Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
CICLO HIPOTLAMOHIPOFISRIO
CICLO OVARIANO
CICLO HORMONAL
CICLO MENSTRUAL
FASE LTEA
FASE FOLICULAR
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
FASE LTEA
FASE FOLICULAR
sugesto: a cada evento, associe-o s variaes dos hormnios gonadais e gonadotrficos demonstradas no grfico anterior
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
FASE FOLICULAR
lutelise
retroalimentao negativa
FSH
expresso da aromatase
estrgenos
expresso de receptores p/
FSH e LH folicular
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
FASE FOLICULAR
lutelise
retroalimentao negativa
FSH
expresso da aromatase
estrgenos
expresso de receptores p/
FSH e LH folicular
FSH
estrgenos
FASE FOLICULAR
FSH
estrgenos
FASE FOLICULAR
estrgenos Progesterona
(amplifica o pico induzido pelos E2) receptores para LH (no folculo dominante) aps algumas horas:
GnRH LH
FSH (amadurecimento folicular)
Em mulheres, importante a prexposio do Hipotlamo e gonadotrfos ao E2 para a induo do aumento de receptores para a PG
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
FASE FOLICULAR
estrgenos Progesterona
(amplifica o pico induzido pelos E2) receptores para LH (no folculo dominante) aps algumas horas:
GnRH LH
FSH (amadurecimento folicular) rompimento folicular
ovulao
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
O pico de LH necessrio para a ovulao. Sob a influncia do LH, o ocito primrio entra em seu estgio final da primeira diviso meitica e divide-se em ocito primrio e primeiro corpo de Barr. O pico de LH : -induz a liberao de enzimas proteolticas, que degradam as clulas na superfcie do folculo maduro -estimula a angiognese na parede folicular -estimula a secreo de prostaglandinas. Estes efeitos causam a ruptura e o esvazimento do contedo antral do folculo maduro.
Na ovulao, o ocito, a zona pelcida e a corona radiata so expelidos para a cavidade peritoneal. O ocito adere ao ovrio e contraes musculares e batimentos ciliares da trompa uterina fazem com que o ocito entre em contato com o epitlio da trompa e inicie sua migrao pelo oviduto.
FASE LTEA
FASE FOLICULAR
Aps a ovulao
Progesterona estrgenos
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
FASE LTEA
FASE FOLICULAR
GnRH LH FSH
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
FASE LTEA
FASE FOLICULAR
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
FASE LTEA
FASE FOLICULAR
Progesterona e estrgenos
menstruao
Tambm ocorre a retirada da retroalimentao negativa sobre o Hipotlamo e hipfise e, consequentemente, a secreo de FSH deixa de ser inibida e comea a aumentar novamente, dando incio ao prximo ciclo menstrual.
http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/menstrualcycle/hypothalamicpituitaryaxis.html
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
http://mcb.berkeley.edu/courses/mcb135e/guest_lectures.htm
Estradiol e Progesterona modulam a secreo de GnRH, LH e FSH acionando diferentes mecanismos e em diferentes momentos no SNC, ora para reprimir,
Caractersticas: Decapeptdeo Localizao dos neurnios hipotalmicos: em primata Hipotlamo Medial-Basal ARC (VM e EM)
O Hipotlamo humano
ncleo ventromedial
ncleo arqueado
ncleo arqueado
eminncia mediana
sistema portahipofisrio
Hypothalamus, Tuberal Region. There are three important nuclei in the medial zone here; dorsomedial, the ventromedial and the arcuate nuclei. The arcuate nucleus exerts control over the release of pituitary hormones by releasing neurohormones (releasing and inhibiting factors) into the hypophyseal portal system. The ventromedial nucleus receives major input from the amygdala nuclei, and plays a role in mediating appetite and food intake (the nuclei in the lateral hypothalamus at this level also play a role in these behaviors). This frame shows a Nissl-stained section through the middle (tuberal region) of the hypothalamus of a nonhuman primate, at the point where the hypothalamus extends ventrally into the pituitary gland. The gland is seldom preserved during brain dissection, so all you see usually is the tuber cinereum (the floor of the hypothalamus) and the infundibulum (or infundibular stalk) from which the pituitary was suspended. http://www9.biostr.washington.edu/cgi-bin/DA/imageform
Potential modes and pathways of estrogen influence upon GnRH neurons. These include 1) direct nongenomic actions, 2) transsynaptic modulation, and 3) alterations in glial cell-GnRH relationships. Cells likely to express nuclear ERs are indicated by black nuclei. Herbison, 1998
Influncias propostas para a regulao da secreo de GnRH pelos esterides ovarianos na RATA
GnRH
Estradiol e/ou PG
Neuronal cell populations within the GnRH network implicated in transmitting estrogen input to GnRH neurons in the rat. This may be direct or indirect on the GnRH neuron and involve cell body or terminal levels of regulation. Note that the neurochemical identity of estrogen-receptive neurons within the GnRH network is not fully established. Neurons with black nuclei express nuclear ERs. An estrogen-receptive neuronal population in the AVPv is hypothesized to project to, and coordinate, neuronal activity within the arcuate nucleus. AVPv/preoptic = ncleo prptico medial de rato Herbison, 1998
ovulao
http://fisiologia.med.up.pt/slides%20TP/PDF/Fisiologia%20Reproducao.pdf
CARACTERSTICAS DO TERO
http://academic.pgcc.edu/~aimholtz/AandP/206_ONLINE/Repro/femalerepro1.html
Progesterona (fase ps-ovulatria) Fase secretora uterina proliferao mas as glndulas tornam-se tortuosas e secretoras (glicognio) proliferao e enovelamento de vasos sangneos secreo cervical (secreo mais flida e aqosa)
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
Fase menstrual
Necrose focal no endomtrio que se desenvolveu; rompimento dos vasos sangneos com sangramento e descamao do endomtrio e vaso-espasmo (prostaglandinas PGF2)
Menstruao
Menstrual phase
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
A RATA como modelo experimental para a observao da importncia dos hormnios ovarianos na fisiologia do tero
ovariectomia
ovrio
Aps a ovariectomia, a diminuio dos estrgenos e da progesterona reduz o tamanho e peso uterino da rata. A terapia hormonal substitutiva adequada aumenta o peso uterino..
Epitlio Vaginal
http://microanatomy.net/Reviews/Female%20reproductive%20review.pdf
Menstrual
Early Proliferative
mainly large and small basophilic (blue) stratum spinosum cells.
Mid Proliferative
stratum spinosum (blue) increase in size. Dark precipate outside cells are bacteria.
Secretory
Both stratum corneum (red) and stratum spinosum (blue) epithelial cells will mostly blood. Leukocytes and bacteria may also be present. [coloured words are not links]
stratum spinosum cells (blue) which are folded or with curled edges, appear immediately after ovulation due to increase in progesterone. Leukocytes (small black cells) becoming more numerous.
http://embryology.med.unsw.edu.au/wwwhuman/MCycle/MCycle.htm http://www.papsociety.org/drpap.html
Late dioestrus
Pro-oestrus
Oestrus
http://137.222.110.150/calnet/Ovarian/page2.htm
MENOPAUSE Definitions
Menopause, or the climacteric, is the cessation of menses, diagnosed retrospectively after 12 months have passed without menstruation. In the Western world, menopause occurs at 51.4 years, on average, with a range of 40 to 58 years. The age at which menopause occurs is genetically determined, although cigarette smoking reduces the age of menopause by about two years.
http://www.arhp.org/healthcareproviders/cme/onlinecme/hormonetherapy/physiology.cfm http://www.menopause.org
(independente de gonadotrofinas)
Life history of ovarian follicles: endowment and maintenance, initial recruitment, maturation, atresia or cyclic recruitment, ovulation, and exhaustion. A fixed number of primordial follicles are endowed during early life, and most of them are maintained in a resting state. Growth of some of these dormant follicles is initiated before and throughout reproductive life (Initial recruitment). Follicles develop through primordial, primary, and secondary stages before acquiring an antral cavity. At the antral stage most follicles undergo atresia; however, under optimal gonadotropin stimulation that occurs after puberty, a few of them are rescued (Cyclic recruitment) to reach the preovulatory stage. Eventually, depletion of the pool of resting follicles leads to ovarian follicle exhaustion and senescence. Initial and Cyclic Recruitment of Ovarian Follicles. McGee & Hsueh, 2000 Endocrine Reviews
Neuroendocrine physiology of the early and late menopause. HALL, 2004 Hormonal integration of the reproductive system is dramatically affected by reproductive aging. The progressive loss of ovarian follicles Resumo da proposta with normal aging is accompanied by an initial decrease in inhibin B and a concomitant increase in follicle-stimulating hormone. Perda progressiva Subsequently, inhibin A and progesterone dos folculos ovarianos decrease, where as estradiol levels are (aumento da taxa de atresia >40 anos) maintained and often increase. In the late reproductive stage, cycles remain Inibina B regular whereas the early and late menopausal transition are characterized by irregular cycles c/ concomitante FSH and often dramatic swings in estradiol and gonadotropin levels. ou at dos estradiol Studies in younger and older postmenopausal (ciclos mais curtos) women suggest that there are age-related changes in the neuroendocrine axis that are independent Subsequentemente, of the changing ovarian hormonal milieu of the Inibina A e Progesterona menopausal transition but may contribute to the end of reproductive life. Hall JE, Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2004 Dec;33(4):637-59.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15501638&dopt=Citation
Table 1. Menopause-related Symptoms Vasomotor Headache Palpitations Night sweats Insomnia and sleep disturbances Hot flashes Genito-urinary Vaginal dryness Dyspareunia Vaginal itching or burning Urinary frequency, dysuria, nocturia Other systemic symptoms Fatigue Reduced sexual desire and arousal Anxiety, depression, irritability Cognitive difficulties Backache Stiffness
From menarche on, the number of primary ovarian follicles decreases, with especially marked reductions after age 40. The loss of primary ovarian follicles appears to be the key event that triggers perimenopause. Two key physiological changes are associated with menopause: the loss of primary ovarian follicles and the resulting decrease in serum and tissue estradiol levels. The primary estrogen in premenopausal women is 17 beta-estradiol, which is produced in the ovary from the aromatization of testosterone. Commercial estradiol products are often referred to as containing bioidentical estrogen for this reason. Other sites, such as muscle and adipose tissue, produce smaller amounts of estrogen through the metabolism of androgens. After menopause, these extragonadal sites become the primary source of estrogen, in the form of estrone and, to a lesser extent, estradiol. The physiological changes that eventually result in cessation of menses and the development of menopause-related symptoms begin long before menopause.
http://www.arhp.org/healthcareproviders/cme/onlinecme/hormonetherapy/physiology.cfm http://www.menopause.org
CONTRACEPTIVOS Mecanismos de ao Os contraceptivos orais combinados funcionam atravs de trs principais mecanismos de ao. Aps serem ingeridos, so absorvidos no intestino e passam corrente sangnea. Atravs do sangue, circulam e chegam a hipfise e aos ovrios, impedindo a ovulao. Tambm fazem com que o muco do colo uterino (muco cervical) torne-se mais espesso, de forma a impedir a passagem dos espermatozides. O terceiro mecanismo de ao consiste em evitar que o endomtrio (revestimento interno do tero) esteja adequadamente preparado para a gravidez. Entendendo as plulas
Os contraceptivos orais da terceira gerao podem conter hormnios sintticos combinados (progestognios e estrognios) ou apenas progestognios. As variaes entre as plulas de primeira e terceira geraes ficam por conta da quantidade e do tipo de hormnio presentes em cada uma das marcas disponveis no mercado.
O etinil-estradiol o estrognio mais freqente dos contraceptivos orais combinados desde a primeira gerao das plulas. Foram somente as doses desse hormnio que variaram ao longo dos anos. Hoje, possvel encontrar contraceptivos no mercado que contm entre 0,1 a 0,015 miligrama de etinilestradiol, enquanto na primeira gerao as plulas chegavam a conter at 0,5 miligrama. J os progestognios variaram bastante, embora alguns deles, como o levonorgestrel, contidos na primeira gerao, ainda estejam presentes nas novas formulaes.
http://www.bebevirtual.com.br/website/saude_metodos_coc.asp