DIgSILENT PowerFactory Technical Reference Documentation

AC Current Source
ElmIac

DIgSILENT GmbH Heinrich-Hertz-Str. 9 72810 - Gomaringen Germany T: +49 7072 9168 00 F: +49 7072 9168 88 http://www.digsilent.de info@digsilent.de

Revision History
Date 17/12/12 Author M.Mart nez Reviewed by F.Fernandez PF Version 14.1.6 Doc.Revision r512

Copyright 2011, DIgSILENT GmbH. Copyright of this document belongs to DIgSILENT GmbH. No part of this document may be reproduced, copied, or transmitted in any form, by any means electronic or mechanical, without the prior written permission of DIgSILENT GmbH. AC Current Source (ElmIac) 1

Contents

Contents
1 General Description 1.1 Model Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Load Flow Analysis 3 Short-Circuit Analysis 4 Harmonic Load Flow 5 Frequency Sweep 6 Dynamic Simulation 6.1 RSM Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 EMT Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Parameter Denitions B Signal Denitions List of Figures List of Tables 3 3 3 4 5 5 7 7 8 10 10 11 12

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

Load Flow Analysis

a) Positive Sequence Network

General Description

The AC Current Source model represents a constant current injection in the system. It should be connected to 3 phase AC terminals, as it does not support 2 phase and single phase systems. ElmIac could be used for balanced and unbalanced calculations and could be useful for: Wind turbine modeling HVDC system modeling Photovoltaic modeling b) Negative Sequence Network Injection of harmonic currents in the system General circuit analysis In the Basic Data page of the AC Current Source the main parameter to be entered is the Rated Current Ir.

1.1

Model Diagrams

Figures 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 depict the equivalent positive, zero and negative sequence circuit of c) Zero Sequence Network the model. In contrast with the AC voltage source where it is possible to dene negative and zero sequence voltages, in the AC current source the current injection is always in positive sequence. The current injection for both balanced and unbalanced calculations is always in positive sequence, although the negative and zero sequence internal admittances are considered.

I1 U1

Isetp

G1

B1

a) Positive Sequence Network Figure 1.1: Positive sequence AC current source model

I2

Load Flow Analysis

U2

The parameters that should are listed in Table A.1. Output Isetpbe dened for load G2ow calculations B2 current is given by the following equation:

I1 =

(Isetp Cos + U1 G1 ) + j (Isetp Sin + U1 B1 ) if pf Capacitive b) Negative Sequence Network (Isetp Cos + U1 G1 ) j (Isetp Sin + U1 B1 ) if pf Inductive

(1)

I0
AC Current Source (ElmIac)

U0

Isetp

G0

B0

G2

B2

c) Zero Sequence Network

3 Short-Circuit Analysis

b) Negative Sequence Network

I0

I1

U0
U1

Isetp

G0

G1

B0

B1

c) a) Zero Sequence Network Positive Sequence Network

Figure 1.2: Zero sequence AC current source model

I2 U2

G2

B2

b) Negative Sequence Network

Figure 1.3: Negative sequence AC current source model

I0 U0
I0 = U0 G0 + jU0 B0 (2)

G0

B0
(3)

I2 = U2 G2 + jU2 B2

Equations 1 to 3 are used for unbalanced load ow calculations. The balanced option only c)1. Zero Sequence Network considers equation

Short-Circuit Analysis

For VDE/IEC and ANSI Short-Circuit calculation there is no dened short-circuit contribution for AC Current Sources. In the Complete Short-Circuit calculation data of the internal conductance and susceptance for positive, negative and zero sequence are needed. The ElmIac behaves as a constant current source for symmetrical faults. For unsymmetrical faults, it behaves as a constant current source in the positive sequence network and as a constant admittance in the negative and zero sequence networks.

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

Frequency Sweep

Harmonic Load Flow

The AC current source can be used to dene harmonic current injections into the network. Figure 4.1 shows how to dene the harmonic currents injection. To dene the harmonics it is possible to select a spectrum which contains the harmonic currents, for more information regarding how to dene a spectrum refer to Users Manual Denition of Harmonic Injections. The harmonic current can be referred to either the fundamental or rated current.

Figure 4.1: Harmonic Current Denition For the Harmonic Current Denition, the selected type can be chosen between Balanced, Unbalanced and according to IEC61000 representation as shown in Figure 4.2.

Frequency Sweep

In the frequency sweep calculation the internal current of the current source is set to 0 A and 0 deg (open-circuit). The parameter Spectral Density of the Current Magnitude/Angle (didf, ddf in p.u./Hz, deg/Hz) and the corresponding frequency dependent characteristic allows for the denition of an internal current according to equations (4) and (5). AC Current Source (ElmIac) 5

Frequency Sweep

Figure 4.2: Harmonic Current Denition Type

ii (h ) = didf ichar (h )

(4)

Ii (h ) = ddf I,char (h ) Ii where Ii = Ii Iref

(5)

(6)

and didf and ddf are constant input parameters used to scale the frequency characteristics ichar and I,char in (4). The characteristics can be either polynomial (using the PowerFactory ChaPol object) or a vectorial characteristic (using the ChaVec object) with a frequency scale (using the TriFreq object). The angle Ii accounts for the angle deviation between the current and the system reference voltage angle. A common application is the analysis of the transfer function of a part of the system or the propagation of a current impulse in frequency domain. To do this the amplitude and phase of the spectrum current can be dened and using the frequency sweep function, the voltage at the remote end can be calculated.

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

isetp

G1

B1

a) Positive Sequence Network

Dynamic Simulation

i2 u2

Dynamic Simulation
isetp G2 B2

For the RMS/EMT simulation we can independently control the phases A, B and C. Please note that this is not the case of the LDF calculations. For RMS and EMT simulations there is the option for balanced and unbalanced models as shown in Figure 6.1.
b) Negative Sequence Network

i1 u1

i1 u1
isetp B1 G0 B0

i0 u0

isetp

G1

B1 isetp

G1

Positive sequence (b) Zero sequence a) Positive(a) Sequence Network c) Zero Sequence Network a) Positive Sequence Network

i2 u2

i2 u2
I1 U1

isetp

G2

B2 isetp

G2

B2

b) Negative Sequence Network (c) Negative sequence b) Negative Sequence Network

Isetp

G1

B1

Figure 6.1: RMS and i0 EMT AC current source model. i0 u0 a) Positive Sequence u0 Network

6.1

I2 U2 G0 B0 For RMS simulation the user has the option to control the current source in two different ways depending of which signals from dened in Table B.1 are used. When the current (i0, I0) and G2 B2 frequency F0Hz) input are connected together with the additional angle magnitude, phase c)(f0, Zero Sequence Network c) Zero Sequence Network and frequency of the AC current source are controlled. The resulting output current is dened by equation 7.

RSM isetp Simulation

G0 isetp B0

b) Negative Sequence Network

i = i0 cos(2f 0t + phii dphii) + j sin(2f 0t + phii + dphii) I0 (7) I+ 1 I1 U 0 U1 U1 Also is possible independently control magnitude and phase for A, B and C components using the signals: I A, I B, I C, phii B, phii C and dphii. PowerFactory internally applies the Park G0 B0 Isetp Gwith 1 B1 components. Transformation to works dq0 for phase A can be congured with Isetp G1 The Bangle 1 the input parameter dphii and the internal reference phii, both in rad. phii is calculated internally by PowerFactory and can change if the network conditions change. The power factor set point denes the steady state initial value of dphii. The derivative of phii is being changed if there is a Zero Sequence Network a)change: Positive Sequence Network the derivative ofc) frequency f0 is connected, phii is set to 2 P I f (f 0 f ref ); f0 is not a) Positive Sequence Network connected, the derivative of phii is set to 2 P I F 0Hz 2 P I f f ref . fref is automatically set and should not be connected. I2 I2 U2 U2 The current source gives an injection with current phase angle dened as follows:

G2 B2 AC Current Source (ElmIac)

G2

B2

b) Negative Sequence Network

Dynamic Simulation

A = phii + dphii Angles of phase B and C are relative to the angle of phase A.

(8)

B = A + phii B

(9)

C = A + phii C

(10)

If the two angle signals phii B and phii C are not connected, the program will use a default 120 shift to calculate the two angles.

B = A 120

(11)

C = A + 120

(12)

6.2

EMT Simulation

In EMT studies positive, negative and zero sequence models shown in Figures 1.1 to 1.3 are considered. And as for RMS simulation it is possible to control the source in two different ways. When inputs i0, I0, f0, F0Hz are connected the current injection is the same as dened by equation 7 but there is also a negative sequence current dened by the differential equation 13.

i0 (t) = G0 u0 (t) +

B0 u0 (t) 2f t

(13)

When magnitude and phase signals are connected the model is dened as in RMS simulation. The use of input and output signals from the dynamic model shown in Figure 6.2 could be used to control the current injection into a system. This is useful to model a current impulse source or to dene a lightning current standard model. With the help of a composite model, the user can use a Fourier source ElmFsrc to inject harmonic currents during an EMT simulation. For more information please refer to Fourier Source Technical Reference.

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

Dynamic Simulation

i0 I0 f0 F0Hz I_A I_B I_C phii_B phii_C i0

I0 dphii f0 fref F0Hz I_A I_B RMS

RMS Simulation

xspeed

Figure 6.2: Input/Output Denition of AC Current Source (RMS-Simulation) xspeed Simulation

I_C phii_B phii_C dphii fref

i0

I0 f0

F0Hz I_A I_B I_C dphii

EMT Simulation

i0

I0 f0 F0Hz I_A I_B I_C dphii EMT Simulation

Figure 6.3: Input/Output Denition of AC Current Source (EMT-Simulation)

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

Signal Denitions

Parameter Denitions
Table A.1: Parameters of AC Current Source
Parameter loc name outserv chr name for name bus1 bus1 bar cpZone cpArea Ir isetp cosini i cap G1 B1 G2 B2 G0 B0 dcurdf fchardcur dphidf fchardphi phmc icurref iAstabint cTypHmc Inom Description Name Out of Service Characteristic Name Foreign Key Terminal (StaCubic) Terminal Zone Area Rated Current Positive Sequence Current Setpoint Positive Sequence Power Factor Positive Sequence Reactive Power Positive Sequence Internal Conductance Positive Sequence Internal Susceptance Negative Sequence Internal Conductance Negative Sequence Internal Susceptance Zero Sequence Internal Conductance Zero Sequence Internal Susceptance Spectral Density of Current Magnitude Frequency Dependency Spectral Density of Current Angle Frequency Dependency Harmonic Current Injections Harmonic Current Injections Referred to A-stable integration algorithm Harmonic Current Injections: Type of Harmonic Sources Harmonic Current Injections: Rated Current Unit

A p.u.

S S S S S S p.u./Hz A deg/Hz

Signal Denitions
Table B.1: Input/Output signals
Name i0 I0 f0 F0Hz IA IB IC phii B phii C dphii fref xspeed Description Current-Input Current-Input Frequency-Input Frequency-Input Current, Magnitude Current, Magnitude Current, Magnitude Current, Angle, Phase b Current, Angle, Phase c Additional Angle Reference Frequency Frequency Unit p.u. kA p.u. Hz kA kA kA deg deg rad p.u. p.u. Type IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN IN OUT Model RMS, EMT RMS, EMT RMS, EMT RMS, EMT RMS, EMT RMS, EMT RMS, EMT RMS RMS RMS, EMT RMS RMS

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

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List of Figures

List of Figures
1.1 Positive sequence AC current source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Zero sequence AC current source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 Negative sequence AC current source model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.1 Harmonic Current Denition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 Harmonic Current Denition Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.1 RMS and EMT AC current source model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Input/Output Denition of AC Current Source (RMS-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Input/Output Denition of AC Current Source (EMT-Simulation) . . . . . . . . . . 3 4 4 5 6 7 9 9

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

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List of Tables

List of Tables
A.1 Parameters of AC Current Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B.1 Input/Output signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10

AC Current Source (ElmIac)

12