Child Mortality Report 2013

Levels & Trends in
Child Mortality
Report 2013
Estimates Developed by the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation
United Nations
This report was prepared at UNICEF Headquarters by Danzhen You, Phillip Bastian, Jingxian Wu and Tessa Wardlaw on behalf of the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. Organizations and individuals involved in generating country-specific estimates on child mortality United Nations Childrens Fund Danzhen You, Phillip Bastian, Jingxian Wu, Tessa Wardlaw World Health Organization Colin Mathers, Ties Boerma, Jessica Ho The World Bank Emi Suzuki United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division Francois Pelletier, Kirill Andreev, Patrick Gerland, Danan Gu, Nan Li, Cheryl Sawyer, Thomas Spoorenberg United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Population Division Guiomar Bay, Tim Miller, Dirk Jaspers Faijer Special thanks to the Technical Advisory Group of the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation for providing technical guidance on methods for child mortality estimation Kenneth Hill (Chair), Harvard University LeontineAlkema, National University of Singapore Simon Cousens, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Trevor Croft, Measure DHS, ICF Macro Gareth Jones, Consultant Michel Guillot, University of Pennsylvania Jon Pedersen, Fafo Neff Walker, Johns Hopkins University
Further thanks go to Jin Rou New and Fengqing Chao from the National University of Singapore for their assistance in preparing the UN IGME estimates. Thanks also go to David Anthony, Ivana Bjelic, Liliana Carvajal, Yadigar Coskun, Archana Dwivedi, Attila Hancioglu, Priscilla Idele, Claes Johansson, Rolf Luyendijk, Colleen Murray, Holly Newby, Tyler Porth, Turgay Unalan, Daniel Vadnais and Upasana Young from UNICEF as well as Joy Lawn from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine for their support. And special thanks to Khin Wityee Oo from UNICEF for proofreading. Special thanks to UNAIDS for sharing estimates on AIDS mortality. Communications Development Incorporated provided overall design direction, editing and layout. Copyright 2013 by the United Nations Childrens Fund The Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) constitutes representatives of the United Nations Childrens Fund, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division. The child mortality estimates presented in this report have been reviewed by UN IGME members. As new information becomes available, estimates will be updated by the UN IGME. Differences between the estimates presented in this report and those in forthcoming publications by UN IGME members may arise because of differences in reporting periods or in the availability of data during the production process of each publication and other evidence. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNICEF, the World Health Organization, the World Bank or the United Nations Population Division concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. United Nations Childrens Fund 3 UN Plaza, New York, New York, 10017 USA World Health Organization Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW, Washington, DC, 20433 USA United Nations Population Division 2 UN Plaza, New York, New York, 10017 USA
PROGRESS TOWARDS Millennium Development Goal 4: KEY FACTS AND FIGURES

Overall, substantial progress has been made towards achieving MDG4. The number of under-five deaths worldwide has declined from 12.6 (12.4, 12.9)1 million in 1990 to 6.6 (6.3, 7.0) million in 2012. While that translates into around 17,000 fewer children dying every day in 2012 than in 1990, it still implies the deaths of nearly 18,000 children under age five every day in 2012. Since 1990 the global under-five mortality rate has dropped 47percentfrom 90 (89, 92) deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 (46, 51) in 2012. All regions, except for SubSaharan Africa and Oceania, have reduced their under-five mortality rate by 50percent or more.2 The average annual rate of reduction in under-five mortality has accelerated from 1.2percent a year over 19901995 to 3.9percent over 20052012but remains insufficient to reach MDG4, particularly in Oceania, Sub-Saharan Africa, Caucasus and Central Asia, and Southern Asia. The highest rates of child mortality are still in Sub-Saharan Africa, with an under-five mortality rate of 98 deaths per 1,000 live birthsmore than 15 times the average for developed regions. Under-five deaths are increasingly concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia, while the share in the rest of the world dropped from 32percent in 1990 to 18percent in 2012. Sub-Saharan Africa, however, has seen a faster decline in its under-five mortality rate over time, with the average annual rate of reduction increasing from 0.8percent in 19901995 to 4.1percent in 20052012. About half of under-five deaths occur in only five countries: India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan and China. India (22percent) and Nigeria (13percent) together account for more than a third of all under-five deaths. The proportion of under-five deaths that occur within the first month of life (the neonatal period) has increased 19percent since 1990, from 37percent to 44percent, because declines in the neonatal mortality rate are slower than those in the mortality rate for older children. Around two-thirds of neonatal deaths occur in just 10 countries, with India accounting for more than a quarter and Nigeria for a tenth. Sub-Saharan Africa, with the highest risk of death in the first month of life, is among the regions showing the least progress in reducing the neonatal mortality rate. The leading causes of death among children under age five include pneumonia (17percent of all under-five deaths), preterm birth complications (15percent), intrapartumrelated complications (complications during birth; 10percent), diarrhoea (9percent) and malaria (7percent). Globally, about 45percent of under-five deaths are attributable to undernutrition.
Introduction
Millennium Development Goal 4 (MDG4) calls for reducing the under-five mortality rate by twothirds between 1990 and 2015. The world has made substantial progress, reducing the under-five mortality rate 47percent, from 90 (89, 92) deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 (46, 51) in 2012. However, this progress has not been enough, and the target risks being missed at the global level. To achieve MDG4 on time, the global annual rate of reduction in under-five mortality rate would need to rise to 15.6percent for 20122015, much faster than the 3.9percent achieved over 20052012. At the country level, historical trends show that progress for most countries has been too slow and that only 13 of the 61 countries with high under-five mortality rates (at least 40 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2012) are currently on track to achieve MDG4with an average annual rate of reduction of 4.4percent or more. Still, in 2012, 6.6 (6.3, 7.0) million children died before reaching their fifth birthday, mostly from preventable causes and treatable diseases, even though the knowledge and technologies for life-saving interventions are available. In addition, inequities in child mortality between highincome and low-income countries remain large. In 2012 the under-five mortality rate in lowincome countries was 82 deaths per 1,000 live birthsmore than 13 times the average rate in high-income countries (6). Many countries still have very high under-five mortality ratesparticularly those in Sub-Saharan Africa, home to all 16 countries with an under-five mortality rate above 100 deaths per 1,000 live births. Reducing these inequities across countries and saving more childrens lives by ending preventable child deaths are important priorities. In 2012 the governments of Ethiopia, India and the United States, in close collaboration with UNICEF, convened the Child Survival Call to Action Forum to mobilize political leadership to end preventable child deaths. Partners emerged from the Call to Action with a revitalized commitment to child survival under the banner of A Promise Renewed. More than 170 governments have signed a pledge to redouble their efforts to end preventable child deaths so that more countries achieve MDG4 and sustain momentum beyond 2015. As global impetus and investment for accelerating child survival grow, monitoring progress at the global and country levels has become even more critical. The United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) updates child mortality estimates annually, and this report presents the UN IGMEs latest estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality and assesses progress towards MDG4 at the country, regional and global levels.
Estimating Child Mortality

The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation The UN IGME was formed in 2004 to share data on child mortality, harmonize estimates within the UN system, improve methods for child mortality estimation, report on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and enhance country capacity to produce timely and properly assessed estimates of child mortality. The UN IGME includes UNICEF, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs as full members.
The UN IGMEs Technical Advisory Group, comprising leading academic scholars and independent experts in demography and biostatistics, provides guidance on estimation methods, technical issues and strategies for data analysis and data quality assessment. The UN IGME seeks to compile all available national-level data on child mortality, including data from vital registration systems, population censuses, household surveys and sample registration systems. To estimate the under-five mortality trend series for each country, a statistical model is fitted to data points that meet quality standards established by the UN IGME and then used to predict a trend line that is extrapolated to a common reference year, set at 2012 for the estimates in this report. Infant mortality rates are generated by either applying a statistical model or transforming under-five mortality rates based on model life tables. Neonatal mortality rates are produced using a statistical model that uses underfive mortality rates as an input. These methods provide a transparent and objective way of fitting a smoothed trend to a set of observations and of extrapolating the trend from 1960 to the present.
Data sources and methodology Generating accurate estimates of child mortality is a considerable challenge because of the limited availability of high-quality data for many countries. Vital registration systems are the preferred source of data on child mortality because they collect information as events occur and they cover the entire population. If registration coverage is complete and the systems function efficiently, the resulting child mortality estimates will be accurate and timely. However, many countries lack fully functioning vital registration systems that accurately record all births and deaths. Therefore, household surveys, such as the UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys and the US Agency for International Developmentsupported Demographic and Health Surveys, have become the primary sources of data on child mortality in countries without functioning vital registration systems. These surveys ask women about the survival of their children, and they provide the basis of child mortality estimates for most of these countries.
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Changes in the estimation process The UN IGME continually seeks to improve its methods and may introduce changes from one year to the next. This year, a new estimation method is used for estimating and extrapolating the under-five mortality rate, referred to as the Bayesian B-splines bias-adjusted model or the B3 model. Compared with the Loess estimation approach that the UN IGME used in previous years, the B3 model better accounts for data errors, including biases and sampling and non sampling errors in the data; it can better capture short-term fluctuations in the under-five mortality rate and its annual rate of reduction. Thus, it is better able to account for evidence of acceleration in the decline of under-five mortality from new surveys. Validation exercises show that the B3 model also performs better in projections. A more complete technical description of the B3 model is available elsewhere.3
In 2012 the UN IGME produced estimates of the under-five mortality rate for males and females separately for the first time. In many countries fewer sources have provided data by sex than
Why does the UN IGME generate estimates on child mortality based on national data from censuses, surveys or vital registration systems but not directly use these national data as its official estimates?
Many developing countries lack a single source of high-quality data covering the last several decades. Available data collected by countries are often inconsistent across sources. It is important to analyse, reconcile and evaluate all data sources simultaneously for each country. Each new survey or data point must be examined in the context of all other sources, including previous data. Data suffer from sampling or nonsampling errors (such as misreporting of age and survivor selection bias; underreporting of child deaths is also common). The UN IGME assesses the quality of underlying data sources and adjusts data when necessary. In the absence of error-free data, there will always be uncertainty around data and estimates. To allow for added comparability, the UN IGME generates such estimates with uncertainty bounds. The latest data produced by countries often are not current estimates but refer to an earlier reference period. This is particularly the case for estimates from the most recent national survey (such as a Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey or Demographic and Health Survey), which typically refers to a period before the survey year that is several years before the target year of UN IGME estimates. Thus, the UN IGME also extrapolates estimates to a common reference year. A consistent and comparable trend line from 1990 is needed for monitoring progress towards MDG4 for each country. The UN IGME aims to minimize the errors for each estimate, harmonize trends over
time and produce up-to-date and properly assessed estimates of child mortality. Applying a consistent methodology also allows for comparisons between countries, despite the varied number and types of data sources. One objective of the UN IGME is to provide valid and comparable child mortality estimates for policymakers. To do so, the UN IGME applies a common methodology across countries and uses original empirical data from each country but does not report figures produced by individual countries using other methods, which would not be comparable to other country estimates. To increase the transparency of the estimation process, the UN IGME has developed a global database. All data, estimates and details on the UN IGME methods are available on the CME Info website at www.childmortality.org. Broad strategy of the UN IGME The UN IGME follows a broad strategy to generate annual estimates of child mortality: Compile all available nationally representative data relevant to the estimation of child mortality, including data from vital registration systems, population censuses, household surveys and sample registration systems. Assess data quality, recalculate data and make adjustments if needed by applying standard methods. Fit a statistical model to the data observations to generate a trend curve. Extrapolate the model to a target year, in this case 2012.
Examples of country data Under-five mortality estimation is challenging in the absence of complete vital registration systems, as is the case in many developing countries. Existing data sources often suffer from various data quality issues, including underreporting of deaths, misreporting of ages, selection bias and other sampling and nonsampling errors. Below are examples of the real underlying mortality data used to derive the estimates of the under-five mortality rate from countries with sparse data (Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea and Djibouti), acountry with abundant data but wide variations in the rates and trends between data sources (Nigeria) and a country with abundant data and small variations between data points (Senegal). The Senegal example also shows the trend line of the under-five mortality rate that results from the B3 curvefitting (black line) with the corresponding 90percent uncertainty range (red band). Detailed graphs showing all the underlying data and the UN IGME trend estimates are available for all countries at www.childmortality.org.
Examples of country data sources Countries with sparse data Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea
Under-five mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)
Djibouti
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
0 1970
1980
1990
2000
2012
0 1970
1980
1990
2000
2012
Countries with abundant data Country with wide variations in mortality rates from different data sources Nigeria
Country with consistent trends Senegal

400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2012
0 1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2012
have provided data for both sexes combined. For this reason the UN IGME uses the available data by sex to estimate a time trend in the sex ratio (male : female) of child mortality, rather than estimate child mortality trends by sex directly from reported sex-specific mortality rates. This year, new Bayesian methods have been developed by the UN IGME for estimating sex ratios of child mortality, with a focus on identifying countries with outlying levels or trends.4 In addition to the changes in the methods, a substantial amount of newly available data have been incorporated: data from about 50 surveys and censuses conducted since 2009 for almost 50 countries, data from more than 30 surveys and censuses conducted before 2009 for more than 10 countries and new data from vital registration systems for about 90 countries. The increased data availability has substantially changed the estimates for some countries from previous editions partly because the fitted trend line is based on the entire time series of data available for each country. In addition, changes from the Loess model to the B3 model may cause changes in the estimates, though results are more or less similar for most of the countries. The estimates presented in this report may differ from and are not necessarily comparable with previous sets of the UN IGME estimates or the most recent underlying country data.
members, including UNICEF, the WHO and other UN agencies, are actively involved in strengthening national capacity in data collection, estimation techniques and interpretation of results. Population-based survey data are critical for developing reliable estimates for countries lacking functioning vital registration systems. The UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys programme has been working since 1995 to build country-level capacity for survey implementation, data analysis and dissemination. The surveys are government owned and implemented, with UNICEF providing support through workshops, technical consultations and peer-to-peer mentoring. More than 200 surveys have been conducted in some 100 countries. In addition to population-based surveys, the WHO, the World Bank and the UN Statistics Division work with countries to strengthen vital registration systems. UNICEF supports this work by promoting and monitoring progress in birth registration. The United Nations Population Fund provides technical assistance for population censuses, another important source of under-five mortality data. The UN IGME strengthens capacity by working with countries to improve understanding of under-five mortality data and estimation. CME Info, a comprehensive data portal on child mortality funded and maintained by UNICEF, is a powerful platform for sharing underlying data and collaborating with national partners on child mortality estimates. Since 2008 a series of regional workshops has been held, training more than 250 participants from 94 countries in the use of CME Info as well as the demographic techniques and modelling methods underlying the estimates. In the last few years UNICEF and the UN IGME have sent experts to some 15 countries to conduct training on child mortality estimation. As part of the data review process, UNICEFs network of field offices provides opportunities to assess the plausibility of estimates by engaging in a dialogue about the estimates and the underlying data. WHO and UNICEF also engage countries in a country consultation process through which governments provide feedback on the estimates and their underlying data. Guiding this capacity strengthening work is a fundamental principle: child mortality estimation is not simply an academic exercise but a
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Country consultation A joint WHOUNICEF country consultation was undertaken in July 2013 to give each countrys Ministry of Health and National Statistics Office the opportunity to review all data inputs and the draft estimates for its country. The objective was to identify relevant data not included in the UN IGMEs databaseChild Mortality Estimation Information (CME Info)and allow countries to review and provide feedback on estimates; it was not, however, a country clearance process. In 2013, 99 of 195 countries showed interest and received the preliminary estimates; 47 of them provided comments or data; and estimates were revised for 28 countries using new data. Capacity strengthening at the country level Modelled estimates of child mortality can only be as good as the underlying data. UN IGME
fundamental part of effective policies and programming. UNICEF works with countries to ensure that child mortality estimates are used effectively at the country level, in conjunction with other data on child health, to improve
child survival programmes and stimulate action through advocacy. This work involves partnering with other agencies, organizations, and initiatives such as the Countdown to 2015.
Levels and Trends in ChildMortality, 19902012

Under-five mortality The latest estimates of under-five mortality from the UN IGME show that under-five mortality declined 47percent, from 90 (89, 92) deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 48 (46, 51) in 2012 (table 1). As a result, the total number of under-five deaths in the world has fallen from 12.6million in 1990 to 6.6million in 2012 (table2)thanks to more effective and affordable treatments, innovative ways of delivering critical interventions to the poor and excluded, and sustained political commitment.
The past two decades have witnessed an acceleration of progress in lowering mortality among children under age five, with the global annual rate of reduction increasing to 3.9percent over 20052012 from 1.2percent in 19901995, 2.3percent in 19952000 and 3.7percent in 20002005.
Table
Regional trends are also encouraging. All regions have reduced the under-five mortality rate by more than half since 1990 except for Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania (figure 1). Eastern Asia, with a reduction of 74percent, and Northern Africa, 69percent, have already reduced the under-five mortality rate by two-thirds since 1990the required reduction to achieve MDG4. Latin America and the Caribbean, with a reduction of 65percent, and Western Asia, 62percent, are also on track to meet the MDG4 target. Many countries have made and are still making tremendous progress in lowering under-five mortality. Of the 61 high-mortality countries with at least 40 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2012, 25 have reduced their under-five mortality rate by at least half between 1990 and 2012. Of them, Bangladesh (72percent), Malawi (71percent), Nepal (71percent), Liberia (70percent),
1Levels and trends in the under-five mortality rate, by Millennium Development Goal region,
19902012 (deaths per 1,000 live births, unless otherwise indicated)
Region
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2012
MDG target 2015
Decline (percent) 19902012
Annual rate of reduction (percent) 1990 2012 1990 2000 2000 2012
Developed regions Developing regions Northern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Caucasus and Central Asia Eastern Asia Excluding China Southern Asia Excluding India South-eastern Asia Western Asia Oceania World
15 99 73 177 54 73 53 27 126 125 71 65 74 90
11 93 57 170 43 73 46 33 109 109 58 54 70 85
10 83 43 155 32 62 37 31 92 93 48 42 67 75
8 69 31 130 25 49 24 20 76 78 38 34 64 63
7 57 24 106 23 39 16 17 63 66 33 26 58 52
6 53 22 98 19 36 14 15 58 61 30 25 55 48
5 33 24 59 18 24 18 9 42 42 24 22 25 30
57 47 69 45 65 50 74 45 54 51 57 62 26 47
3.8 2.9 5.4 2.7 4.7 3.2 6.1 2.7 3.5 3.3 3.9 4.4 1.4 2.9
3.9 1.8 5.3 1.4 5.1 1.6 3.7 1.2 3.1 3.0 3.9 4.4 1.0 1.7
3.8 3.8 5.5 3.8 4.4 4.5 8.0 5.9 3.9 3.5 3.8 4.5 1.7 3.8
Note: All calculations are based on unrounded numbers.
Table
2Levels and trends in the number of deaths of children under agefive, by Millennium Development Goal region,
19902012 (thousands, unless otherwise indicated)
Region
1990
1995
2000
2005
2010
2012
Decline (percent) 19902012
Share of global underfive deaths (percent) 1990 2012
226 12,394 268 3,772 627 146 1,675 28 4,784 1,459 843 265 14 12,621
153 10,701 188 3,998 500 122 862 42 4,096 1,241 692 229 15 10,854
131 9,568 137 4,084 383 86 659 30 3,492 1,078 521 189 16 9,699
112 8,123 101 3,791 286 72 426 17 2,835 850 446 150 16 8,234
97 6,901 91 3,391 249 69 304 15 2,277 755 380 125 15 6,998
90 6,463 88 3,245 206 64 272 14 2,108 694 346 120 15 6,553
60 48 67 14 67 56 84 51 56 52 59 55 3 48
1.8 98.2 2.1 29.9 5.0 1.2 13.3 0.2 37.9 11.6 6.7 2.1 0.1 100.0
1.4 98.6 1.3 49.5 3.1 1.0 4.2 0.2 32.2 10.6 5.3 1.8 0.2 100.0
FigureUnder-five
mortality declined in all regions between 1990 and 2012
FigureNearly
half the worlds under-five deaths were concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa in 2012
Under-ve mortality rate, by Millenium Development Goal region, 1990 and 2012 (deaths per 1,000 live births) 200 177
Share of global under-ve deaths by Millennium Development Goal region, 19902012 (percent) Northern Africa Developed regions Oceania
150 126
100 90
99
Western Asia
Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern Asia South-eastern Asia
90
100
98
80 70
74
73
71
58
55
65
73 54
53
36
50
30
48
60 50 Southern Asia
25
22
19
14
15
53
0
Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern Asia Caucasus and Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa South-eastern Asia Developed regions Western Asia Northern Africa Southern Asia Oceania Developing regions World
40 30 20 Sub-Saharan Africa 10 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
1990
2012
MDG target in 2015
10
Map
Children in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia face a higher risk of dying before theirfifthbirthday
Under-ve mortality rate, 2012 (deaths per 1,000 live births) Less than 20 2039 4079 80119 120 or more Data not available Note: This map is stylized and not to scale. It does not reflect a position by UN IGME agencies on the legal status of any country or territory or the delimitation of any frontiers.
Tanzania (68percent), Timor-Leste (67percent), and Ethiopia (67percent) have already reduced the under-five mortality rate by twothirds. In absolute terms 15 countries made reductions surpassing 100 deaths per 1,000 live births since 1990. However, improving child survival remains unfinished, and wide disparities exist among regions and countries (map 1). Globally, the under-five mortality rate has dropped 47percent since 1990far from the required two-thirds reduction. The rate of decline in under-five mortality has accelerated but remains insufficient to reach MDG4, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Oceania, Caucasus and Central Asia, and Southern Asia. If current trends continue, only four MDG regions (Eastern Asia, Northern Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, and Western Asia) are expected to achieve MDG4 by 2015. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to confront significant challenges, as the region with the highest mortality rates in the world98 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2012. All 16 countries with an under-five mortality rate above 100 deaths per 1,000 live births are in Sub-Sahara Africa. With
a reduction of only 45percent since 1990 in this region, progress has been slower than any other region except Oceania. As the rest of the world reduces child mortality, under-five deaths are becoming ever-more concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa3.2million deaths (nearly half the global under-five deaths) occurred in this region in 2012 (figure 2). It is the only region in which the numbers of live births and child population are expected to rise substantially over the next two decades. By 2050 close to 40percent of all live births will take place in Sub-Saharan Africa and 37percent of the worlds children under age five will live in the region. Therefore, the number of under-five deaths may stagnate or even increase without more progress in the region. Despite Sub-Saharan Africas relatively high rates of under-five mortality, there are signs of progress in the region. The rate of decline in under-five mortality has accelerated over timefrom 0.8percent a year over 19901995 to 4.1percent a year over 20002012. Higher annual rates of reduction, particularly in eastern and southern Africa, show that rapid decline in low-income countries is possible.
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Southern Asia also continues to have both a high rate of under-five mortality (58 deaths per 1,000 live births) and a large number of total deaths, at 2.1million. India has the highest number of under-five deaths in the world, with 1.4million under-five deaths in 2012. Globally, an estimated 6.6million children died (12 deaths every minute) in 2012, mostly from preventable diseases. Pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria together killed roughly 2.2million children under age five in 2012, accounting for a third of all under-five deaths. Evidence shows that violence and political fragility (weakened capacity to sustain core state functions) contribute to higher rates of under-five mortality. Of the 20 countries with the worlds highest under-five mortality rates, 13 are either affected markedly by conflict or violence, or are in fragile situations.5 Of these 20, 9 are also among the list of top 20 countries with the lowest annual rate of reduction since 1990 (excluding countries with population less than half a million), indicating that there is little progress in the countries where progress is most needed. Moreover, emerging evidence has shown alarming disparities in under-five mortality at the subnational level in many countries. Children are at greater risk of dying before age five if they are born in rural areas, poor households, or to a mother denied basic education.
In summary, much has already been achieved in child survival but much remains to be done. There is still time, however, to make a difference. Accelerating the reduction in under-five mortality is possible by expanding effective preventive and curative interventions that target the main causes of post-neonatal deaths (pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and undernutrition) and the most vulnerable newborn babies and children. A revitalized commitment to child survival towards the ultimate aim of ending preventable child deaths is essential. A Promise Renewedthe call to action spearheaded by UNICEF and the US Agency for International Development to end all preventable child deaths by 2035is such a commitment and more than 170 countries have signed on to it. Countries, the United Nations and its agencies, civil society and private sector organizations must commit to redouble their efforts to reduce child mortality and include this commitment in the post-2015 agenda.
Neonatal mortality The first 28 days of lifethe neonatal period represent the most vulnerable time for a childs survival. In 2012 roughly 44percent of underfive deaths occur during this period. Reducing neonatal mortality is increasingly important not only because the proportions of under-five deaths that occur during the neonatal period is increasing as under-five mortality declines, but also because the health interventions needed to address the major causes of neonatal deaths
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generally differ from those needed to address other under-five deaths. The good news is that neonatal mortality is on the decline globally. The worlds neonatal mortality rate fell from 33 deaths per 1,000 live births in 1990 to 21 in 2012. The global number of neonatal deaths declined from 4.6million in 1990 to 2.9million in 2012 (table 3). While under-five mortality reduction has been significant, progress in reducing neonatal mortality has been slower. For the world as a whole, the neonatal mortality rate declined 37percent less than the 47percent decline in the under-five mortality rate (figure 3). There is a consistent pattern of faster decline in the under-five mortality rate compared with the neonatal mortality rate across all MDG regions. Because declines in the neonatal mortality rate are slower than those in the mortality rate for older children, the share of neonatal deaths among under-five deaths has increased from about 37percent in 1990 to 44percent in 2012.
Figure
Decline in the neonatal mortality rate is slower than the decline in underfive mortality rate in all regions
Decline in under-ve mortality rate and neonatal mortality rate, by Millennium Development Goal region, 19902012 (percent) 74 69 65 80
65 62
51
54
50
57 54 47 37 Caucasus and Central Asia Sub-Saharan Africa Oceania 17 28 26 Developed regions Neonatal mortality rate Relative increase (percent) 19902012
56
60
58
57
45
40
39
40
45
20
0 Northern Africa South-eastern Asia Eastern Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Western Asia Southern Asia Developing regions World
Under-ve mortality rate
Table
3Neonatal mortality rate, number of neonatal deaths and neonatal deaths as a share of
underfivedeaths, by Millennium Development Goal region, 1990 and 2012
Neonatal mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births) Decline (percent) 19902012
Number of neonatal deaths (thousands)
Neonatal deaths as a share of under-five deaths (percent)
Region
1990
2012
1990
2012
1990
2012
8 36 30 45 22 25 24 11 50 49 27 27 26 33
4 23 13 32 10 15 8 7 31 31 15 13 22 21
54 37 58 28 56 40 65 33 39 38 45 51 17 37
117 4,507 109 968 255 50 771 11 1,925 571 315 109 5 4,625
50 2,802 51 1,090 106 27 164 7 1,127 348 168 63 6 2,852
52 36 41 26 41 34 46 39 40 39 37 41 35 37
56 43 58 34 51 41 60 50 53 50 48 53 39 44
8 19 42 31 26 22 31 28 33 28 30 29 13 19
37
47
13
This trend is expected to continue as under-five mortality declines. In five developing regions more than half of under-five deaths took place in the neonatal period in 2012. Eastern Asia, for instance, has moved so quickly in cutting under-five mortality rates overall, that neonatal deaths constituted a 60percent share in 2012. The other four regions are Northern Africa, Southern Asia, Western Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean. Sub-Saharan Africawhere about a third of under-five deaths occurred during the neonatal periodhas the highest neonatal mortality rate (32 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2012) and accounts for 38percent of global neonatal deaths. Together with Oceania, the region has recorded the least improvement over the last two decades. Among countries, the variation in neonatal mortality is substantial, ranging from less than 1 death per 1,000 live births in Andorra and Luxembourg to 50 in Sierra Leone. Around two-thirds of neonatal deaths occur in just 10 countries, with India accounting for more than a quarter and Nigeria for a tenth. Although neonatal deaths are often more difficult to prevent, there are countries that have had great success in reducing neonatal mortality. In 1990 Estonia had a neonatal mortality rate above 11 per 1,000 live births. By 2012 this had been reduced to 1.6a decline of 86percent. Luxembourg (82percent), Maldives (81percent), Lithuania (78percent), the Czech Republic (76percent) and Serbia (76percent) also reduced their neonatal mortality rates substantially over this period. Children that die before 28 days of life often suffer from diseases and conditions that are readily preventable or treatable with proven, cost-effective interventions. Globally, almost a quarter of neonatal deaths were caused by sepsis and meningitis (12percent), pneumonia (10percent) or diarrhoea (2percent) in 2012. These diseases are highly treatable, provided simple interventions and basic treatment knowledge are available. Another 34percent of neonatal deaths, the majority of them preventable, were caused by complications from preterm birth.
With the share of under-five deaths during the neonatal period rising in every region and almost all countries, neonatal health will need to be addressed more effectively if progress on overall child mortality is to continue at a rapid rate. Systematic action is required by governments and partners to reach women and babies with effective care. Highly cost-effective interventions are feasible even at the community level, and most can be linked with preventive and curative initiatives for mothers and babies. For example, early postnatal home visits are effective in promoting healthy behaviours such as breastfeeding and clean cord care and in reaching new mothers. Case management of neonatal infections can be provided alongside treatment of childhood pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. Care at birth brings a triple return on investment, saving mothers, newborns and unborn children. Scaling up low-cost solutions to address preterm birth could reduce these deaths by threequarters, notably with antenatal steroid injections to women in preterm labour and with kangaroo mother care, where the preterm baby is held skin to skin with their mother.6
Notes
1. Values in parentheses indicate 90percent uncertainty intervals for the estimates. The uncertainty intervals for the number of deaths are likely to be too narrow because they are based only on the uncertainty in the under-five mortality rate and do not account for uncertainty related to other inputs in the calculation of the number of deaths, such as the population under age five. 2. Regional classifications used in this report are MDG regions (see page 30). The MDG regional classifications can also be found on the official United Nations site for the MDG indicators (United Nations Statistics Division, Millennium Development Indicators: World and regional groupings, <http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Host.aspx?Content=Data/ RegionalGroupings.htm>, accessed 28 August 2013). Countries for which data are available are listed in the statistical annex. 3. Alkema, Leontine, and Jin Rou New, Global Estimation of Child Mortality Using a Bayesian B-spline Regression Model, Arxiv.org, 2013. 4. Alkema, Leontine, Fengqing Chao, and Cheryl Sawyer, Sex Differences in U5MR: Estimation and Identification of Countries with Outlying Levels or Trends, Paper presented at the XXVII IUSSP International Population Conference, Busan, Republic of Korea, August 2013. 5. The World Banks fragile and conflict-affected situations list (fiscal 2014) is used to identify countries with conflict or violence or in fragile situations (World Bank, Harmonized List of Fragile Situations, Washington, DC, <http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTLICUS/ Resources/511777-1269623894864/HarmonizedlistoffragilestatesFY14. pdf>, accessed 28 August 2013. 6. March of Dimes, et al., Born Too Soon: The Global Action Report on Preterm Birth , edited by Christopher P. Howson, Mary V. Kinney and Joy E. Lawn, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2012.
14
15
Statistical table
Country, regional and global estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Country or territory Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba
U5MR Lower bound Upper bound U5MR
2000
Lower bound Upper bound U5MR
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 116 25 30 4 236 13 15 21 5 4 50 21 11 43 23 6 5 22 126 60 54 7 97 16 9 13 124 151 71 151 6 26 184 202 11 16 24 138 141 14 12 135 5 6 59 14 17 3 71 8 9 16 3 3 31 8 8 48 6 6 3 14 60 44 41 6 16 21 4 7 67 55 39 45 3 21 57 70 6 18 12 41 33 8 6 51 4 4
Annual rate of reduction (ARR) (percent) 19902012

ARR Lower bound Upper bound
176 43 50 8 213 24 28 49 9 10 93 23 23 144 18 17 10 43 181 131 18 48 62 12 22 202 164 116 135 8 62 171 209 19 54 35 124 100 25 17 152 13 13
161 37 47 8 188 18 27 45 9 9 84 22 22 139 17 16 10 39 169 116 117 18 42 57 12 22 189 147 108 125 8 53 156 193 19 50 33 111 85 23 17 141 13 13
193 49 53 9 240 31 28 54 9 10 103 25 24 148 19 17 10 49 192 148 130 19 56 66 13 23 214 182 126 145 8 70 189 226 20 60 38 139 117 28 17 164 13 14
134 29 35 5 203 16 20 30 6 6 72 17 13 88 18 14 6 25 147 80 78 10 85 33 10 21 186 150 111 150 6 38 164 189 11 37 25 99 118 17 13 145 8 8
123 25 34 5 178 14 20 27 6 5 64 16 12 85 17 14 6 23 136 72 73 10 66 30 9 21 173 132 102 138 6 35 145 173 11 35 23 79 105 15 13 132 8 8
146 33 36 5 229 17 21 33 6 6 81 18 13 91 19 15 6 27 160 91 84 10 105 36 10 22 200 170 120 165 6 41 186 207 11 39 27 117 135 20 14 159 9 9
99 17 20 3 164 10 14 16 5 4 35 17 10 41 18 5 4 18 90 45 41 7 53 14 8 12 102 104 40 95 5 22 129 150 9 14 18 78 96 11 10 108 5 6
84 10 13 3 111 7 14 13 5 4 24 13 8 39 15 5 4 15 61 33 32 6 22 13 7 12 84 66 24 61 5 19 91 109 7 12 13 46 62 8 8 85 4 5
2.6 4.2 4.1 4.3 1.2 3.9 3.0 5.0 2.9 3.9 4.4 1.4 4.0 5.7 0.2 5.3 3.9 3.9 3.2 4.9 5.0 4.6 0.5 6.6 2.0 2.7 3.1 2.1 4.9 1.6 2.0 4.6 1.3 1.5 3.4 6.1 3.1 2.1 0.2 3.9 2.4 1.6 4.6 4.0
1.9 2.3 2.2 3.6 0.5 2.1 2.8 3.9 2.6 3.6 2.8 0.4 3.3 5.4 1.3 4.8 3.5 3.0 1.6 3.5 3.8 4.2 3.3 6.1 1.2 2.5 2.2 0.3 2.3 0.5 1.6 3.7 0.4 0.2 2.4 5.4 1.8 0.6 1.7 2.5 1.7 0.5 4.3 3.3
3.4 6.5 6.1 5.0 3.0 5.8 3.2 6.1 3.2 4.3 6.1 2.5 4.8 6.0 0.9 5.7 4.4 4.9 4.9 6.3 6.2 5.0 3.9 7.1 2.6 3.0 4.0 4.2 7.2 3.6 2.5 5.6 2.9 2.9 4.4 6.9 4.4 4.5 2.1 5.3 3.2 2.7 5.0 4.7
Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 123
16
Statistical table (continued)
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Country or territory Afghanistan Albania Algeria Andorra Angola Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bhutan Bolivia (Plurinational State of) Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Brunei Darussalam Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cambodia Cameroon Canada Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Chile China Colombia Comoros Congo Cook Islands Costa Rica Cte d'Ivoire Croatia Cuba 2012
UnderUnderfive Lower Upper five Lower Upper deaths bound bound deaths bound bound
Sex-specific under-five mortalityrate (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990

Male Female
2012
Male Female
Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)

1990 2012
Neonatal Number of mortality rate Number of infant (deaths per neonatal deaths 1,000 live deaths (thousands) births) (thousands)
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
96 4 41 0 106 0 20 4 2 1 19 0 0 531 0 3 1 0 39 3 29 1 2 219 0 3 79 43 40 69 3 1 20 59 6 1,647 31 2 9 0 1 73 1 2
87 3 38 0 92 0 20 4 2 1 17 0 0 513 0 3 1 0 37 2 28 1 2 201 0 3 73 38 37 64 3 1 18 54 6 29 2 7 0 1 67 1 2
107 4 44 0 122 0 21 4 2 1 21 0 0 550 0 3 1 0 42 3 31 1 3 236 0 3 84 49 44 74 3 1 22 64 6 34 2 10 0 1 80 1 3
103 1 20 0 148 0 10 1 2 0 6 0 0 127 0 1 1 0 32 1 11 0 3 42 0 1 66 43 14 74 2 0 19 82 2 258 16 2 15 0 1 75 0 1
87 0 13 0 97 0 10 1 1 0 4 0 0 120 0 0 0 0 21 0 8 0 1 39 0 1 54 27 8 47 2 0 13 59 2 225 12 1 10 0 1 58 0 0
123 1 30 0 224 0 11 1 2 0 8 0 0 134 0 1 1 0 46 1 14 0 5 46 0 1 81 64 26 122 2 0 28 114 3 301 22 4 23 0 1 96 0 1
180 46 54 9 223 26 31 54 10 11 100 25 24 146 19 19 11 47 187 137 130 20 52 68 13 25 209 173 124 142 9 66 178 218 21 56 39 131 106 28 19 163 14 15
172 39 45 8 203 21 24 44 8 8 85 21 22 141 16 14 9 39 173 125 117 16 44 56 11 19 193 154 109 127 7 57 164 199 17 52 31 117 94 22 15 140 11 11
102 18 22 4 171 11 16 18 5 4 38 18 10 44 20 6 5 20 93 49 45 7 58 16 9 13 108 111 44 101 6 25 135 157 10 15 20 83 101 12 11 116 5 6
95 15 18 3 156 9 13 15 4 4 32 16 9 38 17 5 4 16 85 40 38 6 49 13 7 11 97 98 35 89 5 20 122 142 8 13 16 72 91 9 9 99 4 5
120 37 42 7 126 20 24 42 8 8 74 20 20 100 16 14 8 35 109 92 85 16 38 52 9 18 102 100 85 84 7 47 113 114 16 42 29 87 65 21 14 104 11 11
71 15 17 3 100 9 13 15 4 3 31 14 8 33 17 4 3 16 59 36 33 6 41 13 7 11 66 67 34 61 5 19 91 89 8 12 15 58 62 9 9 76 4 4
66 3 34 0 64 0 18 3 2 1 15 0 0 365 0 2 1 0 24 2 20 1 2 180 0 2 40 27 28 43 3 1 13 32 5 1,315 26 1 6 0 1 51 1 2
73 1 17 0 90 0 9 1 1 0 5 0 0 102 0 0 0 0 21 1 9 0 2 37 0 1 43 29 12 48 2 0 14 50 2 224 14 1 10 0 1 54 0 0
50 17 23 2 52 12 16 24 5 5 29 10 8 54 9 7 5 17 41 42 38 11 25 28 7 12 40 46 37 35 4 21 47 47 8 25 20 41 33 12 9 48 8 7
36 8 12 1 45 6 8 10 3 2 15 8 4 24 10 3 2 9 28 21 19 4 29 9 4 7 28 36 18 28 4 10 41 40 5 9 11 31 32 6 7 40 3 3
27 2 19 0 26 0 12 2 1 0 6 0 0 200 0 1 1 0 9 1 9 1 1 98 0 1 16 12 12 18 2 0 5 13 3 760 17 1 3 0 1 23 0 1
37 0 12 0 41 0 5 0 1 0 3 0 0 76 0 0 0 0 10 0 5 0 1 27 0 0 18 15 7 22 1 0 6 22 1 157 10 1 5 0 0 29 0 0
1,506 1,826
17
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Country or territory Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 4 4 37 193 4 128 16 38 35 22 23 180 71 4 86 26 3 4 79 100 26 4 92 5 17 44 122 171 51 89 27 7 3 62 36 21 41 5 5 4 25 4 5 15 57 3 40 6 20 19 29 20 61 50 7 68 10 2 3 31 57 12 3 43 4 7 27 80 69 20 48 20 6 2 42 28 19 18 3 4 3 10

11 15 44 171 9 119 17 60 56 86 59 182 150 20 204 31 7 9 92 170 35 9 128 13 22 80 241 206 60 144 59 19 6 126 84 56 53 9 12 10 30
11 14 34 155 9 100 16 56 50 82 54 153 137 20 190 26 7 9 81 149 29 8 121 12 20 75 225 180 54 136 55 19 6 122 80 52 49 9 11 10 25
12 15 56 192 9 140 19 64 62 90 65 215 163 21 220 36 7 9 106 195 42 9 135 13 24 86 257 235 67 154 63 20 7 130 88 61 58 10 12 10 36
7 7 60 171 6 108 16 40 34 45 32 143 89 11 146 24 4 5 86 116 34 5 103 8 16 51 171 174 46 105 38 11 4 92 52 35 45 7 7 6 23
6 6 47 155 5 89 14 37 30 42 28 120 81 11 135 23 4 5 75 101 28 5 96 8 15 45 159 153 41 98 35 11 4 88 50 32 41 7 7 5 20
7 7 77 192 6 128 17 44 40 48 36 171 98 12 158 26 4 6 100 135 41 6 110 8 17 56 183 200 52 113 41 12 5 95 55 38 49 8 7 6 28
3 4 29 146 4 81 13 27 23 21 16 100 52 4 68 22 3 4 62 73 20 4 72 5 14 32 101 129 35 76 23 6 2 56 31 18 34 4 4 4 17
3 4 22 110 3 49 10 20 16 20 11 58 39 3 52 19 3 4 48 52 15 4 56 4 11 23 81 96 25 66 19 6 2 51 27 15 29 4 4 4 12
5.7 6.1 1.9 0.7 4.0 1.8 1.4 3.6 4.0 6.4 6.0 2.7 4.8 7.9 5.0 1.4 3.8 3.6 1.8 3.8 2.5 3.3 2.6 4.4 2.2 4.2 3.9 2.1 2.4 2.9 4.3 5.1 4.7 3.6 4.5 5.3 2.0 3.8 4.6 4.3 2.6
4.7 5.8 0.4 3.6 0.4 0.3 2.1 2.1 6.1 4.3 0.1 3.4 7.2 3.9 0.4 3.4 3.4 0.5 2.4 1.0 3.1 1.5 3.9 1.2 2.7 3.1 0.9 0.7 2.2 3.5 4.6 3.4 3.2 3.9 4.5 1.1 3.3 4.2 3.9 0.8
6.6 6.5 1.9 4.5 4.0 2.5 5.1 5.7 6.7 7.6 5.3 6.2 8.5 6.3 2.4 4.2 3.9 3.1 5.3 4.1 3.6 3.8 4.8 3.3 5.7 5.0 3.5 4.1 3.6 5.1 5.5 6.0 4.1 5.2 6.2 2.8 4.4 5.0 4.6 4.3
18
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Country or territory Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic People's Republic of Korea Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Djibouti Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Estonia Ethiopia Fiji Finland France Gabon Gambia Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Grenada Guatemala Guinea Guinea-Bissau Guyana Haiti Holy See Honduras Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran (Islamic Republic of) Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Jamaica 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female

1990 2012
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
0 2 16 267 1 3 0 13 17 155 10 3 21 0 444 1 0 6 3 7 3 7 70 1 0 27 64 9 1 36 11 3 0 3,325 385 107 35 0 1 5 2
0 2 12 240 1 3 0 12 15 147 9 3 19 0 409 1 0 6 3 6 3 7 66 1 0 25 59 7 1 34 10 3 0 367 98 32 0 1 5 1
0 2 20 302 1 4 0 13 19 163 11 4 23 1 483 1 0 6 4 8 4 7 75 1 0 28 69 10 1 39 12 3 0 404 116 38 0 1 6 2
0 0 10 391 0 2 0 6 8 40 2 3 11 0 205 0 0 3 3 5 1 3 56 1 0 15 41 8 1 20 5 1 0 152 26 35 0 1 2 1
0 0 8 291 0 1 0 4 5 38 2 1 8 0 153 0 0 3 2 4 1 3 43 1 0 11 33 6 0 17 4 1 0 131 22 29 0 1 2 1
0 0 13 531 0 3 0 8 12 42 3 5 16 0 259 0 0 3 4 7 2 3 72 1 0 21 51 10 1 24 6 1 0 175 31 42 0 1 2 1
12 17 47 179 10 126 19 64 61 86 64 190 161 23 217 34 7 10 99 177 39 10 135 14 24 85 248 220 67 152 64 21 7 121 90 57 57 10 12 11 34
10 13 40 163 8 112 16 55 50 85 54 174 139 18 190 27 6 8 86 162 30 7 121 11 20 75 233 191 53 135 54 17 6 130 77 56 49 8 11 9 26
4 4 32 154 4 86 14 30 26 22 18 106 57 4 74 25 3 5 67 78 22 5 77 5 15 35 106 139 40 82 26 7 3 54 35 19 38 4 5 4 19
3 3 26 137 3 75 12 24 20 20 14 94 47 3 62 20 3 4 57 68 17 4 66 4 12 29 96 119 31 69 20 6 2 59 27 17 31 4 4 4 15
10 13 33 112 7 93 14 46 44 63 46 123 92 17 121 26 6 7 60 80 30 7 80 11 18 60 142 122 46 100 46 17 5 88 62 44 42 8 10 8 25
3 3 23 100 3 66 12 23 20 18 14 72 37 3 47 19 2 3 42 49 18 3 49 4 11 27 65 81 29 57 19 5 2 26 15 28 3 3 3 14
0 2 12 178 0 3 0 10 13 114 8 2 13 0 267 1 0 5 2 3 3 6 44 1 0 20 38 5 1 25 8 3 0 279 82 28 0 1 5 1
0 0 8 271 0 2 0 5 6 35 2 2 8 0 140 0 0 3 2 4 1 2 38 0 0 12 27 5 0 15 4 1 0 125 23 29 0 1 2 1
5 9 21 47 5 40 12 27 20 33 17 47 35 11 54 13 4 4 33 46 23 4 40 9 10 29 54 58 28 37 23 13 3 51 30 26 26 5 6 6 17
2 2 16 44 3 31 9 15 10 12 6 34 18 2 29 10 2 2 25 28 15 2 28 3 7 15 34 46 19 25 12 4 1 31 15 11 19 2 2 2 11
0 1 7 75 0 1 0 6 6 59 3 1 5 0 120 0 0 2 1 2 2 3 22 1 0 10 14 2 1 9 4 2 0 1,354 134 49 17 0 1 4 1
0 0 5 118 0 1 0 3 3 23 1 1 4 0 88 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 22 0 0 7 14 3 0 7 2 0 0 779 72 16 19 0 0 1 1
3,208 3,439 1,414 1,280 1,573
44 2,333 1,097
19
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Country or territory Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (FederatedStates of) Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 3 23 20 105 84 12 30 87 10 15 134 100 19 6 3 82 92 10 12 177 8 48 122 18 17 78 4 38 7 36 106 68 55 53 52 4 6 36 140 151 46 3 2 12 18 33 31 5 24 54 7 11 28 83 14 6 3 53 81 6 31 84 4 16 43 8 15 18 3 36 6 27 78 35 24 19 47 3 4 22 109 71 5 3

6 37 54 98 94 16 71 163 20 33 85 248 43 17 9 159 244 17 94 253 11 49 128 23 46 55 8 107 17 80 233 106 73 58 142 8 11 66 326 213 14 9
6 34 49 93 80 16 61 148 20 30 77 227 36 16 8 148 230 16 86 238 11 41 117 22 42 44 7 97 16 75 215 96 66 36 133 8 11 61 306 198 9 8
6 39 60 105 110 17 81 180 21 37 93 270 50 17 9 169 258 17 103 271 12 58 139 24 51 70 9 116 18 85 251 118 80 93 151 9 12 71 347 227 21 9
5 28 44 110 71 13 50 120 17 20 114 176 28 12 5 109 174 10 45 220 8 41 111 19 25 54 5 63 14 50 166 79 73 42 82 6 7 40 227 188 23 5
4 26 41 102 62 13 42 108 16 17 103 161 27 11 4 99 162 10 41 205 7 36 100 18 24 37 5 57 13 46 154 72 67 36 76 6 7 36 211 175 17 5
5 30 49 120 82 13 56 134 18 23 124 193 30 12 5 119 185 10 50 238 8 48 122 19 27 79 6 71 14 54 179 87 81 50 88 6 8 44 244 201 32 5
3 19 19 73 60 11 27 72 9 9 100 75 15 5 2 58 71 9 11 128 7 38 84 15 16 39 4 28 6 31 90 52 39 37 42 4 6 24 114 124 25 3
3 16 18 49 43 10 22 59 8 6 76 56 13 5 2 41 56 8 9 91 6 30 58 13 16 18 3 19 5 26 77 39 27 25 33 4 5 17 91 101 13 2
3.4 3.0 4.8 1.4 2.1 1.8 4.4 3.7 3.9 5.7 0.7 5.4 4.7 5.1 6.2 4.6 5.6 3.0 10.0 3.1 2.3 1.2 1.9 1.9 4.8 1.6 3.3 6.2 4.8 4.3 4.3 3.2 2.9 2.0 5.6 3.2 3.1 4.5 4.8 2.5 2.7 5.2
3.1 2.1 4.3 0.3 0.4 1.4 3.7 2.8 3.2 3.6 2.2 4.1 3.5 4.7 5.0 3.0 4.4 2.5 9.3 1.7 1.5 0.2 0.2 1.2 4.3 1.4 2.5 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.6 1.9 1.2 0.9 4.6 3.0 2.6 2.7 3.8 1.5 6.1 4.6
3.6 3.8 5.3 3.1 3.7 2.1 5.4 4.7 4.5 7.9 0.5 6.8 5.8 5.7 7.4 6.2 6.7 3.6 10.7 4.6 3.2 2.6 3.6 2.6 5.2 4.8 3.9 7.8 5.6 5.1 5.0 4.7 4.5 5.1 6.6 3.4 3.5 6.3 5.8 3.4 0.9 5.8
20
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Country or territory Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kiribati Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Lao People's Democratic Republic Latvia Lebanon Lesotho Liberia Libya Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Maldives Mali Malta Marshall Islands Mauritania Mauritius Mexico Micronesia (FederatedStates of) Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Niger Nigeria Niue Norway 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female

1990 2012
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
8 4 21 96 0 1 10 29 1 2 5 23 5 1 0 80 103 8 1 91 0 0 10 0 112 0 0 8 0 56 132 117 4 0 95 2 1 10 129 849 0 1
8 4 19 90 0 1 8 26 1 2 4 20 4 1 0 75 96 8 1 84 0 0 9 0 101 0 0 7 0 53 121 105 3 0 89 2 1 9 119 785 0 0
8 4 24 102 0 1 11 32 1 2 5 25 6 1 0 86 110 9 1 98 0 0 11 0 122 0 0 9 0 60 145 130 4 0 102 2 1 10 139 916 0 1
3 4 6 108 0 1 4 14 0 1 6 11 2 0 0 44 43 4 0 83 0 0 11 0 37 0 0 2 0 23 84 48 2 0 24 1 0 3 91 827 0 0
3 3 6 73 0 1 3 11 0 0 4 8 2 0 0 31 34 4 0 59 0 0 7 0 36 0 0 1 0 19 71 36 2 0 19 1 0 2 72 0 0
3 5 7 158 0 1 4 17 0 1 8 15 2 0 0 63 57 5 0 118 0 0 16 0 38 0 0 3 0 27 100 64 3 0 31 1 0 5 113 0 0
7 38 61 104 100 18 77 170 23 34 91 260 47 19 10 166 254 18 100 262 12 54 137 26 50 60 9 122 18 85 241 114 78 63 143 9 13 71 330 222 15 10
6 35 47 93 88 15 64 155 18 31 78 235 39 15 8 151 234 15 88 244 10 44 118 20 42 51 7 91 16 75 223 99 68 53 141 7 10 61 322 203 12 8
3 20 22 78 65 12 30 77 9 10 107 80 17 6 2 62 76 9 12 134 7 42 92 17 18 42 4 33 6 34 94 58 43 41 44 5 6 27 117 129 28 3
3 18 16 68 55 10 23 66 8 9 92 69 14 5 2 54 66 8 9 122 6 33 76 13 15 35 4 22 6 28 85 47 35 33 39 4 5 22 110 118 22 3
5 30 46 64 68 14 58 112 17 27 68 165 37 14 7 97 143 14 68 130 10 39 82 20 37 43 6 76 15 63 155 76 49 45 99 7 9 50 137 126 12 7
2 16 17 49 46 10 24 54 8 8 74 56 13 4 2 41 46 7 9 80 6 31 65 13 14 31 3 23 6 27 63 41 28 30 34 3 5 21 63 78 21 2
5 3 18 62 0 1 8 20 1 2 4 15 4 1 0 52 60 7 1 46 0 0 7 0 89 0 0 6 0 44 87 81 3 0 66 1 1 7 54 502 0 0
2 3 6 72 0 1 4 10 0 0 4 8 2 0 0 31 28 4 0 53 0 0 8 0 32 0 0 2 0 20 59 38 2 0 19 1 0 3 52 528 0 0
3 19 23 33 29 9 29 44 13 16 45 51 21 9 4 40 50 8 34 59 7 19 43 16 16 21 4 25 11 35 54 41 29 28 53 5 4 25 48 52 7 4
1 12 10 27 22 6 14 27 5 5 45 27 9 2 1 22 24 5 6 42 5 16 34 9 7 16 2 10 4 18 30 26 18 21 24 3 3 12 28 39 12 2
3 2 9 32 0 0 4 8 1 1 2 5 2 1 0 21 21 4 0 21 0 0 3 0 40 0 0 2 0 24 30 44 2 0 36 1 0 4 19 207 0 0
1 2 3 40 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 4 1 0 0 17 15 2 0 28 0 0 4 0 16 0 0 1 0 13 28 24 1 0 14 0 0 2 23 267 0 0
663 1,025
21
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Country or territory Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka State of Palestine Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 13 100 32 27 93 31 22 42 5 4 9 4 26 14 11 72 14 24 29 23 6 81 10 80 7 17 236 3 8 4 49 241 56 148 5 11 29 88 37 111 3 5 19 114 13 46 11 11 30 15 26 20 6 5 7 2 11 13 9 50 10 7 8 10 4 35 16 47 9 6 86 3 6 3 13 59 20 84 4 7 14 43 17 24 2 3 13 35

39 138 34 32 89 46 79 59 17 15 21 7 32 38 26 151 29 22 30 11 104 47 142 28 17 257 8 18 10 39 177 61 251 11 21 43 128 51 71 7 8 38 105
35 133 29 28 80 41 75 55 17 14 19 7 27 37 26 142 27 21 23 27 9 91 39 135 27 15 235 7 17 10 33 146 54 208 11 21 39 119 42 61 7 8 34 93
45 144 39 35 99 50 84 63 18 15 22 7 39 39 27 161 31 24 27 34 14 119 56 149 29 18 280 8 18 11 46 219 69 298 11 22 47 139 62 82 7 9 41 118
17 112 28 26 79 33 40 40 9 7 12 6 30 27 23 182 18 18 22 22 6 87 22 139 13 14 234 4 12 6 35 171 74 181 7 17 30 106 33 121 4 6 24 91
15 107 25 22 68 29 37 37 9 7 12 6 24 26 23 171 16 17 21 18 4 74 20 130 12 13 212 4 12 5 29 134 66 154 6 17 27 96 26 110 4 6 22 77
20 117 33 30 91 38 43 44 10 8 13 6 37 27 24 195 20 19 24 25 8 101 25 149 13 15 257 4 12 6 41 226 83 212 7 18 33 116 43 136 4 6 26 107
12 86 21 19 63 22 18 30 5 4 7 4 18 12 10 55 9 18 23 18 3 53 9 60 7 13 182 3 8 3 31 147 45 104 5 10 23 73 21 80 3 4 15 58
11 75 13 13 43 16 15 22 5 3 6 4 13 11 10 42 6 13 19 13 2 36 8 44 6 10 137 2 7 3 20 94 36 72 4 9 18 59 12 57 3 4 12 29
5.5 2.2 2.2 2.4 1.6 3.3 6.7 3.1 5.7 6.4 4.7 2.8 2.7 5.1 4.2 4.6 5.2 1.1 0.2 2.4 5.4 3.0 7.7 3.9 6.6 1.1 1.6 4.4 3.9 5.5 1.0 0.8 1.4 4.0 4.1 3.6 2.9 2.6 4.0 0.5 3.9 2.9 4.1 2.7
4.9 1.5 0.1 0.6 0.2 1.7 5.7 1.5 5.4 6.0 3.9 2.6 0.8 4.5 3.9 3.3 3.2 0.3 0.7 1.2 2.4 1.0 6.6 2.6 6.1 0.1 0.4 3.7 3.6 4.8 1.3 1.0 0.1 2.1 3.7 3.1 1.8 1.7 1.5 2.1 3.6 2.5 3.0 0.4
6.3 2.9 4.4 4.1 3.3 4.9 7.7 4.5 6.1 6.7 5.4 3.1 4.5 5.7 4.6 5.8 7.2 2.5 1.2 3.8 8.6 4.9 8.7 5.3 7.0 2.2 2.8 5.2 4.2 6.0 3.1 2.6 2.6 5.9 4.4 4.2 4.1 3.5 6.5 1.0 4.3 3.4 5.1 5.7
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 25
22
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Country or territory Oman Pakistan Palau Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Qatar Republic of Korea Republic of Moldova Romania Russian Federation Rwanda Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa San Marino Sao Tome and Principe Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Seychelles Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands Somalia South Africa South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka State of Palestine Sudan Suriname Swaziland Sweden Switzerland Syrian Arab Republic Tajikistan 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female

1990 2012
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
3 619 0 2 12 6 51 119 9 2 0 4 3 16 59 49 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 44 4 0 44 0 1 0 0 50 65 66 5 7 4 101 0 3 1 1 17 23
2 595 0 2 11 6 49 111 9 2 0 4 2 16 58 46 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 42 4 0 40 0 1 0 0 40 57 53 4 7 3 93 0 2 1 1 15 20
3 646 0 2 14 7 55 128 9 2 0 4 3 17 60 53 0 0 0 0 0 0 31 47 4 0 49 0 2 0 1 63 74 81 5 7 4 110 1 3 1 1 18 26
1 409 0 1 13 3 11 69 2 0 0 2 1 3 17 24 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 30 1 0 39 0 0 0 1 65 50 40 2 4 3 89 0 3 0 0 8 15
1 353 0 1 9 2 9 49 2 0 0 2 1 2 16 18 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 22 1 0 29 0 0 0 0 40 40 27 2 3 2 71 0 2 0 0 7 8
1 477 0 2 20 5 13 97 2 0 0 2 1 3 18 31 0 0 0 0 0 1 6 40 1 0 52 0 0 0 1 112 63 58 2 4 4 108 0 4 0 0 10 31
43 141 38 35 95 49 84 64 20 16 22 7 36 42 30 159 32 25 27 33 12 110 50 148 30 18 269 8 20 11 42 185 67 262 12 23 45 136 56 76 8 9 41 113
36 136 30 28 83 42 75 53 15 13 19 7 28 34 22 143 26 20 23 28 10 98 43 135 26 15 246 7 16 9 35 169 55 241 10 20 40 120 45 66 6 7 34 96
13 90 23 21 68 24 20 33 5 4 8 4 20 14 12 59 10 19 25 19 4 58 9 65 7 14 190 3 8 3 34 154 49 109 5 10 24 79 23 85 3 5 17 64
10 82 19 16 58 20 16 26 5 3 7 4 16 11 9 51 8 16 21 16 3 49 8 55 6 12 173 3 7 3 28 141 40 98 4 9 21 67 18 75 3 4 14 52
32 106 30 26 65 36 56 41 15 12 18 6 27 31 22 92 23 18 21 25 10 67 37 71 24 14 153 6 16 9 31 107 47 149 9 18 35 80 43 54 6 7 31 82
10 69 15 16 48 19 14 24 4 3 6 3 15 11 9 39 7 15 21 15 3 38 7 45 6 11 117 2 6 3 26 91 33 67 4 8 19 49 19 56 2 4 12 49
2 479 0 2 9 5 37 85 8 1 0 3 2 14 49 30 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 22 4 0 26 0 1 0 0 31 50 40 4 6 3 64 0 2 1 1 14 18
1 330 0 1 10 3 8 54 2 0 0 2 1 2 15 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 23 1 0 25 0 0 0 0 40 37 26 2 3 2 60 0 2 0 0 7 13
18 56 15 13 30 22 28 23 11 7 10 3 14 18 14 38 18 13 15 11 5 31 21 41 17 10 59 4 12 6 16 50 21 57 7 13 21 40 23 29 4 4 18 33
7 42 10 9 24 12 9 14 3 2 4 2 9 8 6 21 7 10 15 7 1 20 5 24 4 8 50 1 4 2 14 46 15 36 3 6 13 29 12 30 2 3 9 23
1 253 0 1 4 3 18 47 6 1 0 2 1 8 32 13 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 13 3 0 10 0 1 0 0 15 22 15 3 4 2 32 0 1 0 0 8 7
1 202 0 1 5 2 6 32 1 0 0 1 0 2 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 12 0 0 10 0 0 0 0 20 17 14 1 2 2 35 0 1 0 0 5 6
23
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Country or territory Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (BolivarianRepublic of) Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 19 9 75 125 22 36 19 21 90 44 84 12 10 5 71 8 10 67 33 17 24 85 140 120 13 12 57 48 8 11 17 25 30 19 59 7 6 3 55 4 8 25 12 10 17 42 64 25

38 37 171 143 23 33 51 74 90 58 178 20 17 9 166 11 23 74 35 30 51 125 192 74
36 35 155 133 19 28 45 69 78 49 168 18 14 9 157 11 22 64 29 29 46 117 180 68
41 38 188 155 28 39 58 79 103 68 189 23 20 10 177 11 24 84 42 30 55 134 205 80
23 16 106 122 18 28 30 37 79 42 147 19 11 7 132 8 16 61 24 21 32 97 169 102
20 15 96 110 13 22 25 33 67 38 138 17 11 6 123 8 16 53 19 21 29 89 156 92
26 17 117 135 24 36 35 42 93 47 157 21 12 7 141 9 17 71 33 22 34 105 183 113
13 7 57 96 13 21 16 14 53 30 69 11 8 5 54 7 7 40 18 15 23 60 89 90
9 6 41 73 7 12 14 10 29 21 57 10 7 5 41 6 5 21 10 14 22 42 60 70
4.8 7.3 5.0 1.8 2.6 2.1 5.3 7.5 2.4 3.0 4.3 2.8 3.2 3.0 5.1 2.1 5.3 2.8 3.0 3.0 3.6 3.3 3.5 0.9
3.2 6.6 3.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 4.2 5.7 0.1 1.0 3.4 2.1 2.2 2.8 3.9 1.4 3.7 0.5 0.3 2.6 3.1 1.8 1.4 2.3
6.5 8.0 6.5 3.0 4.9 4.5 6.3 9.3 5.1 4.9 5.2 3.5 4.0 3.3 6.3 2.7 7.0 5.6 5.8 3.4 4.0 5.0 5.3 0.3
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by Millennium Development Goal regiona
Developed regions Developing regions Northern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean Caucasus & Central Asia Eastern Asia Excluding China Southern Asia Excluding India South-eastern Asia Western Asia Oceania World 15 99 73 177 54 73 53 27 126 125 71 65 74 90 15 98 71 174 52 69 49 24 123 123 69 63 68 89 15 101 75 182 56 78 59 32 128 128 73 68 81 92 10 83 43 155 32 62 37 31 92 93 48 42 67 75 10 82 41 152 31 58 35 25 90 91 46 40 59 74 10 84 44 159 33 67 39 38 95 96 49 44 76 77 6 53 22 98 19 36 14 15 58 61 30 25 55 48 6 51 20 92 18 28 12 13 54 56 28 22 39 46 7 56 25 107 20 50 16 18 62 67 34 29 78 51 5 33 24 59 18 24 18 9 42 42 24 22 25 30 3.8 2.9 5.4 2.7 4.7 3.2 6.1 2.7 3.5 3.3 3.9 4.4 1.4 2.9 3.6 2.6 4.8 2.3 4.4 1.7 5.3 2.4 3.2 2.8 3.3 3.6 0.3 2.6 4.1 3.1 5.9 3.0 5.0 4.3 6.8 3.0 3.9 3.7 4.3 5.1 2.9 3.0
24
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Country or territory Thailand The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia Timor-Leste Togo Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Turkmenistan Tuvalu Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United Republic of Tanzania United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Venezuela (BolivarianRepublic of) Viet Nam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female

1990 2012
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
42 1 5 22 0 1 11 102 12 0 145 14 1 7 179 44 1 54 0 17 99 71 63 28
39 1 4 20 0 1 10 95 10 0 136 12 1 7 168 43 1 47 0 17 91 66 59 25
45 1 5 24 0 1 13 111 14 0 155 16 1 7 191 44 1 62 0 17 108 77 68 30
9 0 2 22 0 0 3 18 6 0 103 6 1 4 98 29 0 25 0 9 33 43 50 39
6 0 2 17 0 0 3 12 3 0 86 5 1 4 75 26 0 13 0 9 31 30 33 30
14 0 3 30 0 1 4 27 10 0 128 6 1 4 130 34 0 43 0 10 35 62 82 53
43 39 179 152 25 36 54 78 101 61 190 22 19 11 173 13 26 82 38 33 56 130 201 80
33 35 162 135 20 30 48 70 79 54 166 17 15 8 159 10 21 65 31 26 45 119 183 68
15 8 62 102 14 23 17 16 60 33 75 12 9 5 58 8 8 45 20 17 26 64 94 96
11 7 52 89 11 19 15 13 45 27 62 9 8 4 50 6 7 34 16 13 20 56 83 83
31 33 129 89 20 29 40 55 72 45 107 17 14 8 101 9 20 61 29 25 36 88 114 50
11 7 48 62 11 18 14 12 45 25 45 9 7 4 38 6 6 34 15 13 18 46 56 56
34 1 3 14 0 1 9 76 10 0 89 12 1 6 110 37 1 45 0 14 72 50 38 18
8 0 2 15 0 0 3 16 5 0 69 5 1 3 69 25 0 22 0 8 26 34 33 24
19 17 47 41 11 22 24 30 31 22 39 9 10 5 43 6 11 21 15 15 22 42 44 31
8 6 24 33 7 15 10 9 22 13 23 5 5 3 21 4 4 14 9 9 12 27 29 39
21 1 1 6 0 0 5 41 4 0 32 6 0 4 47 22 1 15 0 8 44 24 14 11
6 0 1 8 0 0 2 11 2 0 35 3 1 2 39 17 0 9 0 5 17 20 17 17
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by Millennium Development Goal regiona (continued)
Developed regions Developing regions Northern Africa Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America & Caribbean Caucasus & Central Asia Eastern Asia Excluding China Southern Asia Excluding India South-eastern Asia Western Asia Oceania World 226 268 627 146 28 224 260 606 138 24 229 278 648 155 32 90 88 206 64 272 14 694 346 120 15 86 80 198 50 238 11 635 314 104 10 95 99 219 90 315 17 766 389 142 21 16 102 75 186 58 81 55 29 123 128 77 69 79 92 13 97 70 168 49 65 51 25 128 123 65 61 69 87 7 55 24 103 21 41 15 17 57 64 34 27 59 50 6 51 20 92 17 32 13 13 58 58 27 23 50 46 12 69 56 107 43 60 42 21 89 92 52 49 55 63 5 19 16 31 12 189 205 496 120 21 76 76 174 56 235 11 551 280 98 11 8 36 30 45 22 25 24 11 50 49 27 27 26 33 4 23 13 32 10 15 8 7 31 31 15 13 22 21 117 109 255 50 771 11 1,925 571 315 109 5 50 51 106 27 164 7 1,127 348 168 63 6 12,394 12,192 12,641 6,463 6,234 6,868 3,772 3,689 3,872 3,245 3,048 3,578 38 8,662 4,725 64 2,285 2,146 4,507 2,802 968 1,090
1,675 1,535 1,855 4,784 4,664 4,904 1,459 1,427 1,496 843 265 14 819 255 13 871 277 16
12 1,336
2,108 1,959 2,277
45 3,400 1,648 49 1,067 25 20 42 609 200 11
12,621 12,418 12,868 6,553 6,323 6,958
35 8,851 4,801
4,625 2,852
25
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by UNICEF regiona
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Region Africa Sub-Saharan Africa West and Central Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia South Asia East Asia and Pacific Latin America and Caribbean Central and Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Independent States World
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 98 107 86 133 33 44 64 22 20 54 59 54 65 24 30 43 19 18

162 177 195 71 90 129 58 54
159 174 159 189 69 88 126 55 52
166 182 168 202 73 93 132 62 56
143 155 139 174 50 70 94 41 32
140 152 136 169 48 69 92 40 31
146 159 143 181 52 72 97 43 33
90 98 77 118 30 41 60 20 19
85 92 71 108 28 39 55 19 18
2.7 2.7 3.4 2.3 3.9 3.6 3.5 4.8 4.7
2.3 2.3 2.9 1.8 3.5 3.2 3.2 4.3 4.4
3.0 3.0 3.8 2.7 4.3 3.9 3.9 5.2 5.0
Eastern and Southern Africa 163
47 90
46 89
49 92
36 75
35 74
38 77
19 48
16 46
23 51
16 30
4.2 2.9
3.2 2.6
4.8 3.0
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by World Health Organization regiona
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Region Africa Americas Eastern Mediterranean Europe South-East Asia Western Pacific World
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 105 16 63 14 54 18 51 58 14 34 11 39 17 30

173 42 103 32 118 52 90
170 41 101 31 115 49 89
177 44 106 33 121 57 92
154 26 82 22 84 35 75
150 25 80 21 81 34 74
157 27 85 23 86 37 77
95 15 57 12 50 16 48
90 15 53 11 46 15 46
2.7 4.6 2.7 4.4 3.9 5.3 2.9
2.3 4.3 2.3 3.6 3.5 4.7 2.6
3.0 4.8 3.1 5.0 4.3 5.9 3.0
26
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by UNICEF regiona (continued)
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Region Africa Sub-Saharan Africa West and Central Africa Middle East and North Africa Asia South Asia East Asia and Pacific Latin America and Caribbean Central and Eastern Europe/Commonwealth of Independent States World 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female
Infant Neonatal mortality rate Number of mortality rate Number of (deaths per infant (deaths per neonatal 1,000 live deaths 1,000 live deaths births) (thousands) births) (thousands)
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
4,040 3,772 1,982 643 7,209 4,677 2,532 627
3,958 1,640 626
4,141 3,333
3,136 3,666
170 186 172 204 74 90 127 61 58
154 168 154 186 68 90 132 55 49
95 103 82 124 32 41 59 22 21
84 92 71 112 28 41 60 19 17
99 107 101 115 53 65 92 44 43
59 2,490 2,222 64 2,285 2,146 51 1,050 76 24 478 785 242 1,169 1,300
43 45 43 48 29 37 51 25 22
30 32 28 37 15 22 32 11 10
1,078 444 491 260 1,876 1,091 255
1,141 424 631 155 1,111 338 106
3,689 3,872 3,245 3,048 3,578 1,741 1,170 1,081 1,323 661 306 282 337 1,911 2,063 1,985 1,795 2,251 7,023 7,435 2,714 2,562 2,900 4,557 4,795 2,082 1,933 2,250 2,392 606 2,713 648 632 206 588 198 697 219
968 1,090
Eastern and Southern Africa 1,686
32 5,273 2,152 47 3,318 1,626 17 1,955 16 496 527 174
2,967 1,449
357
346
370
112
97
140
52 92
42 87
21 50
17 46
38 63
16
288
97
19 33
9 21
146
53
12,621 12,418 12,868 6,553 6,323 6,958
35 8,851 4,801
4,625 2,852
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by World Health Organization regiona (continued)
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Region Africa Americas Eastern Mediterranean Europe South-East Asia Western Pacific World 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
3,593 673 417
3,512 3,688 3,071 2,871 3,389 653 406 695 430 2,157 237 899 136 416 229 832 120 378 251 998 163 472
182 46 106 35 117 55 92
164 39 100 29 119 49 87
101 17 60 13 49 18 50
90 14 54 11 50 15 46
105 34 76 26 83 40 63
63 13 10 39
2,182 2,036 535 339 201 692 117 350
44 18 40 14 47 23 33
32 8 26 6 27 9 21
924 1,032 279 550 179 1,803 888 124 415 67 981 231
1,429 1,395 1,470
44 1,056
4,525 4,406 4,645 1,792 1,658 1,955 1,979 1,839 12,621 12,418 12,868 6,553 6,323 6,958
3,182 1,403
14 1,554
35 8,851 4,801
4,625 2,852
27
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by World Bank regiona
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Region Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low and middle income High income World
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 90 48 66 23 56 7 51 55 29 39 18 33 5 30

166 87 118 54 99 15 90
163 85 116 52 98 14 89
169 89 121 58 101 15 92
134 71 93 38 83 10 75
132 69 91 37 82 10 74
137 72 95 39 85 10 77
82 45 61 20 53 6 48
77 43 58 19 51 6 46
3.2 3.0 3.0 4.5 2.9 3.9 2.9
2.8 2.7 2.6 3.9 2.6 3.5 2.6
3.5 3.2 3.3 5.0 3.0 4.1 3.0
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by United Nations Population Division regiona
Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990 Region More developed regions Less developed regions Least developed countries Excluding least developed countries Excluding China Sub-Saharan Africa Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Caribbean Northern America Oceania World
2000
2012
Lower bound
Millennium Development Goal targetfor Upper bound 2015 7 56 93 46 63 108 98 41 7 20 8 36 51 5 33 57 28 38 60 54 29 6 18 4 12 30

15 99 172 85 113 179 162 87 18 54 11 35 90
15 98 169 83 112 176 159 85 17 52 11 32 89
15 101 175 87 115 184 166 89 18 56 11 37 92
10 83 138 68 91 157 143 67 12 32 8 33 75
10 82 135 67 90 154 140 65 12 31 8 30 74
10 84 141 70 92 161 146 68 12 33 8 38 77
6 53 85 43 59 99 90 39 7 19 7 26 48
6 51 80 41 57 93 85 37 6 18 6 19 46
3.8 2.9 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.7 2.7 3.7 4.5 4.7 2.1 1.4 2.9
3.6 2.6 2.8 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 3.3 4.4 4.4 1.4 0.2 2.6
4.0 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.1 3.0 3.0 3.9 4.7 5.0 2.6 2.7 3.0
Definitions Under-five mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly five years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. Infant mortality rate: Probability of dying between birth and exactly one year of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. Neonatal mortality rate: Probability of dying in the first month of life, expressed per 1,000 live births. Note: Upper and lower bounds refer to the 90percent uncertainty intervals for the estimates. Estimates are generated by the United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation to ensure comparability; they are not necessarily the official statistics of UN Member States, which may use alternative rigorous methods. a The sum of the number of deaths by region may differ from the world total because of rounding.
28
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by World Bank regiona (continued)
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Region Low income Middle income Lower middle income Upper middle income Low and middle income High income World 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
3,252 9,148 6,386 2,763 221
3,196 3,322 2,166 2,042 2,382 8,951 9,377 4,294 4,082 4,612 6,247 6,524 3,541 3,331 3,831 2,619 2,941 216 226 754 93 694 89 850 98
173 89 119 57 101 16 92
158 85 117 51 97 13 87
87 46 63 22 55 7 50
77 44 60 19 51 6 46
104 62 82 42 69 12 63
56 2,045 1,486 34 6,625 3,237 46 4,440 2,631 16 5 2,185 182 606 78 39 8,669 4,723 35 8,851 4,801
47 34 44 24 36 7 33
30 21 28 10 23 4 21
920
788
3,592 2,012 2,371 1,631 1,221 112 381 52 4,512 2,800 4,625 2,852
12,400 12,197 12,647 6,460 6,230 6,865 12,621 12,418 12,868 6,553 6,323 6,958
Estimates of under-five, infant and neonatal mortality by United Nations Population Division regiona (continued)
Number of underfive deaths (thousands) 1990 Region More developed regions Less developed regions Least developed countries Excluding least developed countries Excluding China Sub-Saharan Africa Africa Asia Europe Latin America & Caribbean Northern America Oceania World 2012

Male Female
2012
Male Female
1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012 1990 2012
225
223
228
89
85
94
16 101 179 87 116 188 170 87 20 58 12 37 92
13 97 164 83 110 170 154 86 15 49 10 32 87
7 54 90 44 62 104 95 39 7 21 8 28 50
6 51 79 42 57 92 84 38 6 17 6 23 46
12 69 107 61 77 108 99 63 15 43 9 26 63
188
75
8 36 48 34 40 45 43 36 9 22 6 13 33
4 23 30 21 25 33 30 21 4 10 4 11 21
116 987
50 858
12,396 12,193 12,642 6,464 6,234 6,869 3,525 3,466 3,597 2,388 2,259 2,622 8,871 8,674 9,101 4,075 3,866 4,376
38 8,663 4,725 58 2,206 1,634 33 6,457 3,091 43 7,348 4,501 64 2,221 2,086 59 2,490 2,222 31 5,672 2,320 6 16 6 20 141 496 39 13 45 174 27 13
4,508 2,802
3,522 1,944 3,748 2,644 936 1,055 1,078 88 255 24 6 1,141 29 106 18 7 3,173 1,551
10,749 10,604 10,911 6,206 5,977 6,604 3,671 3,589 3,770 3,157 2,959 3,487 4,040 3,958 168 627 47 17 166 606 46 16 4,141 3,333 170 648 48 19 52 206 32 17 3,136 3,666 3,106 54 219 36 23 51 198 28 12 7,722 7,534 7,950 2,913 2,763
12,621 12,418 12,868 6,553 6,323 6,958
35 8,851 4,801
4,625 2,852
29
Regional Classifications
The regional classifications that are referred to in the report and for which aggregate data are provided in the statistical table are Millennium Development Goal regions (see below). Aggregates presented for member organizations of the Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation may differ. Regions with the same names in different agencies may include different countries.
Developed regions
Albania, Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, San Marino, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
Oceania
Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), Nauru, Niue, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
South-eastern Asia
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao Peoples Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Timor-Leste, VietNam
Southern Asia
Developing regions
Caucasus and Central Asia
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
Sub-Saharan Africa
Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan

Eastern Asia
China, Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Republic of Korea

Latin America and the Caribbean
Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia (Plurinational State of), Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of)
Northern Africa
Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Congo, Cte dIvoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Uganda, United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Western Asia
Bahrain, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, State of Palestine, Syrian Arab Republic, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
30
Cover photo: UNICEF/BRDA2012-00032/PAWEL KRZYSIEK April 2012, A child waiting for his meal at the UNICEF-supported Positive Deviance site in the commune of Matongo, Kayanza province, north of Burundi. Positive Deviance is a communityled package of nutrition, health and hygiene interventions to improve childrens well-being. Photo on page 3: UNICEF/UKLA2012-00707/OLIVIER ASSELIN Photo on page 8: UNICEF/NYHQ2011-2460/BRIAN SOKOL Photo on page 12: UNICEF/NYHQ2012-2253/MARKISZ Photo on page 15: UNICEF/UGDA201300090/PROSCOVIA NAKIBUUKA
United Nations
The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation

The UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (UN IGME) was formed in 2004 to share data on child mortality, harmonize estimates within the UN system, improve methods for child mortality estimation, report on progress towards the Millennium Development Goals and enhance country capacity to produce timely and properly assessed estimates of child mortality. The UN IGME includes the United Nations Childrens Fund, the World Health Organization, the World Bank and the United Nations Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs as full members. The UN IGMEs independent Technical Advisory Group, comprising eminent scholars and independent experts in demography, provides technical guidance on estimation methods, technical issues and strategies for data analysis and data quality assessment. The UN IGME updates its child mortality estimates annually after reviewing newly available data and assessing data quality. This report contains the latest UN IGME estimates of child mortality at the country, regional and global levels. Country-specific estimates and the data used to derive them are available at www.childmortality.org.

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Levels & Trends in

PROGRESS TOWARDS Millennium Development Goal 4: KEY FACTS AND FIGURES

Estimating Child Mortality

Country with consistent trends Senegal

Levels and Trends in ChildMortality, 19902012

MDG target 2015

Decline (percent) 19902012

15 99 73 177 54 73 53 27 126 125 71 65 74 90

11 93 57 170 43 73 46 33 109 109 58 54 70 85

Note: All calculations are based on unrounded numbers.

Decline (percent) 19902012

Share of global underfive deaths (percent) 1990 2012

97 6,901 91 3,391 249 69 304 15 2,277 755 380 125 15 6,998

90 6,463 88 3,245 206 64 272 14 2,108 694 346 120 15 6,553

Note: All calculations are based on unrounded numbers.

mortality declined in all regions between 1990 and 2012

Latin America and the Caribbean Eastern Asia South-eastern Asia

MDG target in 2015

Under-ve mortality rate

Number of neonatal deaths (thousands)

Neonatal deaths as a share of under-five deaths (percent)

50 2,802 51 1,090 106 27 164 7 1,127 348 168 63 6 2,852

Note: All calculations are based on unrounded numbers.

Annual rate of reduction (ARR) (percent) 19902012

99 17 20 3 164 10 14 16 5 4 35 17 10 41 18 5 4 18 90 45 41 7 53 14 8 12 102 104 40 95 5 22 129 150 9 14 18 78 96 11 10 108 5 6

Bolivia (Plurinational State of) 123

Statistical table (continued)

Sex-specific under-five mortalityrate (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990

Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)

96 4 41 0 106 0 20 4 2 1 19 0 0 531 0 3 1 0 39 3 29 1 2 219 0 3 79 43 40 69 3 1 20 59 6 1,647 31 2 9 0 1 73 1 2

107 4 44 0 122 0 21 4 2 1 21 0 0 550 0 3 1 0 42 3 31 1 3 236 0 3 84 49 44 74 3 1 22 64 6 34 2 10 0 1 80 1 3

103 1 20 0 148 0 10 1 2 0 6 0 0 127 0 1 1 0 32 1 11 0 3 42 0 1 66 43 14 74 2 0 19 82 2 258 16 2 15 0 1 75 0 1

123 1 30 0 224 0 11 1 2 0 8 0 0 134 0 1 1 0 46 1 14 0 5 46 0 1 81 64 26 122 2 0 28 114 3 301 22 4 23 0 1 96 0 1

102 18 22 4 171 11 16 18 5 4 38 18 10 44 20 6 5 20 93 49 45 7 58 16 9 13 108 111 44 101 6 25 135 157 10 15 20 83 101 12 11 116 5 6

95 15 18 3 156 9 13 15 4 4 32 16 9 38 17 5 4 16 85 40 38 6 49 13 7 11 97 98 35 89 5 20 122 142 8 13 16 72 91 9 9 99 4 5

120 37 42 7 126 20 24 42 8 8 74 20 20 100 16 14 8 35 109 92 85 16 38 52 9 18 102 100 85 84 7 47 113 114 16 42 29 87 65 21 14 104 11 11

66 3 34 0 64 0 18 3 2 1 15 0 0 365 0 2 1 0 24 2 20 1 2 180 0 2 40 27 28 43 3 1 13 32 5 1,315 26 1 6 0 1 51 1 2

Statistical table (continued)

Annual rate of reduction (ARR) (percent) 19902012

7 7 60 171 6 108 16 40 34 45 32 143 89 11 146 24 4 5 86 116 34 5 103 8 16 51 171 174 46 105 38 11 4 92 52 35 45 7 7 6 23

6 6 47 155 5 89 14 37 30 42 28 120 81 11 135 23 4 5 75 101 28 5 96 8 15 45 159 153 41 98 35 11 4 88 50 32 41 7 7 5 20

3 4 29 146 4 81 13 27 23 21 16 100 52 4 68 22 3 4 62 73 20 4 72 5 14 32 101 129 35 76 23 6 2 56 31 18 34 4 4 4 17

Statistical table (continued)

Sex-specific under-five mortalityrate (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990

Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)

0 2 16 267 1 3 0 13 17 155 10 3 21 0 444 1 0 6 3 7 3 7 70 1 0 27 64 9 1 36 11 3 0 3,325 385 107 35 0 1 5 2

0 2 12 240 1 3 0 12 15 147 9 3 19 0 409 1 0 6 3 6 3 7 66 1 0 25 59 7 1 34 10 3 0 367 98 32 0 1 5 1

0 2 20 302 1 4 0 13 19 163 11 4 23 1 483 1 0 6 4 8 4 7 75 1 0 28 69 10 1 39 12 3 0 404 116 38 0 1 6 2

0 0 10 391 0 2 0 6 8 40 2 3 11 0 205 0 0 3 3 5 1 3 56 1 0 15 41 8 1 20 5 1 0 152 26 35 0 1 2 1

0 0 8 291 0 1 0 4 5 38 2 1 8 0 153 0 0 3 2 4 1 3 43 1 0 11 33 6 0 17 4 1 0 131 22 29 0 1 2 1

0 0 13 531 0 3 0 8 12 42 3 5 16 0 259 0 0 3 4 7 2 3 72 1 0 21 51 10 1 24 6 1 0 175 31 42 0 1 2 1

4 4 32 154 4 86 14 30 26 22 18 106 57 4 74 25 3 5 67 78 22 5 77 5 15 35 106 139 40 82 26 7 3 54 35 19 38 4 5 4 19

10 13 33 112 7 93 14 46 44 63 46 123 92 17 121 26 6 7 60 80 30 7 80 11 18 60 142 122 46 100 46 17 5 88 62 44 42 8 10 8 25

0 2 12 178 0 3 0 10 13 114 8 2 13 0 267 1 0 5 2 3 3 6 44 1 0 20 38 5 1 25 8 3 0 279 82 28 0 1 5 1

0 0 8 271 0 2 0 5 6 35 2 2 8 0 140 0 0 3 2 4 1 2 38 0 0 12 27 5 0 15 4 1 0 125 23 29 0 1 2 1

0 1 7 75 0 1 0 6 6 59 3 1 5 0 120 0 0 2 1 2 2 3 22 1 0 10 14 2 1 9 4 2 0 1,354 134 49 17 0 1 4 1

3,208 3,439 1,414 1,280 1,573

Statistical table (continued)

Annual rate of reduction (ARR) (percent) 19902012

3 19 19 73 60 11 27 72 9 9 100 75 15 5 2 58 71 9 11 128 7 38 84 15 16 39 4 28 6 31 90 52 39 37 42 4 6 24 114 124 25 3

Statistical table (continued)

Sex-specific under-five mortalityrate (deaths per 1,000 live births) 1990

Infant mortality rate (deaths per 1,000 live births)

8 4 21 96 0 1 10 29 1 2 5 23 5 1 0 80 103 8 1 91 0 0 10 0 112 0 0 8 0 56 132 117 4 0 95 2 1 10 129 849 0 1