Erryn Bard CHY 124 0523 Chowdhury Lab Partner: Michael Botieri Lab#2: Freezing Point Depression a Colligative

Property 2/6/12 Revision Newcomb 2/20/12 Introduction: Colligative properties are properties of a solution dependent on the concentration of solute particles, not on the chemical properties of the solute. In this experiment, I used the colligative property of freezing point depression to calculate the molality of an unknown substance. The freezing point of a pure solution of naphthalene will be investigated by graphing a cooling curve. Then, using the cooling cure for a solution of naphthalene and an unknown solute, a freezing point depression can be found. The freezing point depression can then be used to calculate the molality and molarity of the unknown which will be used to identify the substance. Claim: If the change of the freezing point depresses dramatically after adding the unknown solute to the naphthalene solution, the molality of this solute is expected to be large as well as the molarity. If the change of the freezing point depresses is minute after adding the unknown solute to the naphthalene solution, the molality of the solute is expected to be small. Procedure: The procedure was taken from the InterChemNet website, Freezing Point Depression a Colligative Property, accessed January 29, 2012. No conscious changes were made to the procedure during the experiment. Data/Results: Mass of Naphthalene: 11.340g Mass of Unknown C: 2.07g .

Fig. 1 Freezing of the following substances was done at 30 second intervals. The freezing of the Unknown C in a solution of naphthalene was executed thrice for accuracy. Cooling curves for the individual freezing trials of Unknown C dissolved in a solution of Naphthalene compared with Naphthalene. A.

100 95 90 85 80 75

Cooling Curve for Unknown C Dissolved in Naphthalene Trial 1

Trial 1 Naphthalene Yellow: Freezing Point

Temp (C)

70 65 60 55 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (Sec)

B.

Cooling Curve for Unknown C Dissolved in Naphthalene Trial 2

100 95 90 85 80 75 Trial 2 Naphthalene Yellow: Freezing Point

Temp (C)

70 65 60 55 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Time (Sec)

C.

Cooling Curve for Unknown C Dissolved in Naphthalene Trial 3

100 95 90 85 80 75 Trial 3 Naphthalene Yellow: Freezing Point

Temp (C)

70 65 60 55 50 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time (Sec)

Fig. 3 Possible Identities of Unknown C Provided by InterChemNet Compound Molarity Camphor 152 g/mol Benzoic acid diamer 246 g/mol p-dichlorbenzene 146 g/mol Calculations: m=T/Kfp Trial 1: 5C/6.90C= 0.72 m x mol= 0.72 mol/kg (0.0113474 kg) = 0.0082 mol x g/mol = 2.07 g/0.0082 mol = 252 g/mol Trial 2: The extrapolation of the freezing curves (fig 2.) for trial 1 and trial 2 appear to be similar. Therefore, the calculation for trial 2 was found to be the same for trial 1. Trial 3: The extrapolation of the freezing curves (fig 2.) for trial 1, trial 2, and trial 3 appear to be similar. Therefore, the calculation for trial 3 was found to be the same for trial 1 and 2.Average molarity for Unknown C: 252 g/mol

Identity of Unknown C: benzoic acid

Discussion: Colligative properties are properties of a solution dependent on the concentration of solute particles, not on the chemical properties of the solute. The freezing point of a pure solution of naphthalene was investigated by graphing a cooling curve (Fig 1.A.) by using data collected by freezing naphthalene. Then, using the cooling curve for a solution of naphthalene and an unknown solute (Fig.1) by using data collected by freezing the solution, a freezing point depression can be found. The freezing point depression was then used to calculate the molality of the unknown. The calculations are based on the numerical definition of freezing point depression, Kfp=T/m. The difference in temperature between the Naphthalene and the Unknown C solution was calculated by extrapolating the cooling curves of the two substances (Fig. 1) and comparing them. The calculations of molarity can then be used to provide the molarity of Unknown C. The average molarity calculated was 252 g/mol, a large molarity, which supports my claim that the molarity of the unknown must be quite high to yield that sort of change. Then, I compared the average molarity calculated between the three trials to the possible identities of Unknown C given to me by InterChemNet (Fig.2). The closest molarity presented was that of benzoic acid which forms a diamer in a naphthalene solution resulting in a molarity of 246 g/mol. Sources of Error: The mass of the unknown c may have been altered during its transfer into the naphthalene solution. Technical error may have occurred due to a malfunctioning thermometer, although no signs indicated this was the case. The extrapolations performed on the individual cooling curves (Fig. 1) are an estimate and may be a cause of error in the calculations to determine molality. Calculations may contain error.

Conclusion: Colligative properties are properties of a solution dependent on the concentration of solute particles, not on the chemical properties of the solute. In this experiment, I used the colligative property of freezing point depression to calculate the molality of an unknown substance. The freezing point of a pure solution of naphthalene will be investigated by graphing a cooling curve. Then, using the cooling cure for a solution of naphthalene and an unknown solute, a freezing point depression can be found. The freezing point depression can then be used to calculate the molality and molarity of the unknown which will be used to identify the substance. If the change of the freezing point depresses dramatically after adding the unknown solute to the naphthalene solution, the molality of this solute is expected to be large as well as the molarity. If the change of the freezing point depresses is minute after adding the unknown solute to the naphthalene solution, the molality of the solute is expected to be small. The average molarity calculated was 252 g/mol, a large molarity, which supports my claim that the molarity of the unknown must be quite high to yield that sort of change. Then, I compared the average molarity calculated between the three trials to the possible identities of Unknown C given to me by InterChemNet (Fig.2). The closest molarity presented was that of benzoic acid which forms a diamer in a naphthalene solution resulting in a molarity of 246 g/mol.