM Pressure Vessels," ASME Press, 1998. @ Jawad, Maan H., and James R. Farr: "Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment," Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1988. = Brownell, L. E., and E. H. Young: "Process Equipment Design," John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1959. = Harvey, John F.: "Theory and Design of Pressure Vessels," Second Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1991. ™ Megyesy, Eugene F.: "Pressure Vessel Handbook," Eleventh Edition, Pressure Vessel Handbook Publishing Co., 1998, = Young, Warren C.: "Roark’s Formulas for Stress & Strain," Sixth Edition, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1989. {2-27