This is Your Brain on Stocks:

Behavioral Economics, Neurofinance and Why You Are Not Wired to Make Intelligent Financial Decisions
The cognitive shortcomings of Investors

Presentation by Barry Ritholtz CFA Toronto Annual Forecast Dinner October 1, 2013

This is Your Brain. This is Your Brain on Drugs

1987 PSA

This is your brain

Your brain weighs 3 pounds, and is 100,000 years old. It is a dynamic, opportunistic, self-organizing system of systems. MRIs have revealed to Neurologists what our brains looks like when making decisions . We can observe it 1) in real time; 2) under actual conditions, and 3) in reaction to financial risk/reward stimuli. Once we begin trading stocks, however, our brains begin to undergo subtle physical change that we can actually see in the MRIs of Traders . . .

This is your brain on stocks

How Does Your Brain Interfere With Your Investing?

Behavioral Economics
Actions we can witness in behavior, decision-making and choices. 1. Herding, Groupthink 2. Experts: Articulate Incompetents 3. Optimism Bias 4. Confirmation Bias 5. Recency Effect 6. Emotions impact perception

Neuro-Finance
Physiological internal activity not discernible to the naked eye alone 7. Anticipation vs. Rewards 8. Selective Perception & Retention 9. A Species of Dopamine Addicts 10. Endowment Effect of Ownership 11. The Narrative Fallacy 12. Cognitive Errors Impact Processes

A brief intro to

Behavioral Economics

Herding

Mutual of Omaha Lone Gazelle

Source: Kal, Economist

Wall St. Groupthink: Buy Buy Buy!

1. Only 5% of Wall Street Recommendations Are SELLS
-NYT, May 15, 2008

2.

Why Analysts Keep Telling Investors to Buy

-NYT, February 8, 2009

3.

Equity Analysts Too Bullish and Bearish at the Exact Wrong Times
-McKinsey, June 2nd, 2010

4.

None of the S&P 1500 have a Wall St. Consensus Sell on them
-Robert Powell, Editor, Retirement Weekly, August 2011

It is better for one's reputation to fail conventionally than to succeed unconventionally. -John Maynard Kyenes

Sources: Ritholtz.com, NYT, McKinsey, Marketwatch

Analysts: Over-Optimistic GroupThink

Analysts have been persistently overoptimistic for the past 25 years, with [earnings] estimates ranging from 10 to 12 percent a year, compared with actual earnings growth of 6 percent On average, analysts forecasts have been almost 100 percent too high -McKinsey study

Source: Ritholtz.com, McKinsey

Optimism Bias
Here, Tweetie, Tweetie, Tweetie

Optimism Bias: The unfortunate tendency to expect the best possible outcome regardless of the evidence before you.

Dunning Kruger Effect

Here, Kitty, Kitty, Kitty

Dunning Kruger Effect: DK is a cognitive bias in which unskilled people make poor decisions and reach erroneous conclusions, but their incompetence denies them the metacognitive ability to recognize these mistakes. Metacognition: The less competent you are at a task, the more likely you are to over-estimate your ability to accomplish it well. Competence actually weakens self-confidence. This has devastating consequences in the investment world.

Optimism Bias + DK = Active Management

The Math of Active Management is Daunting:
1. Only 20% of active managers (1 in 5) can outperform their benchmarks in any given year; 2. Within that quintile, less than half (1 in 10) outperform in 2 out of the next 3 years; 3. Only 3% stayed in the top 20% over 5 years (1 in 33) 4. Once we include costs and fees, less than 1% (1 in 100) manage to outperform (net). 5. What are the odds you can pick that 1 in 100 manager?
Source: Morningstar, Vanguard

Expert Forecasting versus Ambiguous Uncertainty

Bennett Goodspeed, The Tao Jones (1984) discussed The articulate incompetents: Expert forecasters do no better than the average member of the public; The more confident an expert sounds, the more likely he is to be believed by TV viewers Experts who acknowledge that the future is inherently unknowable are perceived as being uncertain and therefore less trustworthy. (Isaiah Berlin: Hedgehog vs Fox) The more self-confident an expert appears, the worse their track record is likely to be. Forecasters who get a single big outlier correct are more likely to underperform the rest of the time.
Source: Zweig, Your Money & Your Brain; Grants Interest Rate Observer,

Confirmation Bias Selective Perception & Retention

1. We tend to read that which we agree with; We avoid that which disagrees with our preconceived biases, notions or ideologies; 2. Our biases change the way we perceive objects literally, the way we see the world. 3. The same biases affect our memories we retain less of what we disagree with . . . 4. Expectations Affect Perception

Beware the Recency Effect

WSJ: 2007 WSJ: 2010

Source: Ritholtz.com, WSJ

What Just Happened vs. What is Going to Happen

Time, June 2005 Fortune, June 2005

Source: Ritholtz.com, Fortune, Time

2003: Politics and Asset Management Dont Mix

These are poorly designed tax cuts - Stay Out of Markets!

Source: Ritholtz.com BigCharts.com

2003: Politics and Asset Management Dont Mix

2003 Tax Cuts > $1 Trillion How did that political trade up over 90% over 4 years work out for you . . . ?

Source: Ritholtz.com, BigCharts.com

2009: Political Investing

Obama is a Socialist! Stay Out of Markets!

Source: Ritholtz.com, BigCharts.com

2009: Politics and Asset Management Dont Mix

FASB 157, ZIRP, QE +VERY Oversold Markets The political trader missed the best rally in a generation Up 140% over 50 months

Source: Ritholtz.com, BigCharts.com

Emotions Affect Investment Decisions

1. Emotions change the way we perceive events (e.g., Sports) 2. Buy to the sound of cannons, sell to the sound of trumpets. -Attributed to British banker Nathan Mayer Rothschild, during the Napoleonic wars Buy the Rumor, Sell the News 3. Anticipation vs. Rewards: Is it in the Stock or in the Brain?

A Species of Dopamine Addicts

What does this mean for investors? We have an Optimism bias (helps our survival). Our brains are better at processing good news about the future than bad. Anticipation of financial reward > than actual benefits (Buy Rumor, Sell News) Gamblers, Alcoholics, Sex Addicts, Junkies, OA, Hyper-Traders = Dopamine High.

A brief intro to

Neuro Finance

If u cn rd ths . . .

This animation . . .

. . . is not an animation

When it absolutely positively has to deceive your eyes overnight

Understanding the Long Cycle

100 Years of Secular Markets, P/E Expansion & Contraction

Source: Ritholtz.com, Crestmont Research

The Narrative Fallacy

Image by German photographer Thomas Hoepker, published in 2006 David Friends book, Watching the World Change

Composite 19 Secular Bear Markets

Source: Ritholtz.com, Morgan Stanley Europe

Sentiment Cycle

Source: Ritholtz.com

We have met the enemy, and he is us. -Walt Kelly, Pogo, 1971

Now I understand these cognitive issues, what can I do about them?

Avoid making all the usual errors investors make!

Top 10 Investor Errors

1. High Fees Are A Drag on Returns 2. Dont Reach for Yield 3. Never Confuse Past Performance with Future Potential 4. Asset Allocation Matters More than Stock Picking 5. Passive vs. Active Management 6. The Future is Inherently Uncertain 7. Understand the Long Cycle 8. Be aware of your Cognitive Errors 9. Allow Compounding to work for you 10. You (and your Behavior) Are Your Own Worst Enemy

for more information, please contact

Barry L. Ritholtz
Chief Investment Officer Ritholtz Wealth Management 90 Park Avenue, 18th floor New York, NY 10016 516-455-9122 Barry@RitholtzWealth.com

My favorite books on these subjects can be found at http://www.ritholtz.com/blog/behavioral-books