1

Advanced Power Quality

Analysis
Using PCs to Solve
Harmonic Problems
Our Circuit
Transmission Line
Source
2 1
5
4
3
2
Our
Transmission
Line....
(-X) (+X)
50.0'
77.5'
98.5'
(+Y)
1.5'
12.9' 12.9'
19.6' 19.6'
LINE PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION
TRANSMISSION LINE:
500 kV
50 miles
(2) - "CHUKAR" - 1,780 MCM 84/19 ACSR per phase

S
S
A
B
C
Our Goal......
Our goal is to modify the power system to
reduce voltage and current distortion.
Later we will do this by converting the
power factor correction capacitors into tuned
filters.
3
Define Feeder Library........
4
Define the Harmonic Source Library
Define Transmission Lines
5
Create Transformer Records
text
Create the Feeders........
6
Create the Utility Source........
text
Create the Motor Contribution Source........
7
Specify the Harmonic Sources........
Specify the Capacitor Bank
8
Execute Studies........
For most cases, four studies will be executed using the power
system configuration defined by you, typically in this
sequence:
1. Harmonic Load Flow.
2. Frequency Scan for Resonance.
3. Distortion Calculations (current and voltage).
Harmonic Load Flow
9
Execute the Frequency Scan
For Resonance Study........
The impedance shown in the calculation is the
Thevenin impedance looking into the selected bus
to ground.
10
View the Graphical Output of the
Frequency Scan Report
11
Execute Voltage and Current Distortion
Calculations........
The distortion calculations determine the system's total
voltage distortion at each selected bus, and the total
current distortion at each selected branch.
12
View Graphical Output of the Voltage
Distortion
13
View Graphical Output of the Current
Distortion
14
Make System Improvements........
The next phase of the tutorial deals with modifying the
power system to compensate for the harmonic distortion
that the reports and graphics indicate.
The capacitors at Buses 4 and 5 will be tuned into
single-tuned filters.
Tune the Capacitor at Bus 4 into a Single-
Tuned Filter
15
Tune the Bus 5 Capacitor Bank into a
Single-tuned Filter
16
Comparing Results........
Now that the filters have been designed and applied
to the system, the harmonic studies must be re-
executed to determine how the changes have affected
the system resonance and distortion.
17
Compare the Frequency Scan Plots at Bus 4
18
Compare the Current Distortion Plots at
Branches 2-3 and 3-4
19
Compare the Voltage Distortion Plots
at Bus 3
20
Have a nice day!
1
Advanced Power Quality
Analysis
Using PCs to Solve
Harmonic Problems
Section X&A
Basic Tools and Methods of
Harmonic Analysis
We will
Analyze the current and voltage
wave forms using the Fourier
SIN or COS method
2
Basic Tools and Methods of Harmonic Analysis.
Harmonic Analysis Techniques Available:
1. Symmetrical Components
Limited to balanced 3 phase systems
with balanced or unbalanced events
2. Eigen Value Method
Can be applied to four conductor,
DC or multi-phase systems
Basic Tools and Methods of Harmonic Analysis.
HI_WAVE uses
the Eigen Value
Method.
3
Basics of a Computer Analysis
X. Prepare a One-Line Diagram
X1. Define transmission line.
X2. Define feeders.
X3. Define capacitors and harmonic sources.
X4. Define source and transformers.
Basics of a Computer Analysis.
A. Define Component Library
A1. Define feeder library.
A2. Define harmonic source library.
A3. Define transmission line library.
4
Basics of a Computer Analysis.
B. Define System Topology
(Branch records that connect buses)
B1. Create the transmission lines.
B2. Create the transformers.
B3. Create the feeders.
B4. Create the Utility sources.
B5. Create motor contribution sources.
Basics of a Computer Analysis.
C. Define System Topology
(Loads and Devices at Buses)
C1. Specify the source bus.
C2. Specify the harmonic sources.
C3. Specify the capacitor banks/filters.
5
Basics of a Computer Analysis.
D. Execute Studies
D1. Execute demand load analysis (if reqd).
D 2. Execute harmonic load flow analysis.
D 3. Execute freq. scan for system resonance.
D 4. Execute voltage and current dist. calcs.
Basics of a Computer Analysis.
E. Evaluate and Modify System
E1. Make system improvements.
E2. Comparing results.
6
X1. Our Transmission Line
Transmission Line
Source
2 1
5
4
3
X1. Our
Transmission
Line....
(-X) (+X)
50.0'
77.5'
98.5'
(+Y)
1.5'
12.9' 12.9'
19.6' 19.6'
LINE PHYSICAL CONFIGURATION
TRANSMISSION LINE:
500 kV
50 miles
(2) - "CHUKAR" - 1,780 MCM 84/19 ACSR per phase

S
S
A
B
C
7
Cable or Transmission Line Modeling
In a low voltage system non-linear modeling is
usually not required.
Cables and lines can be modeled by Cascaded PI
modeling or Distributed Equivalent PI modeling.
The Distributed Equivalent PI method is used in
HI_WAVE for increased accuracy.
HI_WAVE allows for modeling of line charging,
series compensation, and shunt compensation.
X2. Our Feeders....
Feeder from BUS 3 to 4:
Feeder from BUS 3 to 5:
250 MCM - Copper - XLP - 15 kV rated cable
1000 circuit feet
in 3.5 inch non-metallic conduit
2 1
5
4
3
Feeder
Feeder
8
X3. Our Capacitor Banks and
Harmonic Source....
2 1
5
4
3
Harmonic
Source
Capacitor Bank #5
Capacitor Bank #4
X3. Our
Capacitor
Banks
and
Harmonic
Source....
Capacitor Bank - BUS 5:
Capacitor Bank - BUS 4:
Harmonic Source:
400 kVAR
13.8 kV rated
WYE Connected
1000 kVAR
13.8 kV rated
WYE connected
1000 HP (kVA) VFD drive
Measured CURRENT DISTORTION
per SKM "TUTORIAL"
5th = 37.6%
7th = 12.55%
11th = 7.11%
13th = 3.35%
17th = 2.93%
19th = 1.67%
9
X4. Our Utility Source and
Transformers....
Z = 8%
X/R = 10
Fault Duty
1000 MVA
2 1
5
4
3
Source:
500 kV
1000 mVA (Avail. short ckt.)
X/R = 30
Transformer:
500 kV Delta primary
13.8 kV WYE (grounded) secondary
5000/5500 kVA 0A/FA
Z = 8%
X/R = 10
Our Goal......
Our goal is to modify the power system to
reduce voltage and current distortion.
Later we will do this by converting the
power factor correction capacitors into tuned
filters.
Let's go to the computer lab.
10
About HI_WAVE.....
Minimum System Operation requires:
HI_WAVE 386 needs EXTENDED memory
Free ram must be greater than 575 k
MEM = 2 megs or greater of XMS Memory
5 megs of hard drive to install program
To start HI_WAVE
11
Press F1, and the HI_WAVE Project Manager will list all of the
available project files. Select the TUTORIAL project.
Press F5: Execute, and the HI_WAVE Main Menu will appear
12
Press F2: Libraries. Press Enter to access the HI_WAVE library
A1. Define Feeder Library........
Press F1: Feeder & Raceway;
Make sure the menu data matches the menu below.
13
Press F1: Fetch to access the cable data
To enter the non-linear data required for this project, press F9:
Frequency Dependent, and the window shown below will appear
14
To view the existing model, position the marker bar over the
250 EXISTING and press Enter
Resistivity = 1/volume conductivity
Relative Permeability is a relationship between
magnetic induction and magnetic force
Relative Permittivity is related to the dielectric
constant
15
Select F10:Continue and make sure the Menu data
matches the data below
Press Esc-Abort to return to the menu below
16
Press Esc-Abort until you return to the menu below
Press F5: Harmonic Sources
A2. Define the Harmonic Source Library
From the HI_Wave
Libraries menu select
F5:Harmonic Sources
17
Press Enter then press F5: Enter/Edit Detailed Model
Load Types
Constant Impedance = incandescent lights
or resistance heaters - loads that vary with
the square of the voltage applied.
Constant kVA = motors, constant wattage
ballast's - loads that attempt to remain at
the same kW input regardless of voltage
applied.
Constant Current = load whose current is
affected by fluctuations in bus voltage
phase angle.
18
Modeling The Harmonic Source
Six pulse (Classical method)
Pros: Can model commutation reactance and phase angles.
Cons: Cannot accurately model ripples of the wave form.
Six pulse (Dobinson method)
Pros: Allows ripples in the direct current to be modeled.
Pros: Particularly accurate for 5th and 7th harmonics .
Cons: Cannot model commutation reactance and phase angles.
Modeling The Harmonic Source
Six pulse (Graham-Schonholzer / G-S method)
Pros: Models direct current and higher order
harmonics.
Six pulse (Rice FFT method)
Pros: Samples the direct current wave form
considering commutation and firing angles.
Pros: Produces an accurate description of entire
curve in time domain.
19
Modeling The Harmonic Source
Twelve pulse (Classical method)
Twelve pulse (Dobinson method)
Twelve pulse (Graham-Schonholzer method)
Twelve pulse (Rice FFT method)
Twelve pulse converters are modeled as two six pulse units
with a 30 degree phase shift.
Modeling The Harmonic Source
kVA field is the converter kVA nameplate rating.
PF must be estimated since it changes with load.
Max Order is up to your discretion.
Alpha data field is up to your discretion (0-90)
Lower value implies more power to the load.
Xc usually is reactance in p.u. of the series reactor.
L(mh) is the motor load converted to an inductance.
20
When the data for the first screen is checked, use F2: Next Page to
move to screen two.
When all the data has been checked, press F1: Return with Data
and then F1: Save to exit the screen and save the source in the
library.
The source name will appear on
the left-hand side of the screen
at the bottom of the source list
as shown below.
21
When the harmonic source has been created and saved, press F10:
Exit until you return to the HI_WAVE Libraries Menu.
A3. Define the Transmission Line Library........
From the HI_WAVE
Libraries Menu, select F8:
Transmission Lines and
the Transmission Line
Library shown will appear.
22
Press Enter
This library allows you to enter detailed
frequency dependent transmission line data.
After the data has been checked, press F10: Exit to return to
the HI Wave library menu.
23
Goto Section B
1
Advanced Power Quality
Analysis
Using PCs to Solve
Harmonic Problems
Section B&C
B1. Create the Transmission Line.....
Return to the Main menu. Press F10: Exit
2
Press F1: Branch Records to obtain the menu SIMILAR to the
menu below. Hit F9 to turn scan on.
text
On the left side of the menu, highlight the record line that says
From Bus 1 (Utility) to Bus 2 (TRX Pri). Then press Return to get
the Menu as shown below:
3
When all of the above data is correct, press F9: Freq. Dep. Ln.
This will call up a list of the non-linear transmission line models in
the transmission line library, as illustrated below.
Position the marker bar over the Transmission Line ID name, and
press Enter. This will automatically enter the model into the
branch record.
4
The name of the selected model Transmission will appear in the
Frequency Dep. Model data field as shown in the figure below.
This is important!
The transmission line branch record is now complete and may be
saved by pressing F1: Save.
Press F10: Exit to return to the left hand portion of the screen.
Note that the branch name is now visible in this portion of the
screen, verifying that the branch record has been created and
saved.
5
B2. Create the Transformer........
Transformer Modeling
Program considers non-linearity caused by over
excitation or overloading.
Transformer connections and phase shifting are modeled.
Phase shifting is important when more than one source
of harmonics exists.
Program considers impedance versus frequency using a
Laplace transformation. This modeling is automatic.
Consider using EXISTING vs. DESIGN when modeling
transformers.
6
The transformer branch record is now complete. Press F1: Save
to save the record and F10: Exit to return to the left-hand
window of the Branch Record Editor.
B3. Create the Feeders........
On the left side of the menu, highlight the record line that says From
Bus 3 (TRX Sec) to Bus 4 (Filter). Then press Return to get the
Menu as shown below.
7
Press F1: Save to save the record and F10: Exit to return to the
left-hand window of the Branch Record Editor.
On the left side of the menu, highlight the record line that says
From Bus 3 (TRX Sec) to Bus 5 (Harm Source). Then press
Return to get the Menu as shown below.
text
8
Press F1: Save to save the record and F10: Exit to return
to the left-hand window of the Branch Record Editor.
B4. Create the Utility Source........
On the left side of the menu, highlight the record line that
says From C UTILITY to 1 UTILITY. Then press
Return to get the Menu as shown below.
Note that the fault duty contribution record is displayed on a
line different than the specified branch, and is identified
with a "C" to the left of contribution type, as shown below.
For the purposes of this tutorial, a utility fault duty will be
defined for Bus 1, and the harmonic source at Bus 5 will be
specified as an induction motor contribution.
9
Press F10: Exit to return to the Branch Record Editor.
text
B5. Create the Motor Contribution Source........
On the left side of the menu, highlight the record line that
says From C MOTOR to 5 HARM SOURC. Then press
Return to get the Menu as shown below.
Note that the fault duty contribution record is displayed on a
line different than the specified branch, and is identified
with a "C" to the left of contribution type, as shown below.
10
We define the induction motor contribution record in the same
manner as the utility fault duty, specifying the contribution data
as shown below. Press F10: Exit to return to the Branch Record
Editor
Notes On Inputting Data:
Co-generation - Do not model as a source bus, use the
special co-generator model.
Generators operating in parallel with the Utility may be
defined as special bus generation load in the bus records.
11
C1. Specify the Source Bus ........
All of the branches have now been defined; the next task
will be to enter data for the bus records. To exit the
Branch Record Editor, press F10: Exit, and the program
will return to the HI_WAVE Main Menu.
From the HI_WAVE Main Menu select F3: Bus Records
as illustrated above, and the HI_WAVE Bus Records
screen below will appear.
Note that the bus names and numbers already exist in the bus record
editor. These buses were defined automatically when the connecting
branches were created. Your task in the bus record editor is to define
end use loads, special bus loads, harmonic source data and/or filter
data for the buses.
12
To specify a source bus, press F7: Source Bus from the figure
above, and the Define Source Bus Records window will appear as
shown below.
Specify Bus 1 as the source bus, as shown
above. When the source bus has been
specified, press F10: Exit to return to the
list of bus records on the left side of the
screen.
13
C2. Specify the Harmonic Sources........
To specify the harmonic source at Bus 5, position the marker bar
over Bus 5, and press F9: Load/Filter. The Harmonic Filter Data
screen shown below will appear. Press Enter to access the screen.
When the screen is accessed, a harmonic source may be selected by
pressing F5: Harmonic Source Library; the list of sources in the
harmonic source library will appear as shown below
14
Position the marker bar on the Tutorial Source and press Enter to
select it. HI_WAVE returns to the Harmonic Source/Filter Data
screen, automatically inserting the source into the bus record. To
verify that the source has been added to the bus record, make sure
that the source name appears in the Library Source data field.
Specify a 1000 kVA rating in the kVA data field, as illustrated
below.
C3. Specify the Capacitor Bank and Filter........
While you are in this window, the capacitor bank data may
be defined. Press F6: Filter or Capacitor to access the
Interactive Designer for Filters and Capacitor Banks
window shown below.
15
Enter the capacitor data for Bus 5 shown below.
Press F6: Calculate Filter or Capacitor & Return Data;
HI_WAVE calculates the capacitor data, inserts the data into the
branch record, and returns control to the Harmonic Filter Data
window, as shown below.
16
Press F1: Save to save the capacitor data with
Bus 5 and return to the list of bus records on the
left where the capacitor data for Bus 4 will now
be specified.
Position the marker bar over Bus 4 and press Enter to access the
Harmonic Source/Filter Data entry window shown below. Make
sure that Bus 4 has been selected by checking the bus record
number in the upper left-hand portion of this window.
17
Press F6: Filter or Capacitor to access the Filter/Capacitor design
window. Enter the capacitor data shown below.
When this data has been entered, press F6: Calculate Filter or
Capacitor & Return Data. HI_WAVE will calculate the
capacitor data, insert the data into the bus record, and return control
to the Harmonic Filter Data window, as shown below.
18
Bus 4 is now defined and the bus records are complete. Press F1:
Save to save the filter data, and press F10: Exit until the
HI_WAVE Main Menu appears. You have now configured the
network topology for the entire tutorial project, and can begin to
execute HI_WAVE studies to scan the system for resonance and
harmonic distortion.
1
Advanced Power Quality
Analysis
Using PCs to Solve
Harmonic Problems
Section D1-D2-D3
D. Execute Studies........
You have now configured the network
topology for the entire tutorial project, and can
begin to execute HI_WAVE studies to scan the
system for resonance and harmonic distortion.
2
For most cases, four studies will be executed using the
power system configuration defined by you, typically in this
sequence:
1. Demand Load Analysis.
2. Harmonic Load Flow.
3. Frequency Scan for Resonance.
4. Distortion Calculations (current and voltage).
3
In the case of the Tutorial, executing a Demand Load Analysis is
not necessary. The reasons for executing the studies in this
sequence will be explained during the course of the analysis
sections.
D1. Execute Demand Load Analysis........
Normally, you would have specified end use load and/or
special bus loads in a project in which case a Demand Load
Analysis would be executed.
Since the only loads in this project are harmonic sources, a
Demand Load Analysis is not necessary; the Harmonic Load
Flow Program models all harmonic source load data. Had you
specified end use loads or special bus loads, the Demand Load
Analysis would have been the first study executed.
4
Demand Load Analysis
Connected Load - Sum of:
End Use Loads + Loads on feeders to that bus.
Demand Load - Sum of:
End Use Loads + Loads on feeders to that bus,
except that diversity factors are applied at EACH bus.
Design Load - Sum of:
DEMAND Loads times applicable code or designer safety
factors.
Demand load analysis does not allow loops, only radial
feeders.
If all the loads are entered as special bus loads,
there is no need to run the DLA.
The Harmonic Load Analysis allows looped feeders.
5
D2. Execute Harmonic Load Flow Analysis........
From the main menu select F8: Execute Studies, and the
Harmonic Investigation Studies screen will appear.
Select F2: Harmonic Load Flow from this screen, and the
report name window will be called up.
Enter the report name as shown below.
6
Harmonic Load Flow Study
Does not evaluate feeder or transformer capacity.
Automatically includes all passive elements
including filters.
Harmonic load flow can have looped system.
Press F1: Continue, and enter title lines for the study as
shown below or any text you like.
7
After the title lines have been entered, press F1: Continue,
and the HI_WAVE Load Flow Criteria screen will appear.
In this screen, you set the criteria for the solution method, the
system modeling requirements and the solution criteria.
These criterion categories should be reviewed to discover the
available options.
For the purposes of the tutorial, enter the criteria options
shown below.
Press F1: Continue, and HI_WAVE will execute the
harmonic load flow study.
8
Review the Harmonic Load Flow Report
After executing the harmonic load flow study, the
program will return to the HI_WAVE Main Menu.
To review the harmonic load flow report, select
F7: Edit Scan Files. Enter the harmonic load
report file name in response to the HI_WAVE
prompt, as shown below or select F3: to view all
available files.
Press F1: Continue, and the report shown below will be
displayed.
Important Features of the Harmonic Load Flow Report
9
P A S S I V E F I L T E R D A T A
BUS VOLTAGE FILTER PARAMETERS FILTER LOAD
R JWL JWC KVA PF
==============================================================================
4 FILTER 13800.
+ sequ: .00 .00 190.44 1000.0 .0000
0 sequ: .00 .00 .00
5 HARM SOURC 13800.
+ sequ: .00 .00 476.10 400.0 .0000
0 sequ: .00 .00 .00
F E E D E R D A T A
FEEDER FROM FEEDER TO QTY VOLTS LENGTH FEEDER DESCRIPTION
NO NAME NO NAME /PH L-L SIZE TYPE DUCT INSUL
==============================================================================
1 UTILITY 2 TRX PRI 1 500000. 50. MI
IMPEDANCE: .0300000 + J .0900000 PER UNIT
B/2: .004000 PER UNIT % SERIES COMP: .0
TO SHUNT(KVAR): 200. FROM SHUNT(KVAR): 200.
3 TRX SEC 4 FILTER 1 13800. 1000. FT 250 C N XLP
IMPEDANCE: .0891 + J .0396 OHMS/M FEET
3 TRX SEC 5 HARM SOURC 1 13800. 1000. FT 250 C N XLP
IMPEDANCE: .0891 + J .0396 OHMS/M FEET STATUS: EXISTING
==============================================================================
SOURCE BUS THEVENIN EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE: 8.329 + J 249.861 OHMS
Calculated From Largest 3-PHASE Fault Contribution
==============================================================================
10
T R A N S F O R M E R D A T A
PRIMARY RECORD VOLTS PRI * SECONDARY RECORD VOLTS SEC NOMINAL
NO NAME L-L FLA NO NAME L-L FLA KVA
==============================================================================
2 TRX PRI 500000. 6. 3 TRX SEC 13800. 209. 5000.
IMPEDANCE: .7960 + J 7.9603 PERCENT
B R A N C H L O A D D A T A
=============================================================================
F R O M / T O BR. CONSTANT KVA CONSTANT Z CONSTANT I FLOW
B U S / B U S TYPE KVA %PF KVA %PF KVA %PF DIR.
=============================================================================
The Harmonic Load Flow Program reports end use load data
under the Branch Load Data heading. Since there is no such
data in the Tutorial project, this heading is empty.
11
B U S S P E C I A L S T U D Y D A T A
==============================================================================
* NO * NAME * KW * KVAR * LOAD/GENERATION
==============================================================================
4 FILTER 0. -1000. CONSTANT Z LOAD
5 HARM SOURC 0. -400. CONSTANT Z LOAD
5 HARM SOURC 800. 600. CONSTANT I LOAD
*** SOLUTION COMMENTS ***
SOLUTION PARAMETERS
PER UNIT DRIVING VOLTAGE : 1.0000
BRANCH VOLTAGE CRITERIA : 4.00 %
BUS VOLTAGE CRITERIA : 5.00 %
EXACT(ITERATIVE) SOLUTION : YES
TRANSFORMERS MODELED : YES
<<PERCENT VOLTAGE DROPS ARE BASED ON NOMINAL DESIGN VOLTAGES>>
12
BALANCED VOLTAGE DROP AND LOAD
FLOW ANALYSIS (SPECIAL BUS LOAD
REPORT
VOLTAGE EFFECT ON LOADS MODELED TRANSFORMER VOLTAGE DROP MODELED
VOLTAGE DROP CRITERIA: BRANCH = 4.00 % BUS = 5.00
PER UNIT DRIVING VOLTAGE = 1.0000
LOAD BUS: 1 UTILITY DESIGN VOLTAGE:500000 LOAD VOLTAGE:500590 %VD: -.1
------------------------- VOLTAGE ANGLE: .0 DEGREES
LOAD TO: 2 TRX PRI FEEDER AMPS: 2 VOLTAGE DROP: -332. %VD: -.07
PROJECTED POWER FLOW: 814. KW -1209. KVAR 1457. KVA PF: .56 LEADING
LOSSES THRU FEEDER: 1. KW -400. KVAR 400. KVA
LOAD FROM: **** SOURCE FEEDER AMPS: 2 VOLTAGE DROP: 0. %VD: .00
PROJECTED POWER FLOW: 814. KW -1209. KVAR 1457. KVA PF: .56 LEADING
LOSSES THRU FEEDER: 0. KW 0. KVAR 0. KVA
LOAD BUS: 5 HARM SOURC DESIGN VOLTAGE: 13800 LOAD VOLTAGE: 13981 %VD: -1.3
------------------------- VOLTAGE ANGLE: -.9 DEGREES
PROJECTED SPECIAL BUS LOAD: 810. KW 197. KVAR
LOAD FROM: 3 TRX SEC FEEDER AMPS: 34 VOLTAGE DROP: 6. %VD: .04
PROJECTED POWER FLOW: 810. KW 197. KVAR 834. KVA PF: .97 LAGGING
LOSSES THRU FEEDER: 0. KW 0. KVAR 0. KVA
5 BUSES
*** T O T A L S Y S T E M L O S S E S ***
3. KW -378. KVAR
13
To exit the viewing mode and return to the Main Menu, press
F10 and the program will ask whether or not you want to exit.
Press D(on't), then Enter, and the program will return to the
Main Menu.
D3. Execute the Frequency Scan For
Resonance Study........
The next study to be performed is the frequency scan for
resonance which does not rely on the data generated in the
two previous studies.
This study does not take harmonic sources into
consideration, rather it injects a 1 per unit current into the
system in order to reveal the system's characteristic
resonance points.
14
Based on the frequency scan report results, you will be able to
decide if there is cause to execute a distortion calculation.
If there are large resonance points at frequencies where
harmonic sources exist at high magnitudes, then a distortion
calculation should be executed.
Frequency Scan
The frequency scan requires you to define all
harmonic sources, but is unaffected by the source
type or magnitude of harmonics.
The impedance shown in the calculation is the
Thevenin impedance looking into the selected
bus to ground.
15
To execute a frequency scan, select F8: Execute Studies
from the Main Menu.
From the Harmonic Investigation Studies window, select F8:
Frequency Scan for Resonance(386).
Enter the file name for the Frequency Scan for Resonance
report as shown below.
After the report name has been entered, press F1: Continue.
16
Enter the project title lines for the frequency scan for
resonance study as shown below.
After the project title lines have been entered, press
F1: Continue.
17
A window listing of all the buses in the power system will
now appear. This screen allows you to select all of the buses
that will be included in the frequency scan. To select a bus,
position the marker bar over the desired bus using the choice
keys and press F5:
Select Buses for Display. Asterisk brackets will appear
around the bus, indicating that it has been selected.
Pressing F5 again will de-select the bus. For the purposes of
the tutorial, select all of the buses in the power system with
the exception of the utility source bus (Bus 1) as shown
below.
Notice also in this window the double arrow symbol to the
right of bus five; this indicates the presence of a harmonic
source at the indicated bus.
18
Press F9: Execute after the buses have been selected, and the
Solution Criteria for HI_WAVE Frequency Scan window
will appear.
This window is similar to the solution criteria window for the
harmonic load flow study; it allows you to specify the
scanning range and the solution criteria for the frequency
scan.
19
Enter the data for this screen as shown below.
Notice that in the Define Scanning Range window the data
are entered manually, while in the Select the Solution Criteria
window the choice keys are used to toggle through a list of
options.
20
When finished, press F1: Execute and HI_WAVE will
execute the frequency scan for resonance analysis. When the
analysis is complete, the program returns you to the
HI_WAVE Main Menu.
View the Frequency Scan Report
To view the report results, select F7: Edit/Scan
files from the HI_WAVE Main Menu.
Enter the frequency scan report name as shown
below.
21
Press F1: Continue to view the frequency scan for resonance
report below.
Frequency Scan Criteria
Text Output
22
C R I T E R I A O F F R E Q U E N C Y
S C A N
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY: 60.HZ
START FREQUENCY: 60.HZ
SCAN STEP SIZE: 20.HZ
SCAN STEPS: 75
EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE REPORTED IN PER UNIT
WITH ONE PER UNIT CURRENT
INJECTED AT SELECTED BUSES
BASED ON BUS NOMINAL VOLTAGE AND 100MVA POWER BASE
BOTH AERIAL AND GROUND MODES ARE SELECTED
NONLINEAR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT BRANCHES
ARE SELECTED
MOTORS ARE FROM CONTRIBUTION DATA
SPECIAL LOADS ARE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY
23
L E G E N D O F T E R M I N O L O G Y
FREQUENCY SCAN: INJECTING 1 PER UNIT CURRENT AT
THE HARMONIC SOURCE LOCATIONS,
REPORTING SYSTEM BUS VOLTAGES
(EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCES)
FOR A RANGE OF FREQUENCIES
SET UP BY USER
BUS EQUIVALENT IMPEDANCE: THE IMPEDANCE SEEN FROM THE
USER SELECTED BUS
DRIVING BUS: ANY BUS WITH A HARMONIC
SOURCE
HARMONIC SOURCE: REPLACED BY CONSTANT ONE
PER UNIT CURRENT SOURCE
R PU: REAL PART OF COMPLEX IMPEDANCE
IN PER UNIT
JX PU: IMAGINARY PART OF COMPLEX IMPEDANCE
IN PER UNIT
Z PU: MAGNITUDE OF IMPEDANCE
IN PER UNIT
P A S S I V E F I L T E R D A T A
BUS VOLTAGE R (OHM) JXL (OHM) -JXC (OHM)
==============================================================================
4 FILTER 13800.
POS SEQ. .00 .00 190.44
ZERO SEQ. .00 .00 .00
5 HARM SOURC 13800.
POS SEQ. .00 .00 476.10
ZERO SEQ. .00 .00 .00
24
C O N T R I B U T I O N D A T A
CONTRIBUTION VOLTAGE BASE
FROM NAME TO NAME L-L MVA XD"(PU) X/R
==============================================================================
UTILITY 1 UTILITY 500000. 3P-KA: 1.155 30.0
TYPE: UTILITY 1P-KA:
POS SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE (100 MVA BASE) .00333 + J .09994 PER UNIT
MOTOR 5 HARM SOURC 13800. 1.000 .25000 15.0
TYPE: IND. MOTOR KW/HP: 1000. RPM: 1800.
POS SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE (100 MVA BASE) 1.66667 + J 25.00000 PER UNIT
F E E D E R D A T A
FEEDER FROM FEEDER TO QTY VOLTS LENGTH FEEDER DESCRIPTION
No. NAME No. NAME /PH L-L FEET SIZE TYPE DUCT INSUL
==============================================================================
1 UTILITY 2 TRX PRI 1 500000. 264000.
IMPEDANCE: .0300000 + J .0900000 PER UNIT
B/2: .004000 PER UNIT % SERIES COMP: 200.0
TO SHUNT(KVAR): 200. FROM SHUNT(KVAR): 0.
3 TRX SEC 4 FILTER 1 13800. 1000. 250 C N XLP
POS seq Z .0891 + J .0396 OHMS/M FEET .04679 + J .02079 PU
25
T R A N S F O R M E R D A T A
PRIMARY SIDE VOLTS PRI * SECONDARY SIDE VOLTS SEC NOMINAL
No. NAME CONN L-L FLA * No. NAME CONN L-L FLA KVA
==============================================================================
2 TRX PRI D 500000. 6. 3 TRX SEC YG 13800. 209. 5000.
POS SEQ Z .7960 + J 7.9603 PERCENT .15921 + J 1.59206 PER UNIT
Equivalent Bus Impedance at Fundamental Frequency
B U S E Q U I V A L E N T
I M P E D A N C E AT 60 HZ AND ABOVE
HI_WAVE reports equivalent bus impedance for
all harmonic frequencies, according to user-
defined steps, up to and including the maximum
selected frequency. For the purposes of this
illustration, the middle frequencies are omitted.
26
To exit the viewing mode press F10: and the program will ask
whether or not you want to exit. Press D(on't) and Enter in
response to the prompt, and the program will return to the
Main Menu.
View the Graphical Output of the
Frequency Scan Report
This step of the tutorial is required so that you can decide
whether or not distortion calculations need to be executed on
the project.
To view a drawing of the frequency report, from the
HI_WAVE Main Menu select F4: Graphics Output and the
HI_WAVE Graphing Utility window will appear. From this
window select F1: Frequency Scan Drawings as illustrated
below.
27
When F1: Frequency Scan Drawings is selected, the Select
Drawing Name window will appear. In this window, there
will be a list of frequency scan file names. Select the SCAN
file as shown below, and press Enter.
28
When Enter is pressed, the buses that you selected for
inclusion in the frequency scan calculation will appear in a
window on the right side of the screen.
From this window select Bus 2 for graphical output by
positioning the marker bar over the bus name and pressing
F1: Select Data. Arrows will appear to the right of the bus
name to indicate that it has been selected.
29
Next, access the Plot Data Choices data choice field and
select H Order V Z (harmonic order versus impedance) from
the list of provided options using the PgUp/PgDn keys.
Press F2: Plot Selected, and HI_WAVE will generate the
requested drawing, as shown below.
30
Using the same process outlined above, de-select Bus 2,
select Buses 3, 4, and 5 for simultaneous output. The
drawing of the combined plots is illustrated below.
31
To save this drawing to a plot file press F9: Save Plot File.
Pressing F10: Exit will not save the drawing into a plot file, it will
only save the screen data.
After pressing F9, the Save Plot File window will appear.
Enter the output file name and plot description as shown
below.
32
Press F1: Continue/Save to save the plot file under
the entered report name, and HI_WAVE will return
to the drawing window.
Press F10: Exit to access the HI_WAVE
Graphing Utility window.
Press F10: Exit to Main Menu.
1
Advanced Power Quality
Analysis
Using PCs to Solve
Harmonic Problems
Section D4-E1-E2
D4. Execute Voltage and Current Distortion
Calculations........
The distortion calculations determine the system's total
voltage distortion at each selected bus, and the total
current distortion at each selected branch.
To perform the distortion calculations, from the
HI_WAVE Main Menu select F8: Execute Studies, and
the Harmonic Investigation Studies window will appear.
From this window select F7: Distortion
Calculations(386).
2
HI_WAVE will prompt you to enter a report name for the
distortion calculation. Enter the report name DIST as shown
below. The date and time will be entered automatically by
HI_WAVE.
3
Press F1: Continue and the Enter Project
Title Lines window will appear.
Enter title lines for the distortion calculation
report as shown below.
4
Press F1: Continue, and a window containing a list of all the
buses in the power system will appear. In this window you
specify the buses to be included for graphical output in the
voltage distortion calculation.
To select a bus, position the marker bar over the desired bus
record, and press F5: Select Buses For Display. When a bus
record is selected, asterisk brackets appear around the bus name.
Select all of the bus records except the utility bus (Bus 1) as
shown below.
5
When all of the buses are selected, press F9: Execute, and the
Select Branch Flow Records screen illustrated below will appear.
6
In this screen, you select the branches to be included in graphical
output of the current distortion calculation.
To select a branch, position the marker bar over the desired branch
and press F5: Toggle Select. When a branch is selected, asterisk
brackets appear around the branch name, and the branch name
appears in the Selected Records window on the right side of the
screen.
For the purposes of the tutorial, select ALL of the branches in the
system for inclusion in the current distortion calculation as shown
below.
7
When the branches have been selected, press F9: Execute to
access the Solution Criteria for HI_WAVE Distortion
Calculation screen. In this screen, specify the solution
criteria for the distortion calculation as shown below.
Notice that in the Define the Distortion Calculation Range window,
data are entered manually, while in the Select Solution Criteria
window, data options are toggled using the choice keys.
8
When the solution criteria have been entered, press F1:
Execute, HI_WAVE executes the distortion calculations.
After the calculations are complete, the program will return
control to the Main Menu. You may now view the distortion
calculation text report.
View the Distortion Calculation Report
9
To view the report results, select F7: Edit/Scan Files from
the Main Menu. HI_WAVE will prompt you for the report
name, Enter DIST in response to the prompt, as shown
below.
Select F1: Continue to continue.
Important Features of the Distortion
Calculation Report
10
C R I T E R I A O F D I S T O R T I O N
S T U D Y
FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY: 60.HZ
MAXIMUM ORDER OF HARMONICS: 25TH
TOTAL VOLTAGE AND CURRENT DISTORTION IS BASED ON THE LOAD FLOW STUDY
TOTAL VOLTAGE DISTORTION WILL BE REPORTED
HARMONIC RMS VOLTAGE WILL BE REPORTED
TOTAL CURRENT DISTORTION WILL BE REPORTED
HARMONIC RMS CURRENT WILL BE REPORTED
NONLINEAR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT BRANCHES ARE SELECTED
BOTH AERIAL AND GROUND MODES ARE SELECTED
MOTORS ARE FROM CONTRIBUTION DATA
SPECIAL LOADS ARE INCLUDED IN THE STUDY
IT FACTOR WILL BE REPORTED
TRANSFORMER PHASE SHIFT MODELED
L E G E N D O F T E R M I N O L O G Y
LF VOLTS: LOAD FLOW VOLTAGE RESULTS
V_THD: TOTAL HARMONIC VOLTAGE DISTORTION
V_RMS: ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE VOLTAGE MAGNITUDE INCLUDING
FUNDAMENTAL VOLTAGE AND HARMONIC VOLTAGES
V_TIF: VOLTAGE TELEPHONE INFLUENCE FACTOR
I_THD: TOTAL HARMONIC BRANCH CURRENT DISTORTION
I_RMS: ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE CURRENT MAGNITUDE INCLUDING
FUNDAMENTAL CURRENT AND HARMONIC CURRENTS
IT: INDUCTIVE INFLUENCE IN TERMS OF ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE OF
THE PRODUCT OF CURRENTS AND THE INFLUENCE WEIGHTING
FACTORS
K: K-FACTOR, TOTAL TRUE-RMS CURRENT REFERENCE
11
H A R M O N I C S O U R C E
BUS: 5 HARM SOURC VOLTAGE: 13800. ID:SKM SIX PULSE KVA: 1000.0
ORDER MAGNITUDE ANGLE ORDER MAGNITUDE ANGLE ORDER MAGNITUDE ANGLE
==============================================================================
1 100.000 -12.6 5 37.660 107.4 7 12.550 -126.9
11 7.110 -93.2 13 3.350 -50.2 17 2.930 15.9
19 1.670 45.0
H A R M O N I C S O U R C E I N D E X
T A B L E
HARMONIC SOURCES HAVE BEEN FOUND AND
INJECTED FOR EACH OF
THE FOLLOWING HARMONIC ORDERS
5 7 11 13 17 19
12
P A S S I V E F I L T E R D A T A
BUS VOLTAGE R (OHM) JWL (OHM) -JWC (OHM)
==============================================================================
4 FILTER 13800.
POS SEQ. .00 .00 190.44
ZERO SEQ. .00 .00 .00
5 HARM SOURC 13800.
POS SEQ. .00 .00 476.10
ZERO SEQ. .00 .00 .00
C O N T R I B U T I O N D A T A
CONTRIBUTION VOLTAGE BASE
NAME No. NAME L-L MVA XD"(PU) X/R
==============================================================================
UTILITY 1 UTILITY 500000. 3P-KA: 1.155 30.0
TYPE: UTILITY 1P-KA:
POS SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE (100 MVA BASE) .00333 + J .09994 PER UNIT
MOTOR 5 HARM SOURC 13800. 1.000 .25000 15.0
TYPE: IND. MOTOR KW/HP: 1000. RPM: 1800.
POS SEQUENCE IMPEDANCE (100 MVA BASE) 1.66667 + J 25.00000 PER UNIT
13
F E E D E R D A T A
FEEDER FROM FEEDER TO QTY VOLTS LENGTH FEEDER DESCRIPTION
No. NAME No. NAME /PH L-L FEET SIZE TYPE DUCT INSUL
==============================================================================
1 UTILITY 2 TRX PRI 1 500000. 264000.
IMPEDANCE: .0300000 + J .0900000 PER UNIT
B/2: .004000 PER UNIT % SERIES COMP: 200.0
TO SHUNT(KVAR): 200. FROM SHUNT(KVAR): 0.
3 TRX SEC 4 FILTER 1 13800. 1000. 250 C N XLP
POS seq Z .0891 + J .0396 OHMS/M FEET .04679 + J .02079 PU
3 TRX SEC 5 HARM SOURC 1 13800. 1000. 250 C N XLP
POS seq Z .0891 + J .0396 OHMS/M FEET .04679 + J .02079 PU
T R A N S F O R M E R D A T A
PRIMARY SIDE VOLTS PRI * SECONDARY SIDE VOLTS SEC NOMINAL
No. NAME CONN L-L FLA * No. NAME CONN L-L FLA KVA
==============================================================================
2 TRX PRI D 500000. 6. 3 TRX SEC YG 13800. 209. 5000.
POS SEQ Z .7960 + J 7.9603 PERCENT .15921 + J 1.59206 PER UNIT
14
T O T A L V O L T A G E D I S T O R T I O N
BUS NAME NOMINAL VOLTS V_RMS V_THD(%) V_TIF
==============================================================================
1 UTILITY 500000. 500589.60 .0003 .5003
2 TRX PRI 500000. 501026.60 2.0522 $ 11.6989
3 TRX SEC 13800. 14043.35 9.0340 $ 36.7486
4 FILTER 13800. 14046.98 9.0903 $ 37.2840
5 HARM SOURC 13800. 14038.08 9.0715 $ 36.5682
V O L T A G E D I S T. S U M M A R Y
THERE ARE 4 VOLTAGE DISTORTION EXCEEDING IEEE STD 519 STANDARD
==============================================================================
BUS NAME NOMINAL VOLTS V_RMS V_TH(%) V_TIF
==============================================================================
2 TRX PRI 500000. 501026.60 2.0522 $ 11.6989
3 TRX SEC 13800. 14043.35 9.0340 $ 36.7486
4 FILTER 13800. 14046.98 9.0903 $ 37.2840
5 HARM SOURC 13800. 14038.08 9.0715 $ 36.5682
15
T O T A L C U R R E N T D I S T O R T I O N
FROM/NAME TO/NAME VOLTAGE I_RMS(A) I_THD(%) K IT
==============================================================================
1 UTILITY 2 TRX PRI 500000. 1.68 .01 1.00 1.33
2 TRX PRI 3 TRX SEC 500000. 1.97 111.14 16.19 480.16
3 TRX SEC 4 FILTER 13800. 47.50 50.47 8.17 13356.21
3 TRX SEC 5 HARM SOURC 13800. 39.74 57.54 7.55 8852.18
Only the harmonic voltage spectrum report for Bus 3 is shown. When you view the
distortion report in HI_WAVE, every bus will be reported in the same format.
HARMONIC VOLTAGES FOR BUS 3 TRX SEC VOLTAGE: 13800.0
==============================================================================
HARMONIC HARMONIC PHASE DISTORTION IEEE-519
ORDER VOLT ANGLE PERCENT LIMIT
==============================================================================
1 13986.400 -.91
5 1115.062 -79.19 7.972$ 3.000
7 587.273 -78.49 4.199$ 3.000
11 82.987 175.88 .593 3.000
13 30.174 -40.28 .216 3.000
17 19.608 -131.83 .140 3.000
19 8.273 -3.71 .059 3.000
Harmonic Voltage Spectrum Report
16
++SUMMARY+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
VOLTAGE V_RMS V_TIF V_THD(%) IEEE-519 LIMIT
13800.0 14043.3 36.74 9.03$ 5.0
$ INDICATES A VIOLATION OF IEEE STD 519 LIMITS FOR VOLTAGE
Harmonic Current Spectrum Report
17
Only the harmonic current spectrum report for Branch 2-3 is shown. When you view
the distortion report in HI_WAVE, every branch will be reported in the same format.
HARMONIC CURRENT FOR BRANCH 2 TRX PRI 3 TRX SEC
IEEE-519 IS NOT APPLICABLE TO THIS BRANCH
==============================================================================
HARMONIC HARMONIC PHASE DISTORTION IEEE-519
ORDER AMPS ANGLE PERCENT LIMIT
==============================================================================
1 1.322
5 1.360 -162.09 102.823
7 .557 -160.11 42.137
11 .026 -110.92 1.986
13 .008 33.41 .622
17 .006 132.92 .426
19 .005 -98.04 .356
++SUMMARY+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
VOLTAGE:500000. I_RMS: 1.97 IT: 480.16 K: 16.19 I_THD(%): 111.14
$ INDICATES A VIOLATION OF IEEE STD 519 LIMITS FOR CURRENT
18
Capacitor and Filter Spectrum Report
Only the capacitor/filter spectrum report for the
capacitor at Bus 4 is shown. When you view the
distortion report in HI_WAVE, every capacitor
bank and filter will be reported in the same format.
HARMONIC SPECTRUM FOR CAPACITOR BANK ON BUS 4 FILTER
==============================================================================
HARMONIC CURRENT
NUMBER (AMPS) KW KVAR KVA PF
==============================================================================
1 42.41 .0000 -1027.6320 1027.6320 .00
5 16.99 .0000 -32.9866 32.9866 .00
7 12.59 .0000 -12.9393 12.9393 .00
11 2.83 .0000 -.4185 .4185 .00
13 1.23 .0000 -.0667 .0667 .00
17 1.07 .0000 -.0388 .0388 .00
19 .51 .0000 -.0079 .0079 .00
19
++SUMMARY+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
CAPACITOR RATED VOLTAGE: 7967.40 (L-N)
V_RMS: 8110.029 | V_CREST:9150.833 | I_RMS: 47.5072 | KVA: 1155.856
% V_RMS: 101.7897 |%V CREST:114.8530 | % I: 114.0206 | % KVA: 115.5856
LIMIT: 110.0% | LIMIT: 169.7% | LIMIT: 180.0% | LIMIT: 135.0%
Warning Message
$ INDICATES A VIOLATION OF IEEE STD 519
LIMITS FOR CURRENT
20
View Graphical Output of the Voltage
Distortion
From the HI_WAVE Main Menu, select F4:
Graphics Output, and the HI_WAVE Graphing
Utility window will appear. From this window,
select F2: Voltage Distortion, as shown below.
21
As for the frequency scan, a list of the available distortion
report files will appear in a window on the right side of the
screen. Select the DIST file, as shown below.
22
When the file has been selected, press F1: Select and
Return, and a list of the buses that were selected for
graphical output during the voltage distortion calculations
will appear in a window on the right side of the screen.
Select all of the buses for graphical output in the same
manner as for the frequency scan. In the Plot Data Choices
choice field, select Wave form in PU using the choice keys;
press F2: Plot Selected to generate the graph shown below.
23
You will notice that there is moderate voltage distortion,
particularly at Buses 3 and 4.
Press F10: Exit/Save to return to the HI_WAVE Graphing
Utility Window.
View Graphical Output of the Current
Distortion
From the Graphing Utility Window, select F3:
Current Distortion as shown below.
24
Select the DIST file, as shown below.
A list of all of the branches that were selected for inclusion in
the current distortion calculation will appear in a window on
the right side of the screen. Select Branches 2-3 and 3-4 for
graphical output.
25
In the Plot Data Choices choice field, select Wave form in
PU using the choice keys; press F2: Plot Selected to generate
the graph shown below.
26
As the figure above illustrates, there is extreme current
distortion in both branches.
When finished reviewing the current distortion graphical
results, press F10: Exit until the HI_WAVE Main Menu
appears.
E1. Make System Improvements........
The next phase of the tutorial deals with modifying the
power system to compensate for the harmonic distortion
that the reports and graphics indicate.
The capacitors at Buses 4 and 5 will be
tuned into single-tuned filters.
27
How To Design a Filter:
1. Select base power frequency : 25, 50 or 60 Hz.
2. Select SF, HP or C
3. Select connection Y, D or YG
4. Select target harmonic number
5. Select capacitor can voltage rating
6. Select rated capacitor size in kVAR's
7. For SF filters specify Q
Q = X/R
X = filter resonant inductance
Q factor graph can be obtained from filter mfg.
Normal range of Q is 50-150
8. For HP filters specify an optimal factor:
M = L / (R*R*C)
9. This provides steady state data, see filter manufacturer for
transient and changing load limits.
28
Filter Design
1. Target harmonic order can be a decimal value, usually
lower than the harmonic to be attenuated.
2. Select type of filter:
SF = single tuned low pass filter
C in series with
L in series with
R
HP = High pass or multiple order filter
C in series with
L R which are in parallel
C = Capacitor bank only
3. You can model up to five filters on each bus.
4. You can use the interactive filter designer.
5. See SKM page UG 6-17 for more details.
29
Turn the Capacitor at Bus 4
into a Single-Tuned Filter
Now that the distortion has been calculated and
the system resonance points determined, a filter
can be effectively designed and applied at Bus 4.
Select F3: Bus Records from the HI_WAVE Main Menu;
the HI_WAVE Bus Record editor screen will appear.
Position the marker bar over the Bus 4 record; press F9:
Load/Filter and then Enter to access the Harmonic Filter
Data window shown below and begin filter design.
30
Notice that the capacitor data has been saved in the bus record
and is available for editing. Access the capacitor record (any
data field associated with the capacitor) and press F6: Filter or
Capacitor.
This accesses the Interactive Filter Designer. The filter designer
screen with the capacitor data will appear.
Tune the capacitor into a single tuned filter by changing the data
in this window to match that below.
31
The capacitor is now tuned into a 3.6th harmonic order
single-tuned filter. Press F6: Calculate Filter or Capacitor
& Return Data, and HI_WAVE will return to the Harmonic
Filter Data window, automatically inserting the calculated
positive sequence filter data into the bus record, as shown
below.
32
Press F1: Save to save the filter data and return to the list of
bus records. You are now ready to modify the capacitor at
the harmonic source bus.
33
Tune the Bus 5 Capacitor Bank into a
Single-tuned Filter
You will now tune the capacitor at Bus 5 into a 5th order,
single-tuned filter.
The procedure is identical to that used for Bus 4. When you
return to the list of bus records, the load/filter data should still
be visible.
Position the marker bar over the Bus 5 record; press Enter to
access the Harmonic Filter Data window shown below.
34
Press F6: Filter or Capacitor to access the interactive filter
design screen, and edit the capacitor data to match the single-
tuned filter data shown below.
35
The capacitor is now tuned into a 5th harmonic order single-
tuned filter.
Press F6: Calculate Filter or Capacitor & Return Data,
and HI_WAVE will return to the Harmonic Filter Data
window, automatically inserting the calculated positive and
zero sequence filter data into the bus record, as shown below.
36
Press F1: Save to save the data and return to the list of bus
records. The filters are now completed, and the harmonic
studies may be re-executed and the results compared to the
previous studies.
Press F10: Exit to return to the HI_WAVE main menu.
37
E2. Comparing Results........
Re-execute HI_WAVE Studies
Now that the filters have been designed and applied
to the system, the harmonic studies must be re-
executed to determine how the changes have affected
the system resonance and distortion. Refer to
Sections D1 through D4 to execute the harmonic
studies and review the study results.
Since the aim is to compare the new study results with the old
ones, make certain that different report names are used for the
new studies so that the original reports are not overwritten.
In this project provided, the suffix _FLT has been
added to the report names, indicating that FiLTers
have been applied. Thus the original frequency
scan report name SCAN becomes SCAN_FLT in
the new case, and so on for the other studies.
38
Compare Old and New Graphical Output
Results
When the HI_WAVE studies have been re-executed on
the new case and the report results reviewed, graphical
results may be compared by combining output from
both cases on a single graph.
From the HI_WAVE Main Menu, select F4:
Graphics Output, and the Graphing Utility
Window shown below will appear.
39
Compare the Frequency Scan Plots at Bus 4
From the Graphing Utility window, select F1: Frequency
Scan Drawings. A list of scan files will appear on the right
of the screen. Position the marker bar over the SCAN_FLT
file, and press Enter.
40
From the list of buses that appears in the right-hand window,
select Bus 4 by positioning the marker bar over the bus name
and pressing F1: Select Data.
Ensure that H Order V Z appears in the Plot Data Choices
data field, and press F2: Plot Selected. The drawing
illustrated below will appear.
41
To compare these new results with the previous results,
combine the old and new frequency scan drawings on a single
graph by first pressing F5: Add New File.
HI_WAVE recalls the list of available frequency scan files.
Position the marker bar over the SCAN file and press Enter.
Ensuring that the Plot Data Choices field reads H Order V Z,
position the marker bar over Bus 4. Press F1: Select Data to
select the bus, and F2: Plot Selected to create the drawing.
HI_WAVE automatically combines the drawings, as shown
below. Notice that the Plot Legend shown on the graph is
also updated to include both buses and both file names.
42
Notice that the large resonance peak at the sixth harmonic
order has been reduced from 69.29 ohms in the SCAN
report to less than 10 ohms in the SCAN_FLT report.
The 70 ohm peak in the SCAN_FLT curve at the 20th
harmonic order is not significant because the 20th harmonic
order is too high to cause serious distortion, and because the
SKM Six Pulse does not generate 20th order harmonics.
43
Press F10: Exit/Save to return to the HI_WAVE Graphing
Utility Window.
Compare the Current Distortion Plots at
Branches 2-3 and 3-4
Select F3: Current Distortion from the Graphing Utility
Window. From the list of distortion report files, select
the DIST_FLT file and, using the same method
outlined above, produce a drawing of the current
distortion in Branches 2-3 and 3-4 as shown below.
44
Ensure that the Plot Data Choices choice field
reads Wave form in PU.
For clarity in comparison, and since nearly all distortion
in Branch 2-3 has been eliminated, only Branch 3-4
results will be compared to the original.
45
De-select Branch 2-3 by positioning the marker bar over the
branch name and pressing F1: Select Plot; the arrow
indicators will disappear indicating that Branch 2-3 has been
de-selected. Press F2: Plot Selected, and the graph will be
updated to exclude that branch.
Using the same procedure outlined above, create a
current distortion graph for Branch 3-4 from the original
distortion calculation report (DIST), and combine the two
drawings. The results are illustrated below.
Using the same procedure outlined above, create a current
distortion graph for Branch 3-4 from the original distortion
calculation report (DIST), and combine the two drawings.
The results are illustrated below.
46
The current distortion has been reduced from 50.47% to
3.26%. After reviewing the results, press F10: Exit/Save to
return to the Graphing Utility window.
47
Compare the Voltage Distortion Plots
at Bus 3
From the Graphing Utility window select F2:
Voltage Distortion. From the list of distortion
files, select DIST_FLT. Using the method
outlined above, create a voltage distortion graph
for Bus 3, as shown below.
48
Ensure that the Plot Data choice field reads Wave form
in PU. Combine the voltage distortion graph for Bus 3
from the original distortion calculation report (DIST),
and the new distortion calculation report (DIST_FLT).
The results are illustrated below.
49
As indicated above, the voltage distortion has been
reduced from 9.03% in the DIST report to 2.01% in
the DIST_FLT report.
50
You have now completed this HI_WAVE project. Over the
course of executing the tutorial, you have seen the effects of
capacitor bank implementation on the level of harmonic
distortion in the power system.
Using the filter design and implementation techniques
outlined, you have significantly mitigated the harmful effects
of sinusoidal distortion. If so desired, you may continue to
use the completed project as a sample case on which to test
different scenarios or apply different harmonic sources and
filters.
51
Have a nice day!