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Training Manual
FIBER OPTIC
SYSTEMS

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994 • 1

 Fiber Optic System
Training Manual

Cable Splice Encloser

Fiber to the Span
Regen
Fiber Optic
Jumper Cables

Approximately 2 to 5 miles

Tx Rx
Pigtail:
DS3 S/R Connector on one end and
MUX/
DEMUX fiber on the other is spliced to
DS3 S/R the span fiber.
LDF - Light Distribution Frame
or
FDF - Fiber Distribution Frame

The diagram above shows the configuration of components in a typical fiber optic system.
From left to right, the DS3 signal is multiplexed and transmitted. The transmitted signal is
carried over the jumper cable and connected to the proper fiber cable at the LDF. The signal
proceeds from the jumper cable to the pigtail that is spliced to the span fiber. The signal
travels over the span through any splices and regenerators that may be needed.

2 • FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994

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Carrier Systems

Training Manual
Current carrier systems are working up to the 2.4 Gb/s range. In the diagram a 1.2 Gb/
s system allows transmission of 24 DS3s, or 16,128 circuits. Working from left to right, the
circuits have been multiplexed up to the DS3 rate, and are made available at the DS3 cross-
connect. These DS3s are pushed through a protection switch into a transmitter card. From
here the DS3s are multiplexed together and converted into an optical signal. This optical
signal is transmitted and will be regenerated as the signal becomes too weak.

At the regenerator the optical signal is converted to an electrical signal. The pulses are
rebuilt, converted back to an optical signal, and retransmitted. At electrical points different
alarms for the system can be monitored and this information can be placed on the overhead
bit stream which can be transmitted back to a control center. The information that has been
regenerated is then received at the far end, and is demultiplexed down to the DS3 level.

Included with the transmission of the DS3 payload are overhead bits which provide
supervisory and orderwire (phone line) data between the regenerators and the light terminals
information. The supervisory information contains alarm information such as receive
failures, transmit failures, and housekeeping alarms (such as open doors) at the regenerator
stations. It should be noted that the overhead bit stream is proprietary, so fiber optic vendors
are not compatible with each other. This incompatibility will change with the deployment
of SONET.

DSX-3 LPSW Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 LPSW DSX-3

L L
I DS3 S/R DS3 S/R I
xx CH1 CH1 xx xx
N OS OR N
MUX Optical MUX
E Regenerator E
DMUX DMUX
DS3 S/R OR OS DS3 S/R
xx P CH24 CH24 P xx xx
R R
O O
T T
E E
C C
T Protection System T
I I
O O
N N
DS3 S/R DS3 S/R
xx CH1 OS OR CH1 xx xx
S S
MUX Optical MUX
W Regenerator W
I DMUX OR OS DMUX I
DS3 S/R DS3 S/R
xx T CH24 CH24 T xx
C C
H H

Orderwire Orderwire Orderwire

Supervisory Supervisory Supervisory
Equipment Equipment Equipment

Carrier System
24 DS3 Transmitter on 1.2 Gb/s Fiber Optic System

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994 • 3

 Wave Division Multiplexing
Training Manual

Standard full-duplex fiber optic systems incorporate two fibers, one for transmit and one for
receive. Wave division multiplexing (WDM) incorporates one fiber for a full-duplex system,
essentially doubling the bandwidth of the fiber. WDM can be accomplished because light of
different wavelengths can travel through each other unobstructed. Bi-directional systems use
bi-directional couplers to separate the different wavelengths, sending them to the appropriate
fiber or detector.

FOTS FOTS
Bidirectional Bidirectional
Coupler Coupler
1550 nm 1550 nm Rx
Tx LDF LDF

Rx Tx
1300 nm 1300 nm

Bidirection System

4 • FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994

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Fiber Optics in the Local Loop

Training Manual
Currently fiber optics is experiencing tremendous growth in the local loop. In almost all
new installations where copper facilities are not already available, fiber optics is being
installed. There are three main reasons for this: 1) fiber optics requires fewer repeaters, and
fewer active components in the system means much less outage time. 2) fiber optics
experiences less down time because noise and crosstalk have been eliminated. 3) fiber optics
allows for further expansion. With the advent of BISDN and analog video in the local loop,
the added bandwidth availability will be much needed in the near future.

Electrical Signal

CO CO C.E.V.

Current Local Loop Fiber Optic Systems

At this time fiber optics is almost always employed between central offices because of
the large amounts of bandwidth they require. From the CO out to the customer premise fiber
optics is primarily installed to the C.E.V. (Controlled Environment Vault) or to a SLC hut
with copper facilities installed to the customer premise.

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994 • 5

 Fiber Optics in CATV
Training Manual

Fiber optics is experiencing tremendous growth in the CATV arena for the same reasons
it is growing in the local loop. CATV currently uses primarily AM transmission rather than
digital transmission in the local loop. AM transmission provides the best channel density and
low cost, but has limited distance. Digital has a less limited transmission for distance, but
has very few channels and a very high cost.

West Hub Headend

Super Trunk

Line Extender
Primary AM Fiber Nodes

Secondary AM Fiber Nodes South Hub

Traps

Conventional CATV Architecture with AM

Fiber Trunk and Feeder

6 • FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994

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Fiber Optics in the Local Area Network

Training Manual
LANs are primarily in centralized areas, usually within a building or within many
buildings in a local area. Fiber optics can be employed as the transmission medium in ethernet
systems which work in the 10 Mb/s range, or in Token Ring which works at 4 Mb/s or 16 Mb/
s.

Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) is fast becoming the predominant standard for
LANs. FDDI, standard 100 Mb/s local area system, is used in local area networks to connect
computer systems together. FDDI incorporates a connector which fits on the back of a
computer and contains the LED transmitter and a receiver. This connector converts the
electrical signal received from the computer to an optical signal which is then transmitted to
another terminal. It also converts the received optical signal to an electrical signal for the
equipment’s use.

Electrical
output
Electrical Optical
input Signal
out
Optical
Signal
Computer in

2-Fiber Cable

(Signals Sent One Way

Through each Fiber)

Standard Package Contains

Electronic Fiber Transmitter
Interface and Receiver

FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994 • 7

 FDDI
Training Manual

FDDI can also be used to tie existing systems together. For instance, Building “1”
contains an ethernet system, and Building “2” contains a token ring system. Building “3” has
just been constructed, and FDDI will be incorporated there. FDDI can also be used to tie all
three buildings together to the new mainframe which allows communications between the
different departments.

Server Concentrator Concentrator Mainframe

Concentrator Concentrator
Concentrator

Bridge/Router Bridge/Router ES
Ethernet Token Ring Concentrator Concentrator

ES ES
ES ES ES ES ES Concentrator
ES Mainframe
ES ES ES
ES ES ES

Building #1 Building #2 Building #3

FDDI

8 • FIBER OPTIC SYSTEMS • Version 3.0 September 1994