MICROSOFT DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction:MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is a single tasking computer operating system that uses a command line interface. It is one of the most successful operating systems that has been developed till date. MS-DOS, also known simply as DOS, was developed to run single-user desktop computers. When the personal computer market exploded in the 1980s, MS-DOS was the standard operating system delivered with millions of these machines. In many ways, MS-DOS exemplifies early operating systems because it manages jobs sequentially from a single user.

History of DOS :When IBM launched its revolutionary personal computer, the IBM PC, in August 1981, it came complete with a 16-bit operating system from Microsoft, MS-DOS 1.0. This was Microsoft's first operating system, and it also became the first widely used operating system for the IBM PC and its clones. MS-DOS 1.0 was actually a renamed version of QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), which Microsoft bought from a Seattle company, appropriately named Seattle Computer Products, in July 1981. QDOS had been developed as a clone of the CP/M eight-bit operating system in order to provide compatibility with the popular business applications of the day such as WordStar and dBase. MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) is an operating system for x86-based personal computers. It was the most commonly used member of the DOS family of operating systems, and was the main operating system for IBM PC compatible personal computers during the 1980s to the mid1990s, until it was gradually superseded by operating systems offering a graphical user interface (GUI), in particular by various generations of the Microsoft Windows operating system. MS-DOS grew out of a request placed by IBM in 1981 for an operating system to use in its IBM PC range of personal computers. Microsoft quickly bought the rights to QDOS (Quick and Dirty Operating System), also known as 86-DOS, from Seattle Computer Products, and began work on modifying it to meet IBM's specification, who licensed and released it as PC DOS 1.0 to be used with their PCs in August 1981. Although MS-DOS and PC DOS were initially developed in parallel by Microsoft and IBM, years later the two products eventually went their separate ways.

VERSIONS OF MS-DOS:Subsequent versions of MS-DOS featured improved performance and additional functions, not a few of which were copied from other operating systems. For example, Version 1.25, released in 1982, added support for double-sided disks, thereby eliminating the need to manually turn the disks over to access the reverse side. Version 2.0, released the next year, added support for directories, for IBM's then huge 10MB hard disk drive (HDD) and for 360KB, 5.25-inch floppy disks. This was followed by version 2.11 later in the same year, which added support for foreign and extended characters. Version 3.0 launched in 1984, added support for 1.2MB floppy disks and 32MB HDDs. This was soon followed by version 3.1, which added support for networks. Additions and improvements in subsequent versions included support for multiple HDD partitions, for disk compression and for larger partitions as well as an improved disk-checking utility, enhanced memory management, a disk defragmenter and an improved text editor. VERSION 7.0 -The final major version was 7.0, which was released in 1995 as part of Microsoft Windows 95. It featured close integration with that operating system, including support for long

filenames and the removal of numerous utilities, some of which were on the Windows 95 CDROM. It was revised in 1997 with version 7.1, which added support for the FAT32 file system on HDDs.

TYPES OF COMMANDS
Internal Commands:- These commands enter into the computer memory during computer booting. These commands are not in the form of any file; so neither they can be viewed nor can be edited or detected. The Internal commands reside in COMMAND.COM, which loads into memory when the computer system is started. This commands do not reside on disk. The internal command are executed from the MS-DOS prompt. For example:- MD, CD, TIME, DATE, COPY, COPY CON, TYPE ETC. External Commands:- These commands are stored in the computer list in the form of files. These Commands can be viewed, copied, changed or deleted.. The external commands are files that do reside on disk and have an extension of .COM, .EXE, or .BAT. The external command types are executed from the MS-DOS prompt. For example: FORMAT, COPY, PRINT, SYS, EDIT, TREE, SORT, PROMPT etc.

MS DOS (commands):Steps Required to open a command prompt :1.) Go to the Start menu. Select Run. 2.) Enter cmd in the open file space. Click OK. 3.) A new screen will be opened as shown below

VARIOUS TYPES OF INTERNAL COMMANDS:1.)Date :- To display the current date, we can use the command Date.
Type date without parameters to display the current date setting and a prompt for a new one. SYNTAX: DATE [enter]

2.)Time:- To display the current time, we can use the command time.Write this time without giving any space.
SYNTAX: TIME [enter]

3.)Volume (VOL):- When we write vol , it actually shows the volume in which drive and volume serial number.
SYNTAX: VOL [enter]

4.)Volume:-/?; this sign is to know more about a particular matter. For ex- if we write vol/? Then it actually shows the disk volume label and serial number. With the help of this sign we came to know what it actually displays Syntax:-VOL /?[ENTER]

4.) Version (VER):-To display the version, we can use the command ver. Write this ver without giving any space. SYNTAX: VER [enter]

5.) Prompt (any name):-The prompt command basically used to write any name or anything in relation with the disk drives, for ex- if we are working on C drive, then with the help of prompt command we can rewrite this with any other name. SYNTAX: PROMPT [text]

6.) Change Directory (Cd..):-This command is used for showing any directory with the drive specified. It helps to check out the files in the directory. To remove the directory from the dos screen, we can use the command cd.. Syntax:CHDIR [/C] [drive:][path] CHDIR [..] CD [/C] [drive:][path] CD [..]

7.)Rename:-If we want to rename the directory, then we can use the command rename. And the name automatically change. SYNTAX: REN [drive:][path][directoryname1 | filename1] [directoryname2 | filename2]

8.)Clear Screen(cls):- This command is used for the purpose to clear out the screen , when you fell huge data displays on the screen.
Syntax: Cls[Enter]

After enter:-

11.)To make a file(Copy con):-This command copy con is used for making any file. Like , if we want to create a file named Pankaj.txt, then what we will do is we type copy con and file name with extension and then type any matter and save that with the help of CTRL+Z and then press ENTER. SYNTAX: COPY CON (File name with ext.) - (Matter) - (Ctrl+Z)

12.)To Edit a file(Edit) :-The command edit basically used to edit any information while above we are creating any file. Like, if we want to edit then we type edit (filename) .
SYNTAX: Type [drive:][path]filename

13.)To check the file(Type):- If we want to type any information which we forgot to type, then this command will help you a lot. For this, we type type (filename)
SYNTAX: Type [drive:][path]filename

14.)Echo :-This command used for the repetition. For example: we type echo (matter) then the same we write prior will be displays on the screen. SYNTAX: ECHO [ON | OFF] ECHO [message]

15.)Directory(dir):- This command displays the list of directories and files with details like date of creation
whether it is directory or file etc. Syntax: DIR [drive:]

15.)Help directory :-This command is used while we are searching for any help arising out in concerned with the directory. Syntax: C:/> dir /?

Adding Parameters to a command:

A parameter is a letter typed after a command that tells the command to carry out an extra task. These parameters are also called 'switches'. For instance, a command that you've already used is the DIR command. The command with a parameter might look like this: DIR /S /P (The /S and the /P are the parameters. (You can use either one.)

Dir/p:- Show them one page at a time, waiting for the user to press 'Enter' between pages. Most parameters are optional, however you will discover, over time, ones that you use frequently. Syntax :- dir/p

Dir/w: All DOS commands must be activated by pressing the [Enter] key after typing the command. NOTE:
You can type all DOS commands in either upper or lower case letters. The rest of this manual will present DOS commands in alphabetical order. Only the most common commands are included. For information on other commands, see your DOS manual

Syntax:-dir /w

16.)Make Directory (Mkdir/md):-This command is used to make a directory, i.e, write mkdir (directory name) Syntax:- mkdir [drive:] Md [drive:]path

17.)Remove Directory(Rd) :-This command is generally used for removal of directory and even with the help of this command we can remove any child directory , but if we want to remove any parent directory then firstly remove all the child directory and then use rd to remove the directory. The practical implementation is as follows: SYNTAX: RMDIR [drive:]path RD [drive:]path

Various external commands:1.)Help :-The help command is used when there is any problem arising out in concerned with
any commands, or if you want to know more about the commands. SYNTAX: Help [Enter]

2 .) Tree :-tree command is used to display all the files in a computer, in a manner of tree posture.
SYNTAX: Tree [Enter]

2.)Attrib: This command actually shows the attributes. Sets or displays the read-only, archive,
system, and hidden attributes of a file or director. OPTIONS:+R (Read only) :- Use the +R option to make a file read-only. Read-only files may be read .i.e. these files are only read only purpose but they can`t be changed or deleted. -R :- Use the -R option to change the file protection attribute back to normal. +A (Archive) :- Use the +A option to set the ARCHIVE attribute of a file. -A (Archive) :- Use the -A option to turn off the ARCHIVE attribute. +H (Hidden attributes):- Use the +H option to set the HIDDEN attribute of a file so that it will not appearing a directory listing. -H (Hidden attributes):- Use the -H option to turn off the HIDDEN attribute. /S :- Use the /S switch to set attributes on subdirectories found within the specified path. SYNTAX: ATTRIB [c:][path]filename [/S] ATTRIB [+ R|-R] [+A|-A] [+ H|-H] [+ S|-S] [c:][path]filename [/S]

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