Impedance Matching

IMPEDANCE MATCHING
for High-Frequency Circuit Design Elective
by Michael Tse
September 2003
Contents
The Problem Q-factor matching approach Simple matching circuits L matching circuits matching circuits T matching circuits Tapped capacitor matching circuits Double-tuned circuits General impedance matching based on two-port circuits Immittance matrices and hybrid matrices ABCD matrix and matching Propagation equations from ABCD matrix
Michael Tse: Impedance Matching
Impedance Matching
Impedance matching is a major problem in highfrequency circuit design. It is concerned with matching one part of a circuit to another in order to achieve maximum power transfer between the two parts.
max power transfer
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
space
max power transfer

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching 3
The problem
Given a load R, nd a circuit that can match the driving resistance R at frequency w0.
R R
Obviously, the matching circuit must contain L and C in order to specify the matching frequency.
The Q factor approach to matching

The Q factor is dened as the ratio of stored to dissipated power 2p (max instantaneous energy stored )
Q= energy dissipated per cycle
In general, a circuits reactance is a function of frequency and the Q factor is dened at the resonance frequency w0 .
X As we will see later, the Q factor can be used to modify the overall resistance of a circuit at some selected frequency, thus achieving a matching condition.
w0
Low Q circuit
X X
High Q circuit
w0
w0
Denition:
Q=
w 0 dB w dX = 0 2G dw w =w 0 2R dw w =w 0
B = susceptance X = reactance R = resistance G = conductance

It is easily shown that for linear parallel RLC circuits: Q = w0CR = R/(w0L)
6
Essential revision (basic circuit theory)

R L C
Resistance () Z IMPEDANCE ()
inductance (H)
capacitance (F) 1 = jX jw C reactance ()
jwL = +jX
Resistance () Y ADMITTANCE (S)
reactance () 1 = jB jw L susceptance (S)

jwC = +jB
Conductance (S)
susceptance (S)
7

Quality factor (Q factor) Series:
X 1 G Q= = = R RB B
L R
wL Q= R
C R
1 Q= wCR
Parallel:
R L
R Q= wL
R C
R B Q = = RB = X G
Q = wCR
L or C. Higher Q means that it is closer to the ideal


Series to parallel conversion
1 1 R - jX R X = = 2 = j Z R + jX R + X 2 R 2 + X 2 R2 + X 2
jX
Y=
Z = R + jX
1 jX 1 + 2 Q
R(1+Q2)
1 1 R X = 2 + R 2 X 1+ j + 1 R X 1 1 = + 1 R(1 + Q2 ) jX 2 + 1 Q
or j R' Q
R j (1 + Q2 ) Q
1 jRQ 2 + 1 Q
9

Parallel to series conversion
Z= 1 1 G - jB G B = = 2 = j Y G + jB G + B 2 G 2 + B 2 G2 + B2
jB
Y = G + jB
G(1 + Q2 )
conductance (S)
1 susceptance (S) jB1 + 2 Q
1 1 G B = 2 + G 2 B 1+ j + 1 G B 1 1 = + 1 G(1 + Q2 ) jB 2 + 1 Q
or j G' = j G (1 + Q2 ) = jGQ 12 + 1 Q Q Q
10
Example: RLC circuit (Recall Year 1 material)

Resonant frequency is w 0 =
R L C
1 LC
Q factor is Q = R
C L
Z drops by 2 (3 dB) at w1 and w2.

1 Z= (1/ R ) + jwC - ( j /w L)
1 1 w1,2 = w 0 1 + 4 Q 2 2Q
Bandwidth is Dw = w 2 - w1 =
1 RC
w1 w0 w2
Note: w1 and w2 are called 3dB corner frequencies. Their geometric mean is w0. For narrowband cases, their arithmetic mean is close to w0.
Practical components are lossy! =

C RC
Q factor = QC = w0CRC
(unloaded Q factor)
RL
Q factor = QL = RL/w0L
(unloaded Q factor)
QLC = unloaded Q factor for the paralleled LC components
1 1 1 = + QLC QC QL
(easily shown)
12
Simple matching circuits

R R
L matching circuit (single LC section) p matching circuit T matching circuit
13
Design of L matching circuits

Series L circuit:
L Begin with Yin C R
Objective: match Yin to R at w0
Yi n = jwC +
1 R + jwL
R w L = 2 + jw C - 2 2 2 R + (w L) R + (wL)
Obviously, the reactive part is cancelled if we have
L C= 2 2 R + w2 L 0
1 R2 - 2 where w 0 = LC L
(#)
14
Thus, at w = w0, we have a resistance for Yin, which should be set to R.

2 R2 + w2 L 0 R = = R 1 + Q2 R
(*)
Here, Q is the Q-factor, which is equal to w0L/R (for series L and R). So, we can see clearly that Q is modifying R to achieve the matching condition. Design procedure: -Given R and R, nd the required Q from (*). -Given w0, nd the required L from Q = w0L/R . -From (#), nd the required C to give the selected resonant frequency w0.
15
Shunt L circuit:
L C Zin R
Begin with
Zi n = jwL +
1 G + jw C
G wC = 2 + jwL - 2 2 2 2 2 G +w C G +w C
Reactive part is cancelled when
C L= 2 2 G + w2 C 0
1 G2 where w 0 = LC C 2
(#)
Finally, the matching condition requires that
R =
1/ G R = 1 + (w 0 C / G)2 1 + Q2
(*)
Design procedure is similar to the series case.

Other L circuit variations

L C
Series:
Shunt:
Exercise: derive design procedure for all other L circuits.

General procedure for designing L circuits

Series L circuit (suitable for R>R) :
jX1
jX2
R = R(1 + Q2 ) 1 jR jX 2 = - jX 1 1 + = Q Q2 X Q= 1 R
R 1 + Q2 jX1 jX 2 = = - j RQ 1 1+ 2 Q B R Q= 1 = G X1 R =
18
Shunt L circuit (suitable for R<R) :

jX2
jX1
Advantages of L circuits:
Simple Low cost Easy to design
Disadvantages of L circuits:
The value of Q is determined by the ratio of R/R. Hence, there is no control over the value of Q. the bandwidth is also not controllable.
Solution: Add an element to provide added exibility. p circuits and T circuits
19
p matching circuits
jX2
Analysis by decomposing into two L circuit sections: First section (from right): R
R X = X 2 - R Q1 2 1 + Q1 B Q1 = 1 = B1R G R =
jB3
R + jX
jB1
jX
j(X2RQ1)
Second section:
Q2 =
jB3
R + jX
X X 2 - R Q1 X = 2 = Q1 + Q2 R R R
2 R = R (1 + Q2 ) Q Q B = B3 - 2 B3 = 2 R R
20
Impedance transformation in p matching circuits

jX2
jB3
R + jX
jB1
R
1 2 1 + Q1
R
2 1 + Q2
Obviously, we have to set Q1 > Q2 if we want to have R<R. Likewise, we need Q1 < Q2 if we want to have R>R.
General procedure for designing p matching circuits

For R < R
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Select Q1 according to the max Q.
2 Find R using R = R /(1 + Q1 )
For R > R
2 Find R using R = R /(1 + Q2 )
Get Q2 using Q2 =
R -1 R
Get Q2 using Q1 =
R -1 R
Obtain X2 using X2 = R(Q1 + Q2). B1 = Q 1 / R B3 = Q2/R
Obtain X2 using X2 = R(Q1 + Q2). B1 = Q 1 / R B3 = Q2/R
22
T matching circuits
The analysis is similar to the p case.
jX3 jX1 jB2
R + jX
The difference is that R is rst raised to R by the series reactance, and then lowered to R by the shunt reactance. The design procedure can be similarly derived. (Exercise)
R
2 1 + Q1
1 2 1 + Q2
R
23
General procedure for designing T matching circuits

For R > R
2 Find R using R = R(1 + Q1 )
For R < R
2 Find R using R = R(1 + Q2 )
Get Q2 using Q2 =
R -1 R
Get Q1 using Q1 =
R -1 R
Obtain X1 using X1 = Q1R. B2 = (Q1+Q2)/R X3 = Q2R
Obtain X1 using X1 = Q1R. B2 = (Q1+Q2)/R X3 = Q2R
24
Tapped capacitor matching circuit

1 + Q2 p C2 Q2 p
C1 L C2 R
R 1 + Q2 p
Q factor
Qp = w 0 C2 R
25
C1 R
Q1 = R/w0L
1 + Q2 p C2 Q2 p
R
R R 2 1 + Q2 1 + Q1 p
1 + Q2 p
required
R R = Qp = 2 2 1 + Q1 1 + Qp
R 2 1 + Q1 -1 R
26
2 1 1 1 Qp = + 2 C C1 C2 1 + Qp
R 1 + Q2 p
For a high Q circuit, w 0
1 LC
Also, we have the alternative approximation for Q1: Q1 w0RC, which is set to w0 / Dw . Thus, we can go backward to nd all the circuit parameters.
27
General procedure for designing tapped C circuits

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Find Q1 from Q1 = w0 / Dw Given R, nd C using C = Q1/ w0R = 1 / 2 DwR Find L using L = 1 / w02C Find Qp using Qp = [ (R/R)(1+Q12)1 ]1/2 Find C2 from C2 = Qp / w0R Find C1 from C1 = Ceq C2 / (Ceq C2) where Ceq = C2(1+ Qp2)/ Qp2
28
Advantages of , T and tapped C circuits:

specify Q factor (sharpness of cutoff) provide some control of the bandwidth
Disadvantage:
no precise control of the bandwidth
For precise specication of bandwidth, use double-tuned matching circuits.
29
Double-tuned matching circuits

Specify the bandwidth by two frequencies wm1 and wm2 .
transmission gain GT
wm1
wm2
There is a mid-band dip, which can be made small if the pass band is narrow. Also, large difference in the impedances to be matched can be achieved by means of galvanic transformer.
The construction of a double-tuned circuit typically includes a real transformer and two resonating capacitors. M
RG C1 L11
L22 C2 RL
Transformer turn ratio n and coupling coefcient k are related by
n=
L1 1 k 2 L2 2
31
Equivalent models:
n:1 L22(1k2)
RG C1 L11
C2 RL
ideal transformer
L2 RG C1 L11 C2 RL
1 L11 2 - 1 k
L11 2 R2 k L22 L11 2 C2 k L22
32
Exact match is to be achieved at two given frequencies: fm1 and fm2. L2 RG C1 L11
R1 R2
C2
RL
Observe that: R1 resonates at certain frequency, but is always less than RG R2 decreases monotonically with frequency
So, if RL is sufciently small, there will be two frequency values where R1 = R2.
resistance
R2
R1 f fm1 fm2
Our objective here is to match RG and RL over a bandwidth Df centered at fo, usually with an allowable ripple in the pass band.
34
General Impedance Matching Based on Two-Port Parameters

Two-port models i1
+
i2
+
v1
v2
Idea: we dont care what is inside, as long as it can be modelled in terms of four parameters.
35
Two-port models
+
i1
i2
port 1
v1
v2
port 2
z-parameters (impedance matrix): y-parameters (admittance matrix): h-parameters (hybrid matrix): g-parameters (hybrid matrix):
v1 z11 = v 2 z21 i1 y11 = i2 y 21 v1 h11 = i2 h21 i1 g11 = v 2 g21
z12 i1 z22 i2 y12 v1 y 22 v 2 h12 i1 h22 v 2 g12 v1 g22 i2
v1 = z11i1 + z12i2 v 2 = z21i1 + z22i2
: :
36
Finding the parameters

e.g., z-parameters
v1 = z11i1 + z12i2 v 2 = z21i1 + z22i2
z11 = z12 =
v1 v = 1 i1 i = 0 i1 port 2 open -circuited

2
v1 v = 1 i2 i = 0 i2 port 1 open -circuited

1
z21 = z22 =
v2 i1 v2 i2
=
i2 = 0
v2 i1 v2 i2
port 2 open -circuited
=
i1 = 0
37
Finding the parameters

e.g., g-parameters
i1 = g11v1 + g12i2 v 2 = g21v1 + g22i2
g11 = g12 =
i1 i = 1 v1 i = 0 v1 port 2 open -circuited

2
i1 i2 v2 v1 v2 i2
=
v1 = 0
i1 i2
port 1 short -circuited
g21 = g22 =
=
i2 = 0
v2 v1 v2 i2
=
v1 = 0
38
Input impedance:
+ v1
i1
i2
[Z]
Zin
ZL
v2
v1 = z11i1 + z12i2 v 2 = z21i1 + z22i2
v1 i2 = z11 + z12 i1 i1 v2 i1 = -z21 - z22 -i2 i2
i2 Z in = z11 + z12 i1 i1 Z L = -z21 - z22 i2
Z in = z11 - Z L + z22
z12 z21
Similarly, we can nd the input impedance at any port in terms of any of the two-port parameters, or even a combination of different twoport parameters. We will see that the matching problem can be solved by making sure that both input and output ports are matched.
ZG i1 i2
+
ZIM1
[Z]
ZIM2
ZL
v2
matching: ZG = ZIM1
and ZIM2 = ZL
image impedances
The ABCD parameters (very useful form)

+ v1
i1
i2
+ v2
[ABCD]
Here, voltage and current of port 1 are expressed in terms of those of port 2. So, this is neither an immittance matrix like Z and Y, nor a hybrid matrix like G and H.
v1 A B v 2 = i C D 1 -i2
Note: the sign of i2 in the above equation. This sign convention will make the ABCD matrix very useful for describing cascade circuits.
+ v1
i1
i
+
i2
+ v2
[ABCD]1
v1 A1 B1 v ' = i C D 1 1 1-i'
Since i = i, we have
[ABCD]2
v ' A2 = i" C2 B2 v 2 D2 -i2
v1 A1 = i1 C1
B1 A2 D1C2
B2 v 2 D2 -i2
So, if more two-ports are cascaded, the overall ABCD matrix is just the product of all the ABCD matrices.
To nd the ABCD parameters, we may apply the same principle:
A= B= C=
v1 v2
=
i2 = 0
v1 v2
=
z11 z21
-v1 i2 v i1 v2
=
2=0
-v1 z z -z z = 11 22 21 12 i2 port 2 short -circuited z21 =

=
i2 = 0
i1 v2
1 z21
-i1 D= i2 v
-i1 z22 = = i2 port 2 short -circuited z21 =0

if z12 = z21, i.e., reciprocal circuit.
We can show easily that AD BC = 1
43
Matching problem
ZG i1
+ v1
i2
[ABCD]
ZIM1
ZL
v2
Input image impedance
v1 = Av 2 - Bi2 i1 = Cv 2 - Di2
Z in =
v1 Av 2 - Bi2 = i1 Cv 2 - Di2 v2 A +B -i2 = v C 2 +D -i2 AZ L + B = CZ L + D

44
ZG
+ v1
i1
i2
+ v2
[ABCD]
ZIM2
Output image impedance
v1 = Av 2 - Bi2 i1 = Cv 2 - Di2
v 2 = Dv1 - Bi1 i2 = Cv1 - Ai1
Z IM2 =
because AD BC = 1
v 2 Dv1 - Bi1 = i2 Cv1 - Ai1 v D 1 +B -i1 = v C 1 +A -i1 DZG + B = CZG + A

45
Under matched conditions, ZG = ZIM1 and ZL = ZIM2
AZ L + B Z IM1 = ZG = CZ L + D
and
DZG + B Z IM2 = Z L = CZG + A
Z IM1 =
AB CD
and
Z IM2 =
DB AC
Alternatively, we have
Z IM1 =
z11 y11
and
Z IM2 =
z22 y 22
46
Note: image impedances are different from input and output impedances. 1. Image impedances do not depend on the load impedance or the source impedance. They are purely dependent upon the circuit.
Z IM1 = z11 y11 and Z IM2 = z22 y 22
2.
Input impedance (Zin) depend on the load impedance. Output impedance (Zout) depends on the source impedance. For example,
z12 z21 Z in = z11 - Z L + z22

Matching conditions: Source impedance equals input image impedance Load impedance equals output image impedance
Example
i1
+ v1
Za Zb
Zc
i2
+ v2
We can easily see that
z11 = y11 = z22 = y 22 =
v1 = Za + Zb i1 port 2 open -circuited i1 1 = v1 port 2 short -circuited Z a + Z b Z c v2 i2 i2 v2 = Zb + Zc

port 1
port 2
=
1 Zc + Za Zb
Thus, the image impedances are
Z IM1 = ( Z a + Z b )(Z a + Z b Z ( Z c + Z b )( Z c + Z a Z b ) c ) and Z IM2 =

Matching a cascade of circuits 1

ZIM1 ZIM1 = ZIM2
2
ZIM2 = ZIM3
3
ZIM3 = ZIM4
ZL ZIM4 = ZL
Convention
i1
+
i2
+
v1
v2
A wave or signal entering into circuit 1 from left side will travel without reection through the circuits if all ports are matched. Propagation constant g
input power v1i1 v1 e = = = output power v 2 (-i2 ) v 2
g
ZIM1
ZIM2
Z IM2 Z IM1
49
Propagation equations
eg = v1i1 v = 1 v 2 (-i2 ) v 2 Z IM2 Z IM1
v1 e = v2
g
if the 2-port circuit is symmetrical
In general,
v1 Av 2 - Bi2 B = = A+ v2 v2 Z IM2
= A+ B
AC = BD
D A
A D
AD + BC
i1 = CZ IM2 + D = -i2
AD + BC
Thus,
eg =
v1i1 = AD + BC -v 2i2
e-g = AD - BC
Combining eg and eg, we have

eg + e-g cosh g = = AD 2 eg - e-g sinh g = = BC 2
Dene
n=
Z IM1 = Z IM2
A D
We have
A = n coshg B = nZ IM2 sinh g C= sinh g nZ IM2 cosh g D= n

From the ABCD equation, we have
v1 = nv 2 cosh g - ni2 Z IM2 sinh g v i i1 = 2 sinh g - 2 cosh g nZ IM2 n

Dividing gives
v1 Z L + Z IM2 tanh g 2 Z in = = n Z IM2 i1 Z L tanh g + Z IM2
For a transmission line, ZIM1 = ZIM2 = Zo, where Zo is usually called the characteristic impedance of the transmission line. Also, for a lossless transmission line, g = jL is pure imaginary, and thus tanh becomes tan, sinh becomes sin, cosh becomes cosh.
v1 Z L + jZ o tan L Z in = = Z o i1 Z o + jZ L tan L
This is just the same transmission line equation. In communication, we usually express L as electrical length, and is equal to L = w l / v = 2p l / l wavelength frequency in rad/s
length of transmission line velocity of propagation
So, we can easily verify the following standard results: 1. If the transmission line length is l/2 or l, then the input impedance is just equal to the load impedance. 2. If the transmission line length is l/4, then the input impedance is Zo2/ZL. Impedance value for other lengths can be found from the equation or conveniently by using a Smith chart.

Impedance Matching

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IMPEDANCE MATCHING

for High-Frequency Circuit Design Elective

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

max power transfer

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

The Q factor approach to matching

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

B = susceptance X = reactance R = resistance G = conductance

Essential revision (basic circuit theory)

capacitance (F) 1 = jX jw C reactance ()

Resistance () Y ADMITTANCE (S)

reactance () 1 = jB jw L susceptance (S)

Essential revision (basic circuit theory)

L or C. Higher Q means that it is closer to the ideal

Essential revision (basic circuit theory)

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Essential revision (basic circuit theory)

1 susceptance (S) jB1 + 2 Q

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Example: RLC circuit (Recall Year 1 material)

Z drops by 2 (3 dB) at w1 and w2.

Practical components are lossy! =

QLC = unloaded Q factor for the paralleled LC components

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Simple matching circuits

L matching circuit (single LC section) p matching circuit T matching circuit

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Design of L matching circuits

Objective: match Yin to R at w0

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Thus, at w = w0, we have a resistance for Yin, which should be set to R.

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Finally, the matching condition requires that

Design procedure is similar to the series case.

Other L circuit variations

Exercise: derive design procedure for all other L circuits.

General procedure for designing L circuits

Shunt L circuit (suitable for R<R) :

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Solution: Add an element to provide added exibility. p circuits and T circuits

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Impedance transformation in p matching circuits

General procedure for designing p matching circuits

Obtain X2 using X2 = R(Q1 + Q2). B1 = Q 1 / R B3 = Q2/R

Obtain X2 using X2 = R(Q1 + Q2). B1 = Q 1 / R B3 = Q2/R

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

General procedure for designing T matching circuits

Obtain X1 using X1 = Q1R. B2 = (Q1+Q2)/R X3 = Q2R

Obtain X1 using X1 = Q1R. B2 = (Q1+Q2)/R X3 = Q2R

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Tapped capacitor matching circuit

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

For a high Q circuit, w 0

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

General procedure for designing tapped C circuits

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Advantages of , T and tapped C circuits:

For precise specication of bandwidth, use double-tuned matching circuits.

Michael Tse: Impedance Matching

Double-tuned matching circuits

Transformer turn ratio n and coupling coefcient k are related by