Extensive and Intensive Property Extensive Property: property that depends on the amount (mass or number of moles) of the

substance considered and denoted with capital letters. Example: V(m3), U (J)internal energy, H(J) entalpy. Intensive Property: property that expressed per unit mass and its numerical value is independent of the amount of substance present . Denoted with lower-case latters. Example: v(m3/kg), u(J/kg),h(J/kg).

Equation of State Provides the relationship among the pressure, P, temperature,T, and volume V (or specific volume v) of the substance. Equation of state applly:

Where: R (the specific gas constant) Ru(the universal gas constant=8315 J/kmol-K) MW (the gas molecular weight) Calorific Equation of State Expressions relating internal energy (or entalpy) to pressure and temperature, i.e.,

General expressions for differential change in u or h:

Where for constant-volume and constant-pressure specific heats:

For an ideal gas, the partial derivative with respect to specific volume, zero. So, Ideal-gas calorific equations of state:

and

pressure,

are

Spesific heat (cv and cp) functions of temperature internal energy of molecule (translational, vibrational and rotational) quantum teory: vibrational and rotational energy storage modes become increasly active as temperature increase. Internal Energy for Monoatomic Internal Energy for Diatomic

Ideal-Gas Mixture

Convertion of Molecul Fraction to Mass Fraction

Note: MW=molecular weight of speciess Mixture molecular weight

Partial Pressure of i species:

Entalpy

Entropy

Pref=P0=1atm Laten Heat of Vaporatization Laten heat vapourization,hfg the heat that required in a constant-pressure process to completely vapourize a unit mass of liquid at given temperature. Laten heat vapourization,hfg enthalpy of vaporization

First Law of Thermodynamics

First Law-Fixed Mass

Note: E1-2= E2-E1

Converted to unit mass basis/expressed to represent an instant in time:

First Law-Control Volume Control volume with fix boundary and steady flow

List the principal assumptions embodied in this relations: The control volume is fixed relative to the coordinate system. The properties of the fluid at each point within the control volume, or on the control surface, do not vary with time. Fluid Properties are uniform over the inlet and outlet area. There is only one inlet and one exit stream. The specific energy (e) of inlet and outlet stream:

Entalphy(h): Cobining equation of energy conservation of control volume, spesific energy(e) and entalphy yield to final conservation of control volume:

If expressed on a mass-specific basis:

REACTANT AND PRODUCT MIXTURES: Stoichiometry The stoichiometric quantity of oxidizeramount needed to completely burn a quantity of fuel. More than stoichiometric quantity of oxidizer is supplyfuel lean/lean Less than stoichiometric quantity of oxidizer is supplyfuel rich/rich mixture Stoichiometric relation of Hydrocarbon (CxHy) fuel:

Air = 21%O2 + 79%N2 Stoichiometric air-fuel ratio:

Equivaence ratio():

=1stoichiometric <1lean >1rich Percent stoichiometric air:

Percent Excess Air:

Example 2.1: Given: C1.16H4.32 =0.286, = 15.9 Find: and (A/F)? Answer: (/ ) = 4.76 = + = 1.16 +
(/ ) 4 4.32 4

MWair=0.21(15.994x2)+0.79(14,0067x2)=28.85 MWfuel=1.16(12.01)+4.32(1.008)=18.286

= 2.24
28.85

(/ ) = 4.76(2.24) 18.286 = 16.82 (/ ) = = 0.286 = 58.8

16.82

 = (

/ )

15.9 58.8

= 0.270/

Example 2.2: Given: 2 = 0.03,

MWfuel=1(12.01)+4(1.008)=16.04 MWair=0.21(15.994x2)+0.79(14,0067x2)=28.85

Find: (A/F) and ? Answer: CH4+a(O2+3.76N2)CO2+2H2O+bO2+3.76 a N2 2a=2+2+2bb=a-2 2 =

2 ;2

= 1:2::3.76 = 3:;2:3.76 = 1:4.76

;2

;2

0.03=1:4.760.03+0.4128a=a-22.03=0.8572aa=2.368 b=2.368-2=0.368
4.76 4.76(2.368) 28.85 = =20.3 1 1 16.04 28.85 (/ ) = 4.76(1 + 4/2) = . 16.04 (/ ) 17.1 = ( ) = = . / 20.3

(/ ) =

Absolute (or Standardized) Entalphy and Entalpy of Formation

Enthalpy of formationenthalpy that takes into account the energy associated with chemical bonds. Sensible enthalpy changeenthalpy that is associated only with the temperature. Standard refference stateTref=250C(298,15K), Pref=P0=1atm(101,325Pa). Enthalpy of formation=0element in their naturally occuring state at the reference state temperature and pressure. Example 2.3: Given: = 0.1 T=1200K. 2 = 0.2 P=1atm. Find: ,hmix, YCO, YCO2, and YN2 = 1 2 = 1 2 = 0.7 =
0 0 + 2 ,2 + ( ) ,298 2 0 + 2 ,2 + 0 0 = , + ( ) ,298 0 () ,298 2

 = 0.1 110,541 + 28,440 + 0.2 393,546 + 44,488 + 0.7 0 + 28,013 = . / MWmix= =0.1(28.01)+0.2(44.01)+0.7(28.013)=31.212 hmix= 28.01 = 0.0897 31.212 44.01 2 = 0.2 = 0.2820 31.212 28.013 2 = 0.7 = 0.6282 31.212 Enthalphy of Combustion and Heating Values Products exit temperature=Reactant entering Temperatureheat must be removed with amount: = 0.1

;58339.1 31.212

= , /

Enthalpy of reaction/enthalpy of combustion hR: Extensive Properties: HR corverted to hR(permass-of-fuel basis)

hR (permass-of-fuel basis) corverted to hR(permass-of-mixture basis)

Higer Heating Value(HHV)heat of combustion calculated assuming that all of the water in the products has condensed to liquid. Lower Heating Value(LHV)corresponds to the case where none of water is assumed to condense. Example 2.4 Given: C10H22(g) MW=142.284 Find: a) HHV and LHV at 298K? b) HHV and LHV if hfg=359kJ/kgfuel ? Answer: a) Combustion equation for 1 mole C10H22(g): C10H22(g)+15.5(O2+3.76N2)10CO2+11H2O(l or g)+15.5(3.76)N2 For either the upper of lower heating value, Hc=-HR=Hreac-Hprod Hreac= and Hprod=
0 0 0 Hc,H2O(l)=HHV=(1) ,10 22 10,2 + 11,2

0 0 0 ,2 ( ) = ,2 () = 241,845 44,010 = 285,857/

Hc,H2O(l)=(1)(249,659 ) 10(393,546 ) + 11(285,857 ) =6,830,096 kJ = or: =

,,

=6,830,096 / =48,003 /

,,/ ./

0 For the lower heating value, we use ,2 () = 241,845/ , so:

0 0 b) Hreac=1( ,10 22() )

=6,345,986 / = 44,601 /

Adiabatic Flame Temperatures