Plants With Botanical Names

7/13/13 Divitee
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Divitee means Torch in Telugu- this small divitee
can be used as a tool to enlighten students. In
this blog my thoughts on nature and model
question papers for students are provided.
Divitee
Tuesday, April 24, 2012
: : : our leafy vegetables.
Inspiration : c% ' : : -A book published by
Telugu Academy.
I wish to introduce some non traditional leafy vegetables to the
present generation. These leaves were cooked by our elders to
prevent or alleviate some health problems at least once or twice in
the year. Let me introduce them with photographs and botanical
names and vernacular names:
1. Our traditional leafy vegetables are in common use: They
are c` ; ` ; _ ; cO , yc- , s`OD ; oc`: ,
0 s: , n` , s , _0 , D D:a . D s o-_ :
c O _ . D n c: ' y, c co : :
a. D o`_ c:. c :oD D __ c _ cnc
` a. c o .D -_.
Non traditional leafy vegetables which have been in use by some
people only; and they may be used by any one if found in unpolluted
areas for the same advantages that our elders got. All most all
these leafy vegetables contain considerable amount of Calcium, Iron
and Phosphorous. They are
1.Ponnaganti kura:`` _ ;Botanical name: Alternanthera
sessilis (L.) R.Br.; Family: Amaranthaceae
Common in moist areas along the canals and ponds.
It is rich source of Iron, Phosphorus, Calcium , Riboflavin and
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7/13/13 Divitee
Carotene.
It is tasty and good for skin and eyes.
But now cultivated ponnaganti is sold in markets which is nothing
but Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.; it is an accumulator
of heavy metals in the surrounding water, when it is eaten metal
poisoning may cause some serious problems.
2.Uttareni: o;Botanical name: Achyranthus aspera L.It is useful
to remove worms in the stomach. The shade dried powder is used
to relieve phlegm. It can be cooked with tamarind and dal.
Alternanthera sessilis ( ``_ )
Alternanthera philoxeroides
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3.Pindikura:.c ;Botanical name: Aerva lanata L. Those who
are suffering from urinary stones used to eat it. It can be coked with
dal.
4.Adavigurungura:D :a ; Botanical name: Allmania
nodiflora(L.)R.Br It can be cooked with dal.
o Achyranthus aspera
.c
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5. Chilukamukkaaku: D :s_:; Botanical name:Amaranthus
viridis L. It can be cooked with dal like thotakura, it tastes almost
thotakura like. It relieves worms in stomach
6. :_ c` ;Botanical name:Amarantus spinosus- It contains
carotene, Vit.C; improves apettite, It is tasty also.and improves
lactation in newly delivered mothers. 0 : ; o ;
Allamania nodiflora; D :a
Amaranthus viridis ;D :s_:
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7. Gurugu: :a:;Botanical name: Celosia argentia L. It can be
cooked with dal, In Telangana districts the plant is used to decorate
Bathukamma.
8.Chenchallaku::;Botanical name: Digera muricata (L.) Mart
,It can be cooked with dal
9. Vangaredukura: o:;Botanical name: Sesuvium
:_ c`
:a: Celosia
Digera muricata; :
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portulacastrum (L.) During famine times the fishermen community
used to cook these leaves and eat to satiate their hunger. Instead of
adding salt this plant is cooked with fish or crabs or some other
dishes by the local fishermen.
10. Saraswathiaaku:_O ::Botanical name: Centella asiatica
L.It is used to improve memory in children. It is cooked as
chutney.
11.Guntagalagaraaku::o::Botanical name: Eclipta
alba Hassk/Eclipta prostrata L.It is used in jaundice.It can be cooked
like chutney with Amla when suffering from jaundice.
Sessuvium portulacatstrum;
Centella asiatica; _O :
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12.Tellagalizeru: c 0a: Botanical name: Trianthema
portulacastrum L.There are 2 varieties, one is white another one is
reddish; both are edible.It is useful for diabetic patients.It can be
cooked with dal.It contains considerable amount of carotene and
Vit.C; It contains oxalates, hence it is not advisable for those who
are prone to kidney stones; and for pregnant women.
Eclipta alba.
c 0a
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13. cca : Botanical name: Erythroxylum monogynum Roxb.It
can be cooked with green gram. It is useful in indigestion, it is
cooling.
Laxatives: These leaves are cooked as chutnies to relieve
constipation. Hence only small quantities should be taken to clean
our digestive system.
14. Thutikura: ;Botanical name: Ipomaea aquatica L.Can be
cooked with dal. Antidote for Arsenic poison and opium poison.
0a
Erythroxylum; cca
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15. Senna, Sunaamukhi:- :;Botanical name: Cassia
angustifoliaVahl. / Senna alexandria gar.ex. MillerThe leaves and
pods are dried and used as powder or cooked as chutney.The dried
plants are exported to USA and Europe. It occupies first place in the
export of medicinal herbs from India.
16. Nelatangedu: -n:;Botanical name: Cassia
italica(Mill.)Spreng. The leaves and pods are dried and used as
powder or cooked as chutney.
Ipomea aquatica ; a
Cassia angustifolia -:
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Cassia for dry area people, Ipomea for plains.These three can be
used as laxatives. : : Do`-s c:s` _ .
17. Pulichinthaaku:y0Dc:;Botanical name: Oxalis
corniculatum L It is used to control diarrhea ; It can be cooked as
chutney or salad which is tasty.Useful in anaemia and improves
digestion.
18. Thummikura:aD_ ;Botanical name: Leucas aspera Willd. It
is eaten to relieve respiratory problems. It can be cooked with
Redgram and tamarind.During "Kaartheeka maasam",on
Sivaraathri day, and on Vinaayaka chavithi eating this leafy
vegetable is a tradition in some communities after the fast.
Cassia italica - n:
Oxalis corniculatum y0Dc:
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19. D- : Botanical name: Sesbania grandiflora; It is cooked purely
or with dal. It is eaten by ShriVaishnavas on Dwaadasi after Ekadasi
fast. It dissolves urinary bladder stones, it is laxative; lactogouge.
20.cD: Vaaminta:Botanical name: Cleome gynandra L. It is a
rich source of nutrients, but not so tasty, hence it may be cooked
with dal.0 y c , c_c c : o :ac.
Leucas aspera; aD_
Sesbania; D-
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21._ , 0 ; ` : : Pappukura,
Gangabailikura, Payallaku: Botanical name:Portulaca oleracea L.
Var oleracea Can be cooked with dal.It contains carotene,
riboflavin,vit.C, and oxalic acid; It is useful in kidney and liver
diseases o ' a y: o n y:c.

22. : :Baddu : Botanical name:Portulacatuberosa L.Can be cooked
with dal
Cleome gynandra cD
Portulaca oleracia
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23.-'' _0; Ceylone bachali:Botanical name: Talinum
portulacifolium Forsk. These three are good for gastric ulcer
patients. It can be cooked with dal.
The leaves are succulent, and mucilagenous, not sour or bitter.
24. _ D : Brahma aamlika, Enugupaadamchettu:Botanical
name Adansonia digitata L. The leaves and pulp of the fruit are
edible. They are cooked in Rajasthan.It is cooked through out
Africa.
Portulaca tuberosa; :
Talinium portulacifolium
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25. -c_ : :Sithnaatakura:Botanical name: Melochia
corchorifolia L.can be cooked with dal,controls loose motions.
26. :n: : Botanical name:Moringa oleifera Lam; leaves and
fruit are used as edible.
It contains Iron 5 times higher, 15 times higher in Calcium;Vitamin
A60 times higher, vitamin C 2 times higher than other leafy
vegetables.
Adansonia
Melochia corchorifolia; -c_
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27. sD :: Botanical name:Solanum nigrum L.; The leaf is useful in
urinary and liver problems. The ripe fruits are dried and used in
curries. a: Oa
28. : D :Botanical name: Merremia gangetica ; It can be
cooked with dal. To control anaemia, cough and asthma it is used.
If eaten in large quantities constipation may result in.
: ;Moringa oliefera
Solanum nigrum ;sD
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29. Dc; Botanical name: Boerhavia diffusa ; ; c_ y_
c a.
It is used in urinary problems.
30. c_cD cD :Botanical name:Commelina benghalensis
Can be cooked with dal.It is a mild laxative.
Merremia gangetica, : D
Boerhavia diffusa; Dc
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32. : : ; Botanical name: Canthium dicoccum ; cooked as
vegetable.it is cooling. Kills worms in the stomach,
O: :`: O __ `c yc.
c_ cD ; commelina benghalensis
31. a :Botanical name:Cissus quadrangularis; c : s _c :
O __ . c :: s o :ac.
Cissus quadrangularis a
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33. D : Botanical name: Polygonum plebium: It can be
cooked with dal.
34. :: : Botanical name:Colacasia esculenta ; Tender
leaves cooked with dal, or with tamarind; It is useful in piles. The
leaves controls bleeding from nose;
Caution: There are two varieties; some varieties may cause rashes
and allergy because of the presence of raphides in the leaves.cook
with caution. Better pot a few tubers in your homes.
Canthium
Polygonum plebium D
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35 ;- O: Botanical name:Corchorus aestuans ; It is
useful in stomachache due to worms. It can be cooked with dal.
36.s` : : Botanical name: Salicornia brachiata
colacasia ;
Salicornia s`:
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37. ; _ :: Botanical name: Suaeda maritima
Salicornia and suaeda are available near salty marshes in the sea
coast, they accumulate salt; they are cooked with fish and crabs
with out adding additional salt.They are cooling.
38. c: / _ o0 : : Botanical name: Coleus ambonicus
It can be used in variety dishes, such as salads etc., It relieves
stomach ache, cough and cold.
39.: s ;Botanical name: Cardiospermum helicacabum. It
contains minerals and proteins .It is diuretic, It may be cooked with
dal.
Suaeda; _ :
Coleus, c:
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40. o: Botanical name: Cyanodon dactylon; Controls bleeding,
and useful in skin diseases.Tender leaves can be cooked.
41. DD : Botanical name: Sauropus androgynus L.
It is a rich source of vitamins. It can be cooked with dal or used in
salads or with tamarind. But consumption in high quantities may
be avoided.
Cardiospermum : s
Cyanodon. o
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42.a n` O_:Botanical name: Hygrophyla asiatica
Schum(Hamilt);Tender leaves can be cooked; It is diuretic and
useful in urinary diseases and digestive problems.
43. : Botanical name:Marselia quadrifolia; It can be
cooked with dal or as chutney.
44. a o: Botanical name: Stachytarpheta jamaisens Vahl .
Can be cooked with dal
45. a n : Botanical name:Xanthium indicum Koen,; Tender leaves can
7/13/13 Divitee
Posted by Lalithamba at 12:16 AM 3 comments:
be cooked, It is diuretic and sedative,It is useful in urinary tract problems.
D : ' 0- O- c c D D D sy. .n o`n__ ` o.
: cD , o e cD, Os`c. o` s :
O .oxalates :_n y_: csD cc.:
_ c` 0. cc c ' ``s: n co. :n: '
s`_ co : : oos :c : :o. s c y_
ca : :: n y Dc. oc s0 n ` o. D
: : c` ccc DD : :c sy: ac. `
co : :_n c c. n _ _: c: s`
_. c Dc :c c: s` yc0
Besides these leaves; Tender leaves of mustard, amarphophallus
are widely used in other states; even the phylloclades of some
cactus are also eaten. All these require the proper method of
cooking.

Sunday, February 26, 2012
Pollination an amazing mechanism

Pollination is transfer of pollen from an anther onto a stigma.
Pollination can never occur in isolation. It takes place in an intricate habitat of rather amazing
complexity. Pollination is still amazing to naturalists and biologists.
There is an incredible variety of flowers ; they differ in size, shape, color, smell and some in their
function. Such variations are the basis of diversity.
Such diversity also reflects itself in the large number of pollination mechanisms.
7/13/13 Divitee
Types of pollination
Directpollination: Pollen falls on the ovules directly as in Gymnosperms.
Indirect pollination: Pollen from the stamens falls on to the stigma through an agent.
Cleistogamy:Pollination takes place in unopened flowers.
Chasmogamy: Pollination takes place in opened flower.
Autogamy or self pollination: Stigma & stamen of same flower involved.
Allogamy or cross pollination: Stigma & stamen ofdifferent flowers involved.
Geitonogamy: Flowers of the same plant involved in cross pollination.
Xenogamy: Flowers of different plant involved. It is true cross pollination.
Self pollination:
Self pollination and fertilization is generally a strategy used by plants with short life span and easily
affected by environmental change. Selfing is to minimize the risk of dependence on external
pollinators. Pollination may occur in absolute purity of surroundings within one flower. It is self
pollination.When pollinators are not available selfing occurs; because plants and Nature leave
nothing to chance.
Viola produces chasmogamous flowers in normal conditions, but when the environmental
conditions are adverse (in snow fall)the plant is unable to produce large normal flowers.
The flowers never opens. Self pollination takes place in these cleistogamous flowers.It is an
adaptation to seed set even in harsh climatic conditions. In Commelina bengalensis and in Arachis
hypogea some flowers are produced beneath the soil surface.They are cleistogamous. Selfing is the
only way for seed set in these flowers.
The members of Asteraceae adopt another strategy, when crossing fails in protandrous flowers the
two stigmatic lobes bend backward and receives what ever pollen remain attached to the staminal
tube( the anthers are syngenecious in these members). It is known as safety mechanism.
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But Selfing is disliked by Nature because selfing leads to inferior quality of progeny.
Pollination is a flexible phenomenon which can occur in diverse range of physical conditions
Although self pollinated, Fabaceae flowers require a visit of an insect. Insect tripping
mechanically forcing pollen on to the stigma.It is known as Piston mechanism.The large petal on
the posterior side is known as standard or flag or vexillum -it attracts the insects, the two laterals
provide seating place to the insect, the anterior two encloses the essential organs. A visit of the
insect trips the essential organs for pollination. Crossing also occurs through this mechanism.
Cross-pollination: Pollen from one flower has to reach the stigma of another
flower.Plants are fixed to the soil and cannot move from place to place, flowers have to
develop mechanisms that will draw insects and birds to them for a successful
reproduction. Cross pollination is a must in Uni sexual plants such as Papaya,
Borassus(Toddy palm). It is known as dicliny. Maize and Cucurbitaceae members
produce unisexual flowers(male and female flowers are produced on different branches.
Geitnogamy and true cross pollination occurs in these plants. Although a large number
of species have bisexual flowers, yet they opt for cross pollination, because Cross
Pollination is favoured by Nature. It is a mechanism of production of varieties even
species.Cross breeding results in heterogenous character of in offspring.A mixture of
characters make these offspring more fit than selfed.Immunity of the race towards
diseases and yield of plant is usually maintained.Struggle for existence and survival is
due to introduction of variations.Crossing is not easy unless it achieves high degree of
adaptation. Here begins the wondrous stories of synchrony and harmonization in
Safety mechanism in Tridax
Flower of Fabaceae with papilionaceous corolla.
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Nature between the flower and the pollinator.
Pollinators can be classified into abiotic and biotic agents. Air/wind, water, and rain are
abiotic agents. Insects, birds, reptiles and mammals are living(biotic) agents.
Nearly 2000 more types of pollinators participate in this amazing activity.One species
may be pollinated by more than one pollinator depending on the conditions . They are
known as non specific mechanisms.In nature many species follow nonspecific methods.
Pollination involves high level bio-energy transfer, co-ordination, chemistry of floral
rewards.
Agency involved for cross-pollination:
Anemophily--Air; Hydrophily ---Water;Zoophily--- Animals.
In nature most of the flowers are bisexual, yet they dislike selfing, and develop some
structural and functional strategies or mechanisms to avoid selfing or for
promoting cross pollination.
Structural strategies:1. In the members of Malvaceae stigmas are superior in position
than stamens, thus avoid falling of pollen from the same flower. It is known as
herkogamy; and functionally they are protandrous.
The members of Solanaceae are protogynous, and herkogamy is also seen. Gloriosa
superba also ehibits herkogamy.
Herkogamy in Hibiscus
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In Abutilon if the pollen from the same flower falls onto the stigma, it will not germinate,
some times the flower may wilt. It is known as pollen prepotency.
In order to avoid selfing the essential organs mature at different times.It is dichogamy.
If the anthers mature prior to gynoecium it is protoandry. If gynoecium matures first it
is protogyny. It is a functional strategy.
A flower may be pollinated by wind or insects depending on the prevailing
conditions.The mechanism is Nonspecific.
The bees are potent pollinators in nature.The bee expends fair amount of energy in
bringing out pollen from distant sources. In return the flower rewards the bee with high
energetic nectar rich in amino acids and sugars. The collected nectar is stored in the
beehives. Production of honey is an indication of pollination and yield of the crop. Bees
visit a variety of flowers.
Flower of Solanum
Abutilon flower.
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Butterflies are another group of potent beautiful pollinators. The members of
Asteraceae are commonly pollinated by Butterflies.
A large number of insects have pollen sacs on the bodies.Pollen also serves as a nutrient
for the insects.
Flies tend to be important pollinators in high-altitude and high-latitude systems, where
they are numerous and other insect groups may be lacking.
Night opened flowers are white and produce scent or nectar to attract insects and helps
the insect to locate the flower. They are pollinated by moths and other night visiting
insects.
Bee collecting nectar and pollen from a flower.
A Danus butterfly on Tridax.
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Beetle pollination is primitive and flowers have strong scent and colour. The flowers are
yellow or orange in colour. If they open during night they are white.Dalechampia indica
an Euphorbiaceae member offer resin to the beetles as an unusual reward for pollinating
the flowers. The styles connate into a thick column treminating in to a 3 lobed stigma to
facilitate the pollination.
Jasmine a night opened flower.
Beetle on a Momardica flower.
Pollination by beetles in Cissus
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Carpentor bees pollinate the Cactus flower.
Myophilous plants do not tend to have a strong scent, and flowers tend to be purple,
violet, blue, and white,and the shape may be as open dishes, or tubes.They are
pollinated by beetles.
Sapromyophile insects, on the other hand, normally visit dead animals or dung.
They are attracted to flowers that mimic these odoriferous items! They obtain no
reward and would quickly leave, but the plant may have traps to slow them down. In
this struggle pollination occurs. These plants have a strong, unpleasant odor, and the
flowers are brown or orange in color.Eg. Aristolochia.
Besides honey bees and butterflies; ants, dragonflies, and several other insects also
helps in pollination. In the members of Asclepiadaceae Eg. Calotropis the pollination
mechanism is translator mechanism. The anthers in this group are reduced to pollinium.
The entire pollen of the anther lobe is packed into a pollinium. Two adjacent pollinia are
attached to a sticky caudicle by retinacula -the stalks. Wen an insect visits the
gynostegium part of the flower the pollinium pair (Translator) gets attached to the legs
or the sucking mouth parts of the insect. When this insect visits another flower the
pollinia falls on the stigma and pollination takes place.
Aristolochia flower
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In Amarphophallus-the yam, inflorescence is a spadix. It provides breeding ground for
the insects. The spathe is large and the spadix is included. When the insects enter the
inflorescence they stay in for one to two days. In the night the insects stay in and they
moves all along the inflorescence and mate with each other and then moves to come out
of the spadix. In this process pollination takes place. It is known as pit fall mechanism.
The flowers in the inflorescence are uni sexual.
Pollination in Orchids is by sexual deceptive methods.
sexual deception/ pseudocopulation
Orchids produce sexual pheromones of a wasp that serves as its pollinator, besides
adapting structural changes.Orchids do not produce nectar or much pollen.They offer
no rewards.
Ophrys flowers mimic virgin females of their pollinators, and male insects are lured to
the orchid by volatile chemicals and visual cues. At close range, chemical signals from
the flowers elicit sexual behavior in males. In this movements the pollen gets attached
to the insect body, thus pollinates.
Some plants require specific pollinators:The obligate pollination
mutualism between figs and the pollinator(Blastophaga quadraticeps).
Fig wasps is widely known as one of the most elaborate one-to-one mutualisms found in
nature. Yucca- moth(Tegeticula yuccasella)mutualism is also an example of this
kind.
By the time the plant begin to flower, the moth emerges from the cacoon. Male and
female moths copulate.The pregnant moth enters the flower and pollinates. The process
is interesting.Yucca produces pollinia instead of loose pollen grains. The female moth
collects the pollinia and forms them into golden masses with its maxillary palpi. She
carries the pollinia to another flower. The male lack this palpi.
At this time the insect is ready for egg laying. She deposits a single egg in the ovary with the device
ovipostor. After the egg deposition the moth uncurls the palpi and presse the pollinia in to the
stigma and insures pollination and food for the larva.
Pollination by ants in Calotropis
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The egg develops into a larva in the ovary and feed on the seeds. Only a few seeds are
eaten. Since the larva develops into a moth that pollinates the yucca plant, the
relationship is clearly beneficial to both partners. The risk is if the specified pollinator is
not available there is no seed set.
The insect pollinated flowers are with attractive colors, and shapes, produce nectar, and
offer pollen, or scented. The pollen may be spiny, so that it can adhere to the insect
body.
Many plants pollinated by birds produce red, orange, and bright pink, colored flowers to
reduce nectar robbing. The flowers are relatively large and thick.The nectar is rich in
sucrose, where as insect pollinated flowers have glucose or fructose in the nectar.
A parrot pollinating Butea monosperma flower.

Kigelia africana pollinated by house crow
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Pollination by Snails in slugs is known as melacophily, Eg.Ariods.
Pollination by bats is known as Chiropterophily. They are characterized by large size,
night opened flowers with strong scent. Eg. Adansonia digitata, Anthocephalous.
Therophily: Pollination by squirrels.
Adansonia -bat pollinated flower.
Pollination by squirrels.
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Besides these animals and insects several other insects and animals pollinate many
plants either by chance or by specifications.
Commelina benghalensis the day flower-a worst weed, is andromonoecious; the plant
also produces clestogamous flowers under the soil surface; it exhibits autogamy,
cleistogamy, geitno-allelogamy, hence it uses all types of sexual systems of reproduction,
and flexibility to fix variation. Thus it has become the worst weed found in arable lands.
Abiotic pollination:
Abiotic pollination, the entire process of pollination occurs without the help of organisms;
the agents are wind, water
These pollinators physically carry or transfer the pollen from the anther to the carpel or
pistil to bring about pollination in plants.
Anemophily -pollination by wind; the wind pollinated flowers exhibit certain
modifications in the floral structure;and their functions. The plants flower in dry season
ie. during leaf fall in tropical areas, and the flowers are produced in clusters or in
drooping inflorescence like catkin. This facilitates easy spread of pollen. The flowers may
be naked or the non essential organs may be reduced to scales. The stamens are much
exerted, many, the anthers are versatile, the pollen is produced abundantly, which is
dry and light, or some times with wings. The stigmas are elongated and feathery as in
grasses or sticky. If the plant produces both male and female flowers the male flowers
are on the apical part of the plant, and the female in the lower part, this is because to
capture the falling pollen by the stigmas. The wind pollinated flowers can be pollinated
Commelina benghalensis
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by insects also. Nature is not very rigid.

Spike of a grass with exerted stamens and feather like stigmas.
Wind pollinated tree with drooping flowers
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Hydrophily-pollination by water. All aquatic plants do not pollinate by water; they may
be pollinated by wind or insects or animals. Vallisnaria is a fresh water submerged
plant, where both male and female plants are separate. The male releases spongy male
flowers (not pollen)on to the water surface and the long pedicellate female flowers grows
up to the water surface and comes into contact with the floating male flowers and after
the contact the female goes down below the water surface with the attached male
flowers by spirally coiling the pedicel and then the males releases the pollen on the
stigma which facilitates fertilization of the flower. It is described as epihydrophily. The
members of Hydrocharitaceae almost pollinate by hydrophily only.
In sea grass like Zostera the pollen grains are filiform and the density of pollen grains is
equal to the density of water.
Plants have pains takingly evolved pollination mechanisms to keep the gene pool of each
species undiluted disallowing any foreign pollen to germinate on a stigma.
Monoculture reduces the yield due to non availability pollinators in sufficient numbers.
Spraying of insecticides affects insect pollinators, thus a decline in the crop yield.
Due to industrialization urbanization and deforestation there is a habitat loss.During
non flowering seasons of the crop the insects thrive on weeds, forest trees. If the forest
and other plants are removed from the vicinity the insects die due to nonavailability of
food and shelter. It is practically proven in many areas. When there are variety of plants
the honey bees produce honey in large amounts. It may be taken as an indication of rich
phytodiversity.
Wide hybridization ( pollinating with distant relative) contaminates gene pool.
Specialized mechanisms of pollination contribute to the delicate nature of rainforests.
(Balance of ecosystem)
Male flowers of Vallisnaria on the water surface
Vallisnaria -epihydrophily.
7/13/13 Divitee
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Posted by Lalithamba at 1:23 AM No comments:
The fragmentation of such forest disrupts the finely tuned mechanism.
Disruption of micro-environment to which the pollinator is adapted leads to the decay of
highly evolved communities.
Conclusion: Conservation of pollination mutualisms, provides an important means to
conserve ecosystems and biodiversity. If the insects were given a chance to speak they
would say "all organisms are created to live together! who gave you the power to kill
every one for your short term benifits or comforts? You are also one of the creatures
created to live in the universe. But with your disobedience to Nature, and wicked
thoughts you have been creating lots of problems to other organisms including you." Is
there any one- who dislikes honey? Who hates the sight of a beautiful butterfly on a
flower in a pleasant morning?Who dislikes a fruit? Live! let others live; together
makes life happy."
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Flora Andhrika-Plant Wealth of Andhra Pradesh, India
Medicinal plants of Nellore district and poisonous
plants around us
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Lalithamba
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
I am a lecturer rtd. in Botany in
D.K.Government College,
Nellore.Andhra Pradesh,
India.Received S.C.Dixit prize for
the year 2011 by Indian Botanical
Society. Flora Andhrika blog is
coauthored by DCSRaju FLS.
Without his support and
involvement it may not have been
taken shape so early.The
introductory part is designed and
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Plants With Botanical Names

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Plants With Botanical Names

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A parrot pollinating Butea monosperma flower.

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