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Understanding Motion
Distance and Displacement
1. The distance traveled by an object is the total
length that is traveled by that object. It is a
scalar Quantity.
2. Displacement of an object from a point of
reference, O is the shortest distance of the
object from point O in a specific direction. It
is a vector quantity

Speed and Velocity
Speed is the rate of change in distance.

SI unit: ms
-1
Quantity: Scalar


Velocity is the rate of change in displacement.

SI unit: ms
-1
Quantity: Vector
or

Acceleration
1. Acceleration is the rate of velocity change
Acceleration is a vector quantity
2. The SI unit is ms
-2
.
3. An object moving with a velocity that is decreasing is
said to be experiencing deceleration or negative
acceleration.
Equation:


Notes
1. An object moves with a constant velocity if the
magnitude and direction of the motion is always
constant.
2. An object experiences changes in velocity if
a. the magnitude of velocity changes
b. the direction of the motion changes.
3. An object that experiences changes in velocity is
said to have acceleration.
4. An object traveling with a constant acceleration, a,
if the velocity changes at a constant rate.
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Ticker Tape
Ticker Tape Timer
1. Ticker tape timer is an instrument used to measure
time interval.
2. The time interval between two adjacent dots on the
ticker-tape is called one tick.
3. One tick is equal to or 0.02 s.

4. A ticker tape timer must be connected to an
alternating current source.

Analysing Ticker Tape
If the object moves quickly, the dots are far apart. If the
object moves slowly, the dots are close to each other.


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Finding Velocity from Ticker Tape

s = distance from the 1
st
to the last dot.
t = number of ticks x 0.02s (if the frequency = 50)
Finding Acceleration from Ticker Tape

t = time from u to v.

Example



Note:
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Graph of Motion

Analysing Displacement-Time Graph
In a Displacement-Time graph, the gradient of the graph is equal to the velocity of motion.

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Analysing Velocity Time Graph

Note:

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Inertia




















Mass
1. Mass is the amount of matter.
2. The S.I. unit of mass is kilogram (kg).
3. Mass is a scalar quantity.
Inertia
Inertia is the property of a body that tends to
maintain its state of motion.

Newtons First Law
Newtons First Law states that in the absence of
external forces, an object at rest remains at rest
and an object in motion continues in motion with a
constant velocity (that is, with a constant speed in
a straight line).
Mass and Inertia
1. The effect of inertia on an object is affected by the mass of the object.
2. The greater the mass, the greater the effect of inertia.
Note:

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Momentum
Equation
0 =m
1
v
1
+m
2
v
2

Definition
Momentum is defined as the product of mass and
velocity.

Momentum = mass velocity
p=mv

SI unit: kg m s
-1
.
It is a vector quantity.
Principle of Conservation of Momentum
The principle of continuous momentum states that in a
system make out of objects that react (collide or
explode), the total momentum is constant if no external
force is acted upon the system.

Momentum Before Reaction =Momentum After
Reaction
m
1
u
1
+m
2
u
2
=m
1
v
1
+m
2
v
2
Momentum, Kinetic
energy and Total energy
are conserved.
Momentum and Total
energy are conserved.
Kinetic energy is not
conserved.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision
In a perfectly inelastic collision, the colliding objects
attach together and move with a common speed, v.
m
1
u
1
+m
2
u
2
=(m
1
+m
2
)v
Application of Conservation of Momentum

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Effects of Force
Force
Force is a vector quantity that has magnitude
and direction. Unit = Newton ( or kgms
-2
).
Effects of Balance/unbalanced Forces
Balanced Unbalanced
Stationary Moving


Keep on stationary
Move with
uniform speed
in a straight
Accelerate
- Move faster
- Move slower
- Change Direction
Newtons 1
st
Law of Motion
In the absence of external forces, an object at
rest remains at rest and an object in motion
continues in motion with a constant velocity
(that is, with a constant speed in a straight
line).

Newtons 2
nd
Law of Motion
Newtons second law states that the rate of
change of momentum of a body is directly
proportional to the resultant force acting
on the body and is in the same direction.

F = ma
Newtons 3
rd
. Law of
Motion
Newton's third law of
motion states that for every
force, there is a reaction
force with the same
magnitude but in the
opposite direction.
Example

The earth pull the man, the man pull the earth.

The man push the wall, the wall push the man.

The block press on the table, the table push the block
upward.


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Impulse and Impulsive Force
Impulse
1. Impulse is the product between the force, F with the
time of impact, t.
2. Impulse is also defined as the change in momentum.
3. Impulse is a vector quantity.
4. An impulse will cause velocity change of an object.

I mpulse =Ft or I mpulse =mv - mu
Impulsive Force
Impulsive force is described as the rate of change in
momentum against a short action time for a moving
object.
Impulsive force=

Applications
Impact of Increasing Impulsive Force

Impact of Reducing Impulsive Force

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Understanding Gravity
Gravitational Field
A gravitational field is a region in which an object
experiences a force due to gravitational attraction.

Gravitational Field Strength
The gravitational field strength at a point in the
gravitational field is the gravitational force acting
on a mass of 1 kg placed at that point.

g = gravitational field strength
F = gravitational force of an object
m = mass of the object

Gravitational Acceleration
1. The gravitational acceleration is the
acceleration of an object due to the pull of the
gravitational force.
2. The gravitational acceleration is denoted with
the symbol, g.
3. On the surface of earth, the gravitational
acceleration is approximately 10 ms
-2
.

Gravitational Field Strength vs Gravitational Acceleration
Gravitational Field Strength Gravitational Acceleration
Same symbol, g
same value (10) on the surface of the earth.
when an object is at rest, g is the Earths gravitational field
strength.
When considering a body falling freely, g (= 9.8 m s
-2
) is its
acceleration

Weight
The weight of an object is defined as the gravitational force acting on the object.
SI unit: newton (N)

Weight = Mass Gravitational Field Strength or W = mg

Weight vs Mass
Weight Mass
Measure of gravitational force on a body Measure of quantity of matter in a body.
Dependent on the gravitational field strength Independent from the gravitational field strength
Is a vector quantity Is a scalar quantity
Is measured in the unit of Newton Is measured in the unit of kilogram

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Understanding Gravity
Free Falling
Free falling is a motion under force of gravity as the only force acting on the moving object.

Release object from a high place

If an object is release from a high position:
The initial velocity, u = 0.
The acceleration of the object = gravitational acceleration
= 10ms
-2
(or 9.81 ms
-2
).
The displacement of the object when it reach the ground
= the height of the original position, h.

Launching object upward

If an object is launched vertically upward:
The velocity at the maximum height, v = 0.
The deceleration of the object = -gravitational
acceleration = -10ms
-2
(or -9.81 ms
-2
).
The displacement of the object when it reach the ground
= the height of the original position, h.

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Force as a Vector
Scalar and Vector Quantities
A vector quantity is a quantity which is fully described
by both magnitude and direction.

A scalar quantity is a quantity which is fully described
by its magnitude.
Vector Diagram
The length of the line represent the magnitude.
The direction of the arrow represent the direction of the
vector.

Equality of Two Vectors
1. For many purposes, two vectors A and B may be
defined to be equal if they have the same magnitude
and point in the same direction.

This property allows us to move a vector to a position
parallel to itself in a diagram without affecting the
vector.
Negative of Vector
1. The negative of the vector A is defined as the vector
that when added to A gives zero for the vector sum.
That is, A + (- A) = O.
2. The vectors A and - A have the same magnitude but
point in opposite directions.

Adding Vectors

Adding Vectors
Parallel Not Parallel
Just like the addition or subtraction of
scalar quantities.



Triangle method Parallelogram rule
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Addition Of Perpendicular Vector
If two vectors are perpendicular, the magnitude of the vector can be determined by Pythagorus Theorum and the direction
of the vector can be found by using tigonometry method.



| F | =


=

Vector resolution

1. A vector can be resolves into two component, which is perpendicular
to each other.
2. Usually, a vector is resolve into
A horozontal component
A vertical component.


Vector resolution for Inclined Plane

For object on an inclined plane, usually you are asked to find the
component of the weight
a. parallel to the plane
b. perpendicular to the plane

Forces in Equilibrium
1. Forces are in equilibrium if the resulting force is zero.
2. If forces are in balance, the force component in any direction is zero.

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Work, Energy and Power
Work
1. Work done by a constant force is given by the product of the force and the distance moved in the
direction of the force.


F = force,
s = distance,
= angle between the force and the direction of
motion.

2. The SI unit of work is Joule (J).
3. Work is a scalar quantity.

Work Done By a Force Which in the Same Direction with the Motion
When the direction of force and motion are same, = 0
o
, therefore cos = 1 and


Work Done By/Against Gravity



m = mass of the object
g = gravitational acceleration
h = height of the object from its original position

The graph of Force Distance

In a Force-Distance graph, work done is equal to the area
in between the graph and the horizontal axis.

Energy
1. Energy can be defined as the ability to do work.
2. Work is done when energy is tranformed from one form to another. For example, chemical energy in petrol is
converted to heat energy which in turn operates the engine to enable it to move.
v = speed of object

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Kinetic Energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

m = mass of object
v = speed of object

Gravitational Potential Energy
1. Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in
an object as the result of its vertical position (i.e.,
height).
2. The energy is stored as the result of the gravitational
attraction of the Earth for the object.


Principle of Conservation of Energy
The Principle of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can be transformed from 1
form to another, but the total energy in the system will be constant.

Work Energy Model
When work is done, energy is transferred from one form to another. The work done is equal to the amount of energy
transferred.
Energy Work Done Energy
Power
Power is the rate at which work is done.

The S.I. unit of power is Watt (W) or Joule per second
(Js
-1
)

Power can also be written as


Efficiency
The efficiency of a device is defined as the percentage
of the energy input that is transformed into useful
energy.


1000J
1000J
1000J
1000J
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Elasticity
Elasticity of substance
1. Elasticity is the ability of a substance to recover its original shape and size after distortion.
2. The property of elasticity is caused by the existence of forces of repulsion and attraction.

Hookes Law and the
Hooke's Law states that if a spring is not stretched
beyond its elastic limit, the force that acts on it is directly
proportional to the extension of the spring.

k = spring constant
A greater value of k shows that the spring is harder.

The elastic limit of a spring is defined as the maximum
force that can be applied to a spring such that the spring
will be able to be restored to its original length when the
force is removed.
Force Extension graph


Gradient = Spring constant
Elastic Potential Energy
1. Elastic potential energy is the energy stored in a
spring when it is extended or compressed.
2. The elastic potential energy is a result of the work
done to extend or compress the spring.


3. For a graph of force against extension, the
potential energy stored in the spring is equal to
the area between the graph and x-axis.

Force Extension graph


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Factors Affect the Elasticity
Types of material Spring that make up of steel is harder than spring that make up of copper.

Diameter of the wire of
spring
As the diameter of the wire of spring increase, the hardness of the spring increase.

Diameter of the spring As the diameter of the spring increase, the hardness of the spring decrease

The length of the spring As the length of the spring increase, the hardness of the spring decrease

Arrangement of spring Series Arrangement will decrease the hardness of the spring.
Parallel arrangement will increase the hardness of the spring.


Normal Series Parallel


I am Stronger
I am Stronger
I am Stronger
I am Stronger