LECTURE 1

INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOLOGY

HISTORICAL
IMMUNITY < LATIN

immunitas = exempt or free from Roman Senators were relieved of certain civic duties
z

Beginning of political privilege ??

HISTORICAL
Ancient Chinese practiced Variolation

Dried crusts from Small Pox (Variola) lesions Herbs added inhaled 2-3 % mortality with Variolation 20-30% normally so this was better

Couldnt control outcomes

HISTORICAL
Thucydides 5th century BC

Recognized that people who recovered were not at risk when exposed next time Used this to recruit physicians

HISTORICAL
1796 Edward Jenner noted that milk maids who had Cow Pox lesions did not get Small Pox Inject 8yo boy w/Cow Pox - got Cow Pox 2 months later injected with Small Pox Did not get Small Pox

HISTORICAL
Small Pox = Variola virus Cow Pox = Vaccinia (<Latin from/of cows) Therefore the word Vaccine

HISTORICAL
1880 Louis Pasteur accidentally discovers attenuation Culture of Chicken Cholera left on bench at room temperature for several weeks Injected chickens did not get sick Injected with fresh culture - did not get sick

HISTORICAL
1880 Louis Pasteur grows Anthrax at higher temperatures gets same results - attenuation Later develops Rabies vaccine with killed virus Purely trial & error

HISTORICAL
1888 Richet & Herricourt discover that serum from vaccinated animals will agglutinate the bacteria in test tube Non-immune animal serum no agglutination Immune serum will only agglutinate bacteria used in vaccine

HISTORICAL
1890 Von Behring & Kitasato use immune serum against diphtheria and tetanus toxins to protect patients from disease after exposure Roux uses immune serum against diphtheria toxin to cure ill children

HISTORICAL
1920s-1950s many vaccines developed for humans mostly bacteria that contain toxins that cause disease symptoms

Diphtheria Tetanus Pertusssis

HISTORICAL
1950s Jonas Salk develops killed virus vaccine for Polio (injectable) 1960s Sabin develops live attenuated vaccine for polio (oral polio)

HISTORICAL
1960 1970s vaccines developed for Measles (Rubeola) , Mumps & Rubella 1970s attenuated vaccine for Hepatitis B 1980s vaccine developed for Haemophilus influenzae Late 1980s recombinant vaccine for Hep B

HISTORICAL
1990s vaccines developed for Hepatitis A HIV were trying !!

IMMUNOLOGY TODAY
Definition:

The study of the bodys defense mechanisms against exogenous microorganisms, chemicals or cells which may cause harm.

TYPES OF IMMUNITY
Innate or Non-specific Adaptive or Specific

INNATE/NON-SPECIFIC
Defense mechanisms one is born with Consistent within species Mechanisms stimulated by common structures of microbes Lacks ability to distinguish fine differences between foreign substances Generic response to all substances

INNATE DEFENSES
Physical Barriers

Skin Cough Sneeze Mucus traps inhaled/swallowed microbes

Physiologic Barriers

INNATE DEFENSES
Chemical Barriers

Tears & saliva digestive enzymes Stomach acid low pH Complement enzyme system (C`) Cytokines mediators of inflammation

INNATE DEFENSES
Cellular Barriers

Phagocytic cells (PMNs) Macrophages NK Lymphocytes APC

INNATE DEFENSES
Race & Genetics

Humans resistant to Dog Distemper & FeLV Dogs resistant to Anthrax Caucasians more susceptible to Influenza African Americans & Asians more susceptible to TB

INNATE DEFENSES
Age & Gender

Very young & very old more susceptible to all diseases

z

Immune system not fully functional

Certain diseases have gender bias

Hormonal influences?? Autoimmune disease more common in women z Hodgkins Lymphoma more common in men
z z

ADAPTIVE DEFENSES
Develops after birth unique for each person Triggered when Innate response is not enough Response is specific for individual microbe Remembers heightened response next time

ADAPTIVE DEFENSES
Humoral Immunity

Mediated by antibodies produced by Plasma cells (B) to toxins or microbes Mediated by T-lymphocytes toward intracellular microbes & viruses as well as damaged cells

Cellular Immunity

ADAPTIVE DEFENSES
Active Immunity

Natural Immunity (permanent) person contracts illness, recovers, now immune Artificial Immunity (semi-permanent?) vaccination develops antibody (Ab) against antigen (Ag) may not last as long as natural may need booster shots

ADAPTIVE DEFENSES
Passive Immunity temporary only

Natural Immunity mothers milk or colostrum contains maternal Ab passes on to infant Artificial Immunity administered anti-toxin or anti-venom developed in another animal host given as therapeutic agent

INNATE VS ADAPTIVE
INNATE ADAPTIVE

Inflammatory Response Immune Response Multinucleate Orgs Vertebrates

PMNs/Macrophages/NK T and B Lymphs Generic No memory Specific Memory