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Chapter 1
Chemistry and Measurements
Lectures
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter and its composition, structure, properties, and reactions
Chemsitry occurs all around you, for example, when you cook food, add chlorine to your pool, digest food, and drop an antacid tablet in a glass of water.
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problem solving Ask questions early and often! Seek extra help as needed show up before class, take advantage to tutoring sessions Follow the suggestions given in chapter one of the text book, learn how to use the different features of your text book
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Active Learning
Use Active Learning methods to help you learn chemistry. Read all assigned materials before you attend lectures. Note questions you have about the reading to discuss with your instructor Practice problem solving. Attend the office hours for help.
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Chemistry and Measurements
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walking 2.1 km to campus, carrying a backpack with a mass of 12 kg, and observing when the outside temperature has reached
22 oC. Notice that all measurements have 2 components A numerical value A unit written after the numerical value, to indicate the
type of measurement made.
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Length Measurement
Length uses the unit meter (m) in both the metric and SI systems. uses centimeters (cm) for smaller units of length. The letter c in front of the m is called a metric prefix and denotes a specific power of 10
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Volume Measurement
Volume is the space occupied by a substance. uses the unit liter (L) in the metric system.
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Mass Measurement
The mass of an object is a measure of the quantity of material it contains. measured in grams (g) for small masses. is measured in kilograms (kg) in the SI system.
The standard kilogram for the United States is stored at the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
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Temperature Measurement
Temperature indicates how hot or cold a substance is, and is measured on the Celsius (C) scale in the metric system, measured on the Kelvin (K) scale in the SI system, and 18C or 64F on this thermometer.
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10-3 L
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Chapter 1
Chemistry and Measurements
1.5 Measured Numbers and Significant Figures
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Lectures
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measurement and include the measurement unit The number of digits you record will depend on the sentsitivity of the measuring device being used For example, on a metric ruler with lines marking divisions of 0.1cm, write the length to 0.1 cm and estimate the value of the final number to 0.01 cm by visual inspection (you can estimate one decimal place beyond the smallest increments on the measuring device
The length of the wood shown to the left would be written down as 4.55 cm
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digits from the Pacific (left) side of the number, The first sig fig is the first nonzero digit, then any digit after that. e.g. 0.003100 would have 4 sig figs
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digits from the Atlantic (right) side, starting with the first non-zero digit. The first sig fig is the first nonzero digit, then any digit after that e.g. 31,400 ( 3 sig. figs.)
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If zeros are not significant, we use only the nonzero numbers in the coefficient. 5,000 kg
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5 x 103 kg
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Exact Numbers
Exact numbers are those numbers obtained by counting items. those numbers in a definition comparing two units in the same measuring system. not measured and do not affect the number of significant figures in a calculated answer.
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Chapter 1
Chemistry and Measurements
1.6 Significant Figures in Calculations
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Lectures
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Rounding Off
To represent the appropriate number of significant figures, we use "rules for rounding." 1. If the first digit to be dropped is 4 or less, then it, and all following digits are simply dropped from the number. 2. If the first digit to be dropped is 5 or greater, then the last retained digit of the number is increased by 1.
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Rounding Off
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Metric Equalities
An equality states the same measurement in two different units. can be written using the relationships between two metric units.
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Measuring Length
The metric length of 1 meter is the same length as 10 dm, 100 cm, and 1000 mm. Q How many millimeters (mm) are in 1 centimeter (cm)?
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Measuring Volume
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Measuring Mass
Several equalities can be written for mass in the metric (SI) system.
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Sec. 1.8 Solving Problems In Chemsitry Using Dimensional Analysis and Conversion Factors
Dimensional Analysis is a problem-solving
method used in science It depends on your ability to identify the numerical information given by the problem, and your ability to identify the numerical information you are supposed to find when solving the problem. The link between the known value (given) and the unkown value (find) is called a Converion Factor
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Equalities
Equalities use two different units to describe the same measured amount. are written for relationships between units of the metric system; between U.S. units or between metric and U.S. units. Examples:
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Common Equalities
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uses the same units for the parts and whole. uses the value 100 for the whole. can be written as two factors. Example: A food contains 18% (by mass) fat.
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Chapter 1
Chemistry and Measurements
1.9 Problem Solving
Lectures
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Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given unit to the needed unit.
lb
USMetric Factor
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kilograms
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Step 4 Set up the problem to cancel units and calculate the answer.
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Step 4 Set up the problem to cancel units and calculate the answer.
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Additional conversion factors are placed in the setup to cancel each preceding unit.
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1.6 days
minutes
Step 2 Write a plan to convert the given unit to the needed unit. days time time min factor 1 factor 2
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Density
Density compares the mass of an object to its volume. is the mass of a substance divided by its volume. are measured in g/L for gases. are measured in g/cm3 or g/mL for solids and liquids. Density expression:
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Chapter 1
Chemistry and Measurements
1.10 Density
Lectures
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Density
Density compares the mass of an object to its volume. is the mass of a substance divided by its volume. are measured in g/L for gases. are measured in g/cm3 or g/mL for solids and liquids. Density expression:
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Density Calculations
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Calculating Density
If a 0.258-g sample of HDL has a volume of 0.215 cm3, what is the density, in g/cm3, of the HDL sample? Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem. Given Need
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Calculating Density
If a 0.258-g sample of HDL has a volume of 0.215 cm3, what is the density, in g/cm3, of the HDL sample? Step 3 Express mass in grams and volume in milliliters (mL) or cm3.
Step 4 Substitute mass and volume into the density expression and calculate the density.
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Sink or Float
Ice floats in water because the density of ice is less than the density of water. Aluminum sinks in water because its density is greater than the density of water.
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Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem.
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Step 1 State the given and needed quantities. Analyze the Problem.
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity (sp gr) is the relationship between the density of a substance and the density of water. is determined by dividing the density of the sample by the density of water. is a unitless quantity.
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Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity is measured by an instrument called a hydrometer.
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