Review of Related Literature The Log-Periodic Loop Antenna with Ground Reflector (LPLA-GR) is investigated as a new type of antenna,

which provides wide bandwidth, broad beamwidth, and high gain. This antenna has smaller transverse dimensions (by a factor of 2/) than a log-periodic dipole antenna with comparable radiation characteristics. Several geometries with different parameters are analyzed numerically using ESP code, which is based on the method of moments. A LPLA-GR with 6 turns and a cone angle of 30 offers the most promising radiation characteristics. This antenna yields 47.6 % gain bandwidth and 12 dB gain according to the numerical analysis. The LPLA-GR also provides linear polarization and unidirectional patterns. ( J. Kim, 1999 ) Log-periodic (LP) antennas are important with their ability to show nearly frequency independent characteristics over wide bands of frequencies, although they have relatively simple geometries. Numerous different configurations of LP antennas have been studied since late 1950s. Among them, LP dipole arrays have been the most popular. Analysis and design procedures of LP dipole arrays can be found in antenna textbooks.( O. Ergl and L. Grel ) Frequency independence of LP antennas is based on strictly theoretical principles, which are difficult or impossible to satisfy in practical implementations. This forces the designers to rely on intuition, assumptions, and approximations. Consequently, an LP antenna that is designed using approximations of idealized theoretical recipes may not function as well as desired. A remedy can be supplied by computational electromagnetics, powered by the recent advances in both the solution algorithms and the computer hardware. In an electromagnetic simulation environment, performances of a series of designs can easily be checked, and the necessary corrections can be implemented on the antennas. In this paper, the benefit of employing electromagnetic simulations in addition to (not instead of) theoretical principles will be demonstrated. ( O. Ergl and L. Grel ) Multiple LP antennas can be operated in an array configuration. In order to maintain a frequency-independent operation, the array configuration should be specified in terms of angles, similar to the LP antennas. Such a configuration can be achieved by placing the antennas on a circle. ( O. Ergl and L. Grel ) It is essential to complement theoretical antenna design recipes with he numerical results obtained from electromagnetic simulations. In this paper, the benefit of such a hybrid procedure is demonstrated by using the design of an LP antenna as a case study. It is shown that significant performance improvements can be obtained by applying corrections suggested by the simulation results. ( O. Ergl and L. Grel )

Arrays of LP antennas can also be designed and analyzed in an electromagnetic simulation environment. Design of arrays made up of several LP antenna elements can be achieved by coupling electromagnetic solvers to optimization methods, such as genetic algorithms. ( O. Ergl and L. Grel ) Log Periodic array Antenna is one of the most important and commercially used antennas for T.V. reception. It is used in VHF and UHF bands. Although the analysis of this antenna is reported in literature, the data of self impedance & mutual impedance is not fully available. But, this data is useful for the optimal design of the antenna. In view of this the array above is considered and the analysis is carried out in the present work. (B. Neelgar, 2011 ) This paper describes investigations into the current distributions on a log periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) which was constructed on printed circuit board. The investigations involved measuring the magnetic field magnitude and phase at each point on the antenna. The wave nature of the current distribution could be readily observed and problems with the design such as standing waves on the feeder lines are highlighted for attention in a revised design. Measured current distributions are compared with predicted distributions obtained from Method of Moments (MoM) and Multiple Multipole (MMP) analyses of the LPDA structure. Measured and predicted far field radiation patterns are also compared. ( U. Lundgren and S. Jenvey ) Log-Periodic Dipole Antenna (LPDA) is a common and important broadband antenna, due to its non-frequency dependent characteristic. However, in the conventional design, the physical size is restricted to the longest oscillator dipole w ith the low est resonant frequency, which is quite large and constrains its application. To realize the antenna miniaturization, many methods, including loading technology, fractal technology, meandering line technology etc. have been used to reduce the size of antenna without reducing the antennas performance. ( V. Lakshmi and G Raju ) In many applications, an antenna should operate over a wide range of frequencies. An antenna with this characteristic is called broadband antenna. Log periodic antenna can be one of the broadband antennas. Basic idea of log periodic antenna is using elements of varying lengths, which would resonate at different frequencies. For any frequency within the design band, there are some elements, which are nearly half-wave length dimensions. The currents on these elements are large compared to the currents on the other elements. The elements with dimensions approximately half-wave lengths contribute most of the radiation so the region where these elements take place is called active region. As the frequency changes, the active region shifts from one group of elements to the next. The elements outside the active region act as parasitic elements. They do not contribute the radiation much. ( V. Lakshmi and G Raju )

One of the major drawbacks with many RF antennas is that they have a relatively small bandwidth. This is particularly true of the Yagi beam antenna. One design named the log periodic is able to provide directivity and gain while being able to operate over a wide bandwidth. The log periodic antenna is used in a number of applications where a wide bandwidth is required along with directivity and a modest level of gain. It is sometimes used on the HF portion of the spectrum where operation is required on a number of frequencies to enable communication to be maintained. It is also used at VHF and UHF for a variety of applications, including some uses as a television antenna. (A. DAS, 2007) The bandwidth of a microwave reflector telescope is limited by the size and figure accuracy of the mirror elements and by the feed which couples focused radiation to the receiver. A single or hybrid-mode feedhorn can efficiently illuminate a telescope aperture with low ohmic loss. Its gain varies quadratically with frequency, however, limiting its effective bandwidth to less than an octave. A log-periodic antenna (LP) can illuminate a telescope aperture over multi-octave bandwidths, but it has greater spillover and ohmic loss than a well-designed feedhorn. Moreover, in contrast to a horn, an LP is a large open structure, requiring a long twin-lead or coaxial cable to carry signals away from the near field region, before amplification. Loss in such cables can be greater than 1 dB, contributing more than 60 K to the receiver noise temperature. Also, motion with frequency of the phase center along the antenna axis may require a mechanical actuator to move the feed into focus for good illumination efficiency of the telescope. (G. Engargiola, 2002) The Sun is considered as one of the strongest radio sources and observation in radio region can provide information on structures throughout the solar atmosphere. In radio wavelengths, we could possible to investigate high quality images within an arc second resolution at different layers of the solar atmosphere. Solar monitoring in this wavelength makes various demands on the used antennas. Therefore, Logarithmic Periodic dipole Antenna (LPDA) was constructed for monitoring Sun in the range of (45870) MHz to precisely match the environmental requirementsBy constructing and understanding the principle of the log dipole periodicantenna and then connect it to the CALLISTO spectrometer as receiver, some solar activities observations such as solar flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) can be done. In conclusion, the log-periodic dipole antenna (LPDA) is remains the simplest antenna with reliable bandwidth and gain estimates. ( Z.S.Hamidi et. Al., 2012 )