INORGANIC CHEMISTRY II

CHEMISTRY OF ALUMINIUM

BY: DWI HARKITA NINGRUM I GUSTI AGUNG AYU RUSSMALLA DEWI I GUSTI AYU AGUNG CYNTHIA PUTRI (1113031080) (1113031082) (1113031088)

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION DEPARTMENT MATHEMATICS AND SCIENCCES FACULTY GANESHA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION 2013

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CHEMISTRY OF ALUMINIUM
Aluminium is the commonest metallic element in the earth crust and occurs in rocks such as feldspar and micas Cotton, 1995: 357). Aluminium has excellent resistance to corrosion due to the thin layer of aluminium oxide that forms on the surface of aluminium when it is exposed to air. Aluminium is a
popular choice of material for complex sectioned hollow extrusions. Aluminium is much more metallic than boron and forms a greater number and variety of ionic substances. Aluminium can be easily fabricated into various forms such as foil, sheets, geometric shapes, rod, tube and wire. This essay will explain briefly the history, abundance, isolation, uses, properties of aluminium, hydrides and their complexes, carbides and nitrides, halides and their complexes, oxide and chalconides, hydroxides, spinnel and aluminates, salts of oxyacid.

Aluminium derives its name from alum, the double sulfate KAL(SO4)2 . 12H2O, which was used medicinally as an astringent in ancient Greece and Rome (latin alumen, bitter salt). Humphry Davy was unable to isolate the metal proposed the name aluminum and then aluminium, this was soon modified to aluminium modified to aluminium and this form is used throughout the worl except in North America where the ACS decided in 1925 to adopt aluminium in its publication. The impure metal was first isolated by the Danish scientist H.C Oersted using the reaction of potassium amalgam on AlCl3. This method was improve in 1827 by H. Wohler who used metallic potassium, but the firs commercially successful processwas devised by H. St.C Deville in 1854 using sodium. In the same year both he and R. W Bunsen independently obtained metallic aluminium by electrolysis of fused NaAlCl4. 1n 1855, Emperor Louis Napoleon III used Al cutlery on state occasions. By W. Siements in 1870, aluminium it is used as cheap electric power the development of dynamo and secondly to the independent development in 1886 electrolysis of alumina dissolved in cryolite by P.L.T Heroult in France and C.M Hall the USA. World production rose quickly and 1879 exceeded 1000 tones pa for the first time (Greenwood, 199: 216)

Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth crust (8.3% by weight), it is exceeded in abundance only by O (45.5%) and Si (25.7%) and is approached only by Fe (6.2%) and Ca (4.6%) (Enhag:2004). Aluminium is a major constituent of many common igneous minerals including feldspars and mics. The most important of aluminum production is bauxite, which is hydrated aluminum oxide containing 50 to 60% Al2O3, 1 to 20% Fe2O3, 1 to 10% silicate little titanium, zirconium, vanadium, and other transition metal oxides, and the rest 20 to 30% water.

Properties Aluminium is a silvery white metal with many desirable properties. It is

one of the two common metals having electrical conductivity high enough for use as an electrical conductor. The conductivity of electrical conductor grade (alloy 1350) is about 62% that of the International Annealed Copper Standard. Aluminium has nonmagnetic properties which make it useful for electrical shielding such as busbar or magnetic compass housings. The fact that aluminium is essentially nontoxic was discovered in the early days of the industry. It is this characteristic which enables the metal to be used in cooking utensils without any harmful effect on the body(Mathers,2002). Aluminium with its smooth surface is easily cleaned, promoting a hygienic environment for food processing. Selected atomic properties of aluminium are given in the following table. The Atomic Properties of Aluminium Atomic number Period in periodic table Group in periodic table Color Classification Atomic weight Electron configuration Ionization energy/ kJ mol-1 13 3 III A Silver Metallic 26.981538

1s22s22p63s23p1
I. 577.5 II. 1816.7 III. 2744.8

Physical Properties of Aluminium Melting Point/ 0C Boiling Point/ 0C Density (20 C)/gcm Hardness (Mohs) Hfus/kJ mot-1 Hvap/kJ mot-1 Hf (monoatomic gas)/kJ mol -1 Electrical resistivity/ ohm cm E0(M3+ + 3e- = M(s))/V E (M + 3e = M(s))/V Electronegativity
0 + 0 -3

660.45 2520 2.699 2.75 10.71 294 329.7

2.655 -1.676 0.55 1.5

Aluminium is easily to burn and produce high of reaction heat. The reaction as follows: 2 Al + 3/2 O2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 2Fe + Al2O3 + 199 k.cal 2Al3+(aq) + 3H2

This properties is used as the basic to reduction of sulphide and oxide. Example: 2Al +

Aluminium is react with acid to produce hydrogen gas. The reaction as follows: 2Al(s) + 6 H+ (aq) reaction as follow 2Al(s) + 2OH- (aq) + 2H2O 2AlO-2 + 3H2 (Kirna;2002)

It has properties to produce hydrogen gas when react with strong base. The

Isolation In 1825, Oersted was obtained pure aluminium by reduction of aluminium chloride with amalgana potassium-mercurium. By destilation mercury can separate and get aluminium metal. AlCl3(s) + 3K(Hg)x(l) 3KCl(s) + Al(Hg)3x(l)

The isolation of aluminium can get from bauxite by two processes namely Bayer and Hall-Heroult process. In the Bayer process, the bauxite is purifying to get

the aluminium oxide. Second step is Hall-Heroult process by molten of aluminium dioxide to get the pure aluminium.

Hall-Heroult BAUXITE Bayer Process ALUMINA Process ALUMINIUM

Bayer process consist of three steps, namely extraction, precipitation, and calcinations (Anonymous, 2009). In extraction process, the bauxite is broke by mechanic and then dissolve in aluminium oxide become aluminium hydroxide , Al(OH)3. Remain of more OH- that will produce [Al(OH)4]Al2O3 + 2OH- +3H2O SiO2 + 2OHAl(OH)4-(aq) + SiO32-(aq) +H2O(l) CO2 Al(OH)3(s) + CO32-(aq) + H+ ]-(aq)

SiO2 that contain in bauxite is react with NaOH. The reaction as follows:

The other component except aluminium oxide is not dissolve. So the aluminium oxide will be separated from interference of Fe. This separation can be done by filtration. After the separation, it interferences which not dissolve will enter to the precipitation process. The filtrate that contain of aluminium hydroxide is cooling, the produce solid white precipitate. Next step is calcinations, solid white precipitate of aluminium hydroxide is heat in the temperature 10500C. In this step, the heating of aluminium hydroxide will decomposition become alumina and produce vapour in its process. (Brawijaya,2009) Al(OH)3(s) Al2O3(s) + 3H2O

Aluminium was obtained by Hall-Heroult process. In the second steps , electrolysis of Al2O3. Electrolysis cell is made from steel that coated with graphite. This graphite has function as anode and cathode that formed from carbon. Al2O3 is dissolve in kryolite (Na3AlF6). The reaction in electrode can write as follow: Cathode: AlF4-(aq) 2Al3+ Anode : 2AlOF5
4-

+ 3e + 6e
(aq)

Al(s) 2Al(s)

+ 4F-(aq) or

+ C

CO2(g) + AlF63-(aq) + AlF4- + 4e or 3/2 CO2(g) + 6e

3O2-(aq) + 3/2 C

Based on the reaction above, all of reaction can write by simpler reaction became: 2Al2O3(s) + 3C(s) Uses Aluminium foils are able to withstand the heat, because it has power reflectivity of 95%-98% that receivedsolar heat will be reflected back. Installationof aluminium foil placed under the battens, so the heat received by a layer of roofing directly returned from getting into the room. Aluminium foil is heat resistant of roof coating, roof insulation serves as a building material made of strong, elasticand waterproofasa weelas freonresistant. So,it is safe for environment. Because of aluminium is very light, so it can be used in the transportations industry such as airplane. Aluminium has a weight1/3 if compare with iron or steel. 4Al(s) + 3 CO2(g) (Kirna;2002)

Resources: Copyright from Paper of Aluminium BY Brawijaya students, 2009

Hydrides and related complexes AlH3 is a colorless in volatile solid which is extensively polymerized via Al-H-Al bonds, it is thermally unstable above 150-200 , is a strong reducing agent and reacts violently with water other protic reagents to liberate H2. Several crystalline and amorphous modifications have been described and the structure of -AlH3 has been determined by X-ray and neutron diffraction. AlH3 is prepared by the reaction of ethereal solutions of LiAlH4 and AlCl3 under very carefully controlled condition (Greenwood:1997).
Et2O

3LiAlH4 + AlCl3

4[AlH3(Et2O)6] + 3LiCl

AlH3 readily forms adducts with strong Lewis bases (L) but these are more conveniently prepared by reactions of the type

Et2O

LiAlH4 + NMe3HCl

[AlH3(NMe3)] + LiCl + H2

[AlH3(NMe3)] has a tetrahedral structure and can take up a further mole of ligand to give [AlH3(NMe3)2] this was the first compound in which Al was shown to adopt a 5-coordinate trigonal bipyramidal structure. LiAlH4 is a white crystalline solid, stable is dry air but highly reactive towards moisture, protic solvents, and many organic functional groups. It is readily soluble in ether and is normally used in this solvent. LiAlH4 has proved to be an outstandingly versatile reducing agent since its discovery some 50 years ago. It can be prepared on the laboratory (and industrial) scale by the reaction 4LiH + AlCl3 LiAlH4 + 3LiCl

On the industrial (multitonne) scale it can also be prepared by direct high-pressure reaction of the elements or preferably via the intermediate formation of the Na analogue. Na + Al + 2H2 Halides and their Complexes AlF3 is made by treating AL2O3 with HF gas at 700o and the other trihalides are made by the direct exothermic combination of element. AlF3 is important in the industrial production. AlF3 is also prepared by the reaction : Al2O3 + 6HF 2AlF3 + 3H2O AlCl3 find extensive use as a Friedel-Crafts catalyst (p.236). AlF3 is differs from the other trihalides of Al in being involatile and insoluble, and in having a much greater heat of formation. In AlF3 each Al is surrounded by a distorted octahedron of 6 F atoms and the 1:3 stoichiometry is achieved by the corner sharing of each F between 2 octahedral. Properties of Crystalline AlX3 Properties MP/0C H0f AlF3 1290 AlCl3 192.4 180 707 AlBr3 97.8 256 527 AlI3 189.4 382 310 NaAlH4

Sublimation 1272 1498

Aluminium chloride is one of compound of aluminium and chlorine. Aluminium chloride have chemical formula of AlCl3 or AlCl3.(6H2O). The molecular weight of AlCl3 is 133.34 (anhydrous) and 241.43 (hexahydrate). It is white, but samples are often contaminated with iron trichloride, giving it a yellow colour. The solid has a low melting and boiling point. It is mainly produced and consumed in the production of aluminium metal, but large amounts are also used in other areas of chemical industry. The compound is often cited as a Lewis acid.Aluminium chloride can be prepared by the reaction as follows: 2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g)

AlCl3 in laboratory In Al2Cl6 dimmer, Al atom in AlCl3 is follow the octet rule with use one pair electron together. The structure dimmer of Al2Cl6
Cl Cl Al Cl Cl Al Cl Cl

Figure 2. The Structure of Al2Cl6 Al2Cl6 can dissociate became AlCl3, the reaction as follow: Al2Cl6 Al3-(aq) + 3 H2O(l) 2AlCl3 Al(OH)3 + 3H-(aq) Aluminium chloride in water will hydrolyze as the reaction:

Aluminium chloride is used as an acid catalyst, as a chemical intermediate for other aluminium compounds, in the cracking of petroleum in the manufacturing of rubbers and lubricants, and as an antiperspirant. The hexahydrate form is used in preserving wood, in disinfecting stables and slaughterhouses, in deodorants and antiperspirants, in cosmetics as a topical astringent, in refining crude oil, in dyeing fabrics, and in manufacturing paper (Knottnerus:2009) By contrast, Al2Br6 and Al2I6 form dimeric molecular units in the crystalline phase as well as in the liquid and gaseous states and fusion is not attended by such extensive changes in properties . In the gas phase Hdissoc is 59KJ mol-1 for AlBr3 and 50 kJ mol-1 for AlI3. The preparation to get Al2Br6 and Al2I6, by the reaction: 2Al(s) + 3Br2(l) 2Al(s) + 3I2(l)
Br Br Al Br Br Al Br I

Al2Br6(s) Al2I6(s)
I I Al I Al I

Br

The structure of Al2Br6

The structure of Al2I6

Aluminum chloride is a Lewis acid is most commonly used. The application is used in the chemical industry, as catalysts of Friedel-Crafts reactions, both as akilasy and alkylation, for example for the preparation of antraquinone (dye industry) from benzene and phosgene. The product that produce include detergents and etilbenzen. This substance is also used in polymerization and isomerization reactions of hydrocarbons.(Knottnerus:2009)

Carbides and nitrides The chemical formula of aluminium carbide is Al4C3. It has the appearance of pale yellow to brown crystals. It is stable up to 1400 C and decomposes in water with the production of methane. Aluminium carbide has an unusual crystal structure that consists of two types of layers. It is based on AlC 4 tetrahedral of two types and thus two types of carbon atoms. One is surrounded by

a deformed octahedron of 6 Al atoms at a distance of 217 pm. The other is surrounded by 4 Al atoms at 190194 pm and a fifth Al atom at 221 pm. Aluminium carbide hydrolyses with evolution of methane. The reaction proceeds at room temperature but is rapidly accelerated by heating. Al4C3 + 12 H2O Similar reactions occur with other protic reagents: Al4C3 + 12 HCl 4 AlCl3 + 3 CH4 4 Al(OH)3 + 3 CH4

Aluminium carbide is prepared by direct reaction of aluminium and carbon in an electric arc furnace 4 Al + 3 C Al4C3

An alternative reaction begins with alumina, but it is less favorable because of generation of carbon monoxide. The reaction as follow: 2 Al2O3 + 9 C Al4C3 + 6 CO

Silicon carbide also reacts with aluminium to yield Al4C3. This conversion limits the mechanical applications of SiC, because Al4C3 is more brittle than SiC 4 Al + 3 SiC Al4C3 + 3 Si Aluminium carbide particles finely dispersed in aluminium matrix lower the tendency of the material to creep, especially in combination with silicon carbide particles. Aluminium carbide can be used as an abrasive in high-speed cutting tools Aluminium Nitride is the only stable compound in the binary system Al N and exists in only one crystal structure (wurtzite, hexagonal). Pure AlN has a density of 3.26 g/cm3 and dissociates under atmospheric pressure above 2500 C. Pure AlN is colorless and translucent but is easily colored by dopants or impurities. Thus, carbon impurities cause the typical light gray color of AlN powder. AlN powder is susceptible to hydrolysis by water and humidity. This is the reason for its characteristic ammonia smell. Because AlN is a covalent

compound, limited atomic mobility prevents complete densification of pure AlN. Thus, relatively high pressures or sintering aids are required to assist densification. Typical sintering additives are rare-earth or alkaline-earth oxides. To achieve high thermal conductivities mostly yttrium compounds are used. The formation and microstructural distribution of yttrium aluminium garnet controls

both densification and thermal properties. The sintering temperatures highly depend on the additives and range from 1600 to 1900 C. In summary aluminium nitride components and substrates are used momentarily for various applications: Power electronics (electrical engines) Micro electronics (LSI circuits, sensor carriers, high frequency modules) Naval radio systems, defense systems Railway systems (inverters for drive systems) Environmental systems (emission control) AlN is synthesized by the carbothermal reduction of aluminium oxide or by direct nitridation of aluminium. The use of sintering aids and hot pressing is required to produce a dense technical grade material. (Davydson,2009)

Oxides Alumina (Al2O3) or Aluminum Oxide is the only oxide formed by the metal aluminum and occurs in nature as the minerals corundum (Al2O3); diaspore, gibbsite and most commonly as bauxite, which is an impure form of gibbsite. The precious stones ruby and sapphire are composed of corundum (and thus also natural forms of alumina) getting their colors by small amounts of impurities. Some of these are Corundum (discovered in 1799), Diaspore (1801), Gibbsite (1820), Boehmite (1924), Bayerite (1925), Nordstrandite (1956). Alumina is main materials in process of aluminium electrolyze, aluminium have morphology as white powder with melt point 2050 C and gravity

specification is 3,5-4,0. Alumina is usually in the form of ionic crystals, but the oxide ion (O2-) polarized by aluminum ions so that most bonds are covalent, melts at a temperature of 2053C, insoluble in water is very hard and stable. Aluminum oxide is found in nature as corundum as an extremely hard crystal that is used as an abrasive and sharpening. Corundum containing impurities (a little mix of other metal oxides) are widely used as precious stones such as: White sapphire Jewel Blue sapphire jewel (no mixing) (containing Fe, Ti)

Sapphire jewel green Yellow sapphire jewel Star sapphire Jewel Ruby

(containing Co) (containing Ni, Mg) (containing Ti) (containing Cr)

Aluminium oxide is occurs in two form such as -Al2O3 corundum) and Al2O3 (activated alumina). -Al2O3 is stable at high temperatures and also indefinitely met stable at low temperatures. It occurs in nature as the mineral and may be prepared by heating -Al2O3 or any hydrous oxide above 1000 C.

Gamma-Al2O3 is obtained by dehydration of hydrous oxide at low temperatures ( 450 C). Alpha-Al2O3 is hard and is resistant to hydration and to attack to acids. Gamma-Al2O3 readily absorbs water and dissolves in acids; the alumina used for chromatography and conditioned to different reactivities are -Al2O3. Large

quantities of -Al2O3 are used in industry as a support material for heterogeneous catalysts. There are several hydrated forms of alumina of stoichiometries from AlO.OH to Al(OH)3. Addition of an aluminium salt produces a form of AlO.OH known as boehmite. A second form of AlO.OH occurs in nature as the mineral diaspore. The true hydroxide, Al(OH)3, is obtained as a crystalline white precipitate when CO2 is passed into alkaline aluminate solutions. Aluminium oxide is amphoteric anhydrous is react with acids and with strong bases (alkalys) according to the reaction. Reaction with acids: Al2O3(s) + 6 H+(aq) Reaction with strong base: Al2O3 (s) + 2 OH- (aq) + 3 H2O (l) 2Al(OH)4- (aq) Aluminium oxide is different from aluminum oxide trihydrate anhydrous. Its density is small and is usually called aluminum hydroxide. Al2O3.3H2O 2Al(OH)3 Release of water from the trihydrate reaction is endothermic. Therefore, aluminum oxide trihydrate is both fire resistant. Many plastics, rubber compounds, textiles, and some other building materials made by using these 2 Al3+ (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

properties. In case of fire the heat energy is absorbed by the aluminum oxide trihydrate this. The preparation alumina from bauxite by bayer process: 1. Hulling process of bauxite until certain size 2. The dissolve process of alumina with NaOH by concentration of 35-45%. Al2O3.2H2O + 2 NaOH 2 Na2AlO2 + 3H2O

3. Separation of soiled that precipitate by filter and get the colorless sodium aluminate solution 4. Sodium aluminate dissolve in water and then the precipitate of sodium aluminate by adding seed (smooth powder of alumina) which spread in alumina solution and precipitation of alumina, so that obtained precipitation of alumina with big size as result of production of alumina and the smooth of precipitation of alumina used as seed to precipitation. 2NaAlO2 + 4H2O 2 NaOH + Al2O3.3H2O

5. Then, alumina precipitation toasted to vapor the water 6. Dry of aluminium to fusion aluminium materials. Thhere are some uses of alumina such as: Mechanical Cheramics: Due to their excellent mechanical properties, alumina based ceramics are being increasingly used as a substitute material for several applications. These include the use of ceramic for abrasive and cutting tools. Alumina-based ceramics are also used for making extrusion and sanding nozzles and for parts of machinery (particularly in the mining industry) where wear resistant qualities are critical. They are also used for making ice skate blades and some friction parts such as wear-resistant seals in piston engines. (Ibid. Mechanical Ceramics) Military Uses The shock-resisting quality of alumina-ceramics makes them useful as armor plating for protection of tanks and helicopters as well as for bullet-proof jackets and in aeronautics for protection of hydraulic parts. Bio Medical Alumina is also an inert substance, and at room temperature, it is insoluble in all ordinary chemical reagents. It also has excellent wear resistance and can be

polished to high surface finish. These qualities make it useful as a biomaterial. For example, alumina is used for artificial joint replacements; porous alumina is used as a bone spacer and for teeth implants. (Alumina as a bio material) In the biomedical field, alumina is also used for cochlear implants (hearing aids for the deaf). In the more general field of medical instruments, ceramics are also used to manufacture medical tubes and other scientific, medical products

Electronics. Alumina is widely used in the electronics industry for passive components such as interconnection, resistances, and capacitors and is specifically employed in applications such as substrates for hybrid circuits, multi-layer interconnection circuits, materials for type II condensers, and hyper frequency resonators (mobile phones).

Chalcogenides The chalcogens are the chemical elements in group VIA of the periodic table. This group is also known as the oxygen family. It consists of the elements oxygen (O), sulfur (S), selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), the radioactive element polonium (Po). The synthetic element livermorium (Lv) is predicted to be a chalcogen as well. The word chalcogen comes from the Greek word chalkos, meaning "bronze" or "ore", and the word gens, meaning "born". While sulfur has been known since antiquity, oxygen was only recognized as an element in the 18th century. Selenium, tellurium and polonium were discovered in the 19th century, while livermorium was discovered in 2000. At normal temperatures the only stable chalconides of Al are Al2S3 (white), Al2Se3 (grey) and Al2Te3 (dark grey). It can be prepared by direct reaction of the elements at 1000 and all hydrolyze rapidly and completely in aqueous

solution to give Al(OH)3 and H2X (X=S, Se, Te). The small size of Al relative to the chalcogens dictates tetrahedral coordination and the various polymorphs are related to wurtzite (hexagonal ZnS), two-thirds of the available metal sites being occupied in either an ordered ( ) or a random ( ) fashion. Al2S3 also has a -form

related to

-Al2O3, and very recently a novel high-temperature hexagonal

modification of Al2S3 containing 5-coordinate Al has been obtained by annealing -Al2O3 at 550 C; in this new formhalf the Al atoms are tetrahedrally

coodinated (Al-S 223-227 pm) whereas the other half are in trigonal bipyramidal coodination with Al-Seq 227-232 pm and Al-Sax 250-252 pm. Aluminium sulfide is readily prepared by ignition of the elements. 2 Al + 3 S Al2S3 This reaction is extremely exothermic and it is not necessary or desirable to heat the whole mass of the sulfur-aluminium mixture; (except possibly for very small amounts of reactants). The product will be created in a fused form it reaches a temperature greater than 1100 C and may melt its way through steel. The cooled product is very hard.

Resources: Copyright from wikipedia Hydroxides Aluminium hydroxide is called hydrate of alumina. It is found in nature as the mineral. Closely related of aluminium oxide hydroxide, AlO(OH), and

aluminium oxide. These compounds together are the major components of the aluminium ore bauxite. Freshly precipitated aluminium hydroxide forms gels, which is the basis for application of aluminium salts as flocculants in water purification. This gel crystallizes with time. Aluminium hydroxide gels can be to form an amorphous aluminium hydroxide powder, which is readily soluble in acids. Diaspore, -AlO(OH) occurs in some types of clay and bauxite; it is stable in the range 280-450 and can be mde by hydrothermal treatment of bochmite, -AlO(OH), in 0.4% aqueous NaOH at 380 and 500 atm. Crystalline boechmite is readily prepared by warming the amorphous, gelatinous white

precipitate which first forms when aqueous NH3 is added to cold solutions of Al salts. In -AlO(OH) the O atoms are arranged in hcp; continous chains of edgeshared octahedral are stacked in layers and are further interconnected by H bonds. The underlying hcp structure ensures that diaspore dehydrates directly to -Al2O3 (corundum) which has the same basic hcp arrangement of o atoms. The structure is also adopted by several other -MO(OH) (M=Ba, V, Mn, and Fe); this contrast with the structure of boechmite, -AlO(OH), which as a whole is not close-

packed, though within each layer the O atoms are arranged in cubic close packing. dehydration at temperatures up to 450 proceeds via a succession of phases to the cubic -Al2O3 and the (hexagonal) strucutre cannot be attained without much

more reconstruction of the lattice at 1100-1200 (Greenwood:1997). Aluminium hydroxide is used in stomach antacids, as a desiccant powder in antiperspirants and dentifrices, in packaging materials, as a chemical intermediate, as a filler in plastics, rubber, cosmetics and paper, as a soft abrasive for brass and plastics, as a glass additive to increase mechanical strength and resistance to thermal shock, weathering, and chemicals, and in ceramics. Aluminium hydroxide is also used pharmaceutically to lower the plasma phosphorus levels of patients with renal failure.

Spinel Magnesium aluminium is the large member of the spinnel group minerals. It has the formula MgAl2O4. Spinel crystallizes in the isometric system commonly in the form of crystal octahedral. It has an imperfect octahedral cleavage and a conchoidal fracture. Its hardness is 8, its specific gravity is 3.5-4.1 and it is transparent to opaque with a vitreous to dull luster. It may be colorless, but is usually various shades of red, blue, green, yellow, brown or black.

Resources: Copyright Rob Lavinsky & irocks.com

Salt of oxyacids Aluminium Sulfate is an aluminium oxy-acid salt that is extremely soluble in water. An anhydrous form exists but it is relatively unimportant. Aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3), commonly called alum, is produced as white crystals which are non-combustible and soluble in water. This dry hydrate (Al2(SO4)3.14H2O) is 17% Al2O3 and is also sold as a 47% aluminium sulfate solution which is 8% Al2O3. It is also sold in solid form as kibbled, ground or dust. Aluminium sulfate has been used by man since 2000 BC, when the Egyptians used a mineral alum as a mordant in dyeing. It has long been used in paper sizing to improve durability and ink receptivity and in water treatment to clarify water. Other uses for alum include wastewater treatment, as a waterproofing agent and accelerator in concrete, as a clarifier for fats and oils and as a foaming agent in fire foams. In paper making the alum reacts with rosin sizes of various types, helping to attach the newly formed rosin aluminates to fibres. Sizing makes the paper water resistant. Alum, which exhibits a cationic charge, is also used to flocculate anionic trash including paper fines and other anionically charged material by neutralization, in a similar way to water treatment, improving drainage, retention and strength of the material. Aluminium sulfate is produced according to the following exothermic reaction: 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2SO4 + 8H2O Al2(SO4)3 .14H2O fH = -156 kJ mol-1 Alum is generally produced batch wise in a reactor. The reactor is a stirred vessel made of materials resistant to the acidity and heat of the reaction.(Mathers,2006).

Resources: Copyright from Wikipedia

Based o the explanation above, aluminium is the most abundant metal in the earth crust (8.3% by weight), it is exceeded in abundance only by O (45.5%) and Si (25.7%) and is approached only by Fe (6.2%) and Ca (4.6%). Aluminium was obtained by Humpry Davy followed by Oersted in 1825, Deviller and Wohler in 1827 and have important roles in industry, pharmacy, chemistry, electronic, etc. Aluminium have physical and chemical properties that make aluminium is uniqueness metal. There are two process isolation of aluminium such as by Bayer and Hall-Heroult Processes. Aluminium has several compounds such as Hydrides and their complexes include of AlH3. Carbides and nitrides include of Al4C3 and AlN. Halides and their complexes of aluminium included of AlF3, AlCl3,AlI3, and its dimmers. Oxide of aluminium is Al2O3 that called alumina. Chacogenides of aluminium is the compound that bond with oxygen group . the most stable chalcogenides of aluminium are Al2S3, Al2se3, and Al2Te3. The hydroxides of aluminium is called called hydrate of alumina that has formula AlO(OH). Spinel of aluminium is magnesium aluminate that has chemical formula of MgAl2O4. Spinnel can be obtained in minerals in the form of rocks that has several colors and the salt of oxyacid is aluminium sulfate in white crystal.

REFFERENCES Cotton, F.Albert. Wilkinson, Geoffrey.Gaus, Paul 1995. Basic Chemistry Third Edition . London: Joh Willey & Sons INC. Greenwood. 1997. Chemistry of the Elements. London: Elsevier Mathers,Gene. 2002. The Welding of Aluminium and Its Alloys. New York : WoodHead Kirna, Made. Suardana. 2002. Buku Penuntun Belajar Kimia Anorganik II. Singaraja: Iniversitas Pendidikan Ganesha. Knottnerus,J. 2009. Aluminium and aluminium compounds. Netherlands: Gezondheidsraad Voorzitter Enhag,P. 2004. Encyclopedia of The Elements. Sweden:Wiley VCH Davydson.2009.All About Aluminium.accessed on February 17th 2013 from http://sam.davyson.com/as/physics/aluminium/site/uses
Anonymous,2009, BAYER PROCESS CHEMISTRY, accessed on February 17th 2013,from http://www.worldaluminium.org/About+Aluminium//nternational Aluminium Institute.htm,

Inorganic

Anonymous.2009.The Properties and Uses of Aluminium.accessed on February 17th 2013 from http://www.aluminiumleader.com/en/facts/history.pdf http:www.wikipedia.com