ADARSH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH CENTRE, VITA

FLUID MECHANICS

Department of Civil SE Part I

According to the Syllabus of Shivaji University, Kolhapur Effective from July 2010

INDEX

Sr. No.

Name of the Experiment

Page No.

. 1. Measurement of discharge. Verification of Bernoullis theorem.

2.

3.

Visualization of flow.

4.

Calibration of orifice.

5.

Calibration of venturimeter.

6.

Determination of loss of head.

7.

Study of laminar flow. Study of moodys chart.

8.

9.

Nomo grams for pipe design.

10.

Simple computer program.

EXPERIMENT NO 1 MEASUREMENT OF DISCHARGE.

TITLE: Measurement of discharge. AIM: To measure the discharge through pipe. OBJECTIVE: i) To study the rate of flow i.e. discharges through pipe. ii) To calculate discharge through pipe. APPARATUS: Measuring tank, stopwatch, water pipe, discharge valve, etc. THEORY: Discharge: It may be defined as the quantity of fluid flowing through a pipe per second through pipe. Discharge= Unit = m3/ sec .

PROCEDURE: i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) Start the pump and allow the water to flow through pipe and tank into measuring tank up to insidal level. Then start the stopwatch and allow water through pipe. Then stop pump when final level is measured in measuring tank. Take down the time required to reach the final level. By subtracting initial level from final level. Rise in the level of water in measuring tank can calculate. Take the five readings in this way and enter values in observation table. Area can be calculated by measuring length and breadth of tank. Rate of flow i.e. discharge can be calculated. Q= m3/sec. Volume of water can be calculated as rise in level area.

OBSERVATIONS: i)Length of measuring tank= ii)Breadth of measuring tank =

iii) Height of measuring tank = iv) Volume of tank= OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr. no. Rise in level Time required in (sec) Volume of water Discharge Q (m3) (m3/ sec)

1 2 3

CALCULATIONS:

Discharge= i) Discharge (Q1)= ii) Discharge (Q2) = iii) Discharge(Q3)=

EXPERIMENT NO 2
VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLIS THEOREM TITLE: - Verification of Bernoullis Theorem AIM: - To verify Bernoullis Theorem experimentally. TEST SET UP:It comprises following 1) Set up of Bernoullis Theorem experiment. 2) Stop watch 3) Accessories INTRODUCTION AND THEORY:Bernoulli Daniel was a Swiss Engineer, who belonged to renowned mathematical family and he give this equation in 1738. For any mass of flowing liquid , when there is continuous connection between all the particles of the flowing liquid , the total energy remains same at every section provided there is no addition or subtraction of energy. Energy of liquid in motion:The energy in general may be defined as the capacity to do work. Though the energy exist in many forms, yet the following are important from the subject point of view. i) ii) iii) Potential energy. Kinetic energy. Pressure energy.

BERNOULLIS EQUATION:It states that In an ideal incompressible fluid when the flow is steady and continuous. The sum of pressure energy, Kinetic energy, and potential energy is constant along a stream line. i.e. + + z = constant

PROOF:-

Consider an ideal a compressible liquid through a non- uniform pipe as shown in figure. i) Consider two sections of pipe LL and MM and assume that pipe is running fall and there is continuity of flow between two sections. Let, P1 = Pressure at LL. V1= Velocity of L liquid at LL. Z1 = Height of LL above the datum. A1 = Area of pipe at LL and P2, V2, Z2, A2 corresponding values at MM.

Let the liquid between the two sections LL and MM move to L1L1 through very small lengths dl1 and dl2 as shown in figure. Let W= weight of liquid between LL and L1L1 As flow is continuous, W= w.A1.dl1 = w.A2.dl2. or A1dl1 = A2dl2 = A1dl1 = A2dl2 Work done by pressure at LL in moving the liquid to L1L1. WD1= force distance. = P1 .A1 .dl1 Similarly, W.D. by pressure at MM in moving the liquid to M1M1. WD2= - P2. A2 .dl2 Total Work done = WD1 + WD2 = P1 .A1 .dl1 - P2. A2 .dl2 (A1 .dl1 = A2 .dl2) = A1 .dl1 (P1-P2) = (P1-P2)from I &II

Law of potential energy = w (z1-z2) [w1= m1g1 w1= m2g2.]

Gain in kinetic energy = m ( = =w( + (P1-P2) = ( ) (

) ) ) Loss of W (z1 - z2)

Potential Energy + Work done by pressure = Gain in Kinetic Energy.

OR (z1 - z2) + ( OR +

)= + +

+ z1 =

Which proves Bernoullis Theorem? Limitations of Bernoullis Theorem:The Bernoullis Theorem has been derived on certain assumptions which are rurally possible. Thus, Bernoullis Theorem has been following limitations. 1) Bernoullis equation can be applied to stream tube having an idea and incompressible liquid at constant density and temperature. For a pipe line which consist of number of stream tubes. The mean velocity of flow is to be taken for we in the Bernoullis Theorem. 2) If any force is added or extracted in the flow, it should be taken into account. 3) In the cases of unsteady flow, the changes in the kinetic energy are to be accounted. 4) For turbulent flow, a part of energy will be dissipated as heat to be considered in the Bernoullis equation. 5) For viscous flow the loss of energy due to shear forces has to be accounted. For the flow of liquid in the curved part, the energy due to centrifugal force must be taken into an account. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS OF BERNOULLIS EQUATION:The Bernoullis Theorem is the basic equation which has the widest application in hydraulic since this equation is applied for the derivative of many formulae, so its clear understand is very essential. Through the Bernoullis equation has number of practical applications, yet we shall discuss its application on the following hydraulic devices. 1) Venturimeter. 2) Orifice meter. 3) Pilot tube.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Flow channel 700 mm long, transparent acrylic. Supply with flow control valve. Monometric tubes (11 No.) fixed over flow channel with separate scale. Sump tank 1210 450 450 mm. Measuring tank 450 330 410 mm. Inlet, outlet tank 100mm dia. and 700mm height.

PROCEDURE:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Start the motor. Open the bypass valve fully. Control the gate valve for steady flow. Allow same time to rise the water level in monometer tubes. Take the height level in monometric tubes. Take the time required for 100mm, rise in water level of measuring tank.

OBSERVATIONS:1) Width of channel = 0.05m. 2) Area of measuring tank = ( 0.5 0.33)m2 3) Time required for 100mm rise in measuring tank= 20 sec.

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

Sr No Rise in level (m) 1 2 3 4

Time required t sec

Volume of water v m3

Discharge Q m3/sec

Piezometer reading (pressure head in m) Sr No 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

CALCULATION:1) Discharge = Q = = m3/sec.

RESULT TABLE:-

Sr. No.

Tube No.

P/W

V2/2g

P/W + V2/2g

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

EXPERIMENT NO:-03 FLOW VISUALIZATION.

TITLE: Flow visualization. AIM: To study various flow pattern and various method of flow visualization. OBJECTIVE: To study the Helshaw Apparatus for visualization of streamlines in two dimensional flows. THEORY: Flow pattern: The flow pattern may be described by means of streamlines, streak line, stream tube and path line. Stream line: It is an imaginary curve draw through a flowing fluid in such a way that the tangent to it at any point gives that direction of velocity of flow at that point. A fluid is composed of fluid particles .The pattern of fluid may represented by stream lines obtained by series of stream lines at every point .Velocity vector is tangent to stream line, no any other component of velocity normal to stream line .Further in case of steady flow there is no any change in direction of velocity vector, their force stream lines are parallel. Stream tube: It is tube imagined by a group of stream lines passing through a closed curve which may or may not be circular since the stream tube is bounded by all the sides. As there is no flow perpendicular to streamlines .therefore there is no flow across the surface called stream surface of the tube. The stream surface functions as if it were a solid wall. Velocity of fluid particles on the surface is along the surface tube. Fluid entering at one end is equal to leaving at other end. Path line:

A path line is the path followed by a fluid particle in motion. It shows the direction of particular particle as it moves ahead .This is curve in three dimensional spaces. Streak line: The streak line is a curve which gives an instantaneous picture the location of the fluid particles which have passed through a given point. When the colure or die or some other substance is injected in to the following fluid in order to trace the motion of the fluid particles. The resulting trail of color is known as streak line. Method of flow visualization of liquid: I) Floating traced method: The state of flow can be examined by observing the motion of tracer particles that are depressed or floated on the free surface of liquid. Hydrogen bubble method: In water flows the small hydrogen bubble acts as the tracer, using steady voltage and wire linked to zigzag shape forms streak lines. Ultrasonic Method:

II)

III)

The ultrasonic method used when the presence of very small impurities in variable present in the liquid under in trace illumination. Very powerful microscope is required to observe the motion of particles. These particles are smaller than the wave length of light but are observable.

Heleshaws Apparatus: It is very useful device in tracing the stream lines in two dimensional flow. It consists of two glass plate very say 1mm apart between them the model. In this case the circular disc of same thickness 1mm is kept as shown in figure. Water is allowed o flow through them from one end at very low velocity and collected at other end. A small tube in which the holes are drilled at irregular interval of cm is taken and connected by means of two way rubber tubing to glass funnel .when a dye preferably blue or red ink poured into funnel, it comes out through the small holes in the copper tube in the form of beautiful streaks and forms a stream lines around the circular disc. PROCEDURE: 1. The heleshaws apparatus is taken and placed on stand. 2. The two tanks of apparatus filled with water so that whole glass frame is full with water. 3. The valve which is connected to end is closed. 4. In one tank a colored dye is added through tube.

5. The object is placed in between two lines if apparatus .Now the colored lines taken the shape of object and pass around them. 6. This done for different specimens and by adjusting the valve the streamlines are made smaller or larger. 7. Thus we can observed the stream line around the object

CONCLUSIONS: Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 Types of stream lines Streamlines are straight and parallel Streamlines are straight and converging Curved streamlines Curved and converging streamlines Acceleration No acceleration Connective tangential acceleration Connective normal acceleration Both tangential and normal acceleration

EXPERIMENT NO : 4 CALIBRATION OF ORIFICE METER TITLE: Calibration of orifice meter. AIM: To measure the flow with the help of orifice meter.

THEORY:It is a device used for measuring the rate of low of a fluid through a pipe. 1. It is a cheaper device as compared to venturimeter. 2. It is also works on the principle of as that of venturimeter 3. It consists of a flat circular plate which has a circular sharp edged hole called orifice, which is concentric with the pipe. 4. The orifice diameter is kept generally 0.5 times the diameter of pipe, through it may vary from 0.4 to 0.8 times the pipe diameter. 5. A differential manometer is connected at section(1) which is at a distance of about 1.5 to 2 times the pipe diameter upstream from the orifice plate and at section (2) which is at distance about half the diameter of the orifice on the downstream side from the orifice plate. Let = Pressure at section (1) = Velocity at section (1) = Area of pipe at section (1) = are corresponding values at section (2) Bernoullis equation at section (1) and (2)

)= h= Differential head

(1)

Now, section (2) is at venacontracta & If = Area of orifice We have, Where,

(2)

represents the area of venacontracta.

Continuity equation,

these in equation (1),

+( =
( )

) (3)

discharge,Q= Q= =

(4) ( ( ) )

( ( )

, we get Q= Q=
( )

Experimental set up: 1. Sump tank - 1210*410*410 mm3

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Measuring tank- with deflector 410*330*410 mm3 Orifice meter&venturimeter Differential manometer Flow control valve Necessary pipings &valves Standard sump tank is fitted. Each pipeline is provided with flow control valve for settings of differential flow rates.

PROCEDURE:

1. First open the bypass & pipe valves & close all the manometer tapings. 2. Start the motor. 3. First take the discharge through orifice meter & take the following readings: a) Manometer readings b) Time required for 100 mm rise water level. 4. For taking discharge through orifice meter: a) Close the orifice valve. b) Open the nanometer tapings of orifice meter 5. Repeat the above procedure for different discharges. 6. Take at least 6/7 readings.

OBSERVATIONS: 1)Diameter of inlet of orifice meter = 2)Diameter of orifice = = =

3)Area of measuring tank= 4)Specific gravity of mercury =

OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr.No 1 2 3 CALCULATIONS: 1)Area of inlet of orifice meter= 2)For any x h= 3)Actual discharge= 4)Theoretical discharge= 5)Coefficient of discharge= X cm of mercury h cm of water h= x(s-1) Time required for 100 mm rise in water level

RESULT TABLE: Sr. No. 1 2 3 X cm of mercury h m of water Time required for 100 mm rise in sec Actual discharge Theoretical discharge Coefficient of discharge

Experiment No 5 CALIBRATION OF VENTURIMETER.

TITLE: Calibration of venturimeter. AIM: To measure the flow with the help of venturimeter. THEORY: VENTURIMETER: A venturimeter is a device used for measuring the rate of flow of liquid fluid flowing through it (pipe). It consists of three parts. 1. A short converging part: It is connected to pipe in which diameter is uniformly decreasing. 2. Throat: It is portion having uniform diameter. The velocity is maximum at throat. 3. Diverging part : It is a portion of uniformly increasing diameter. Generally the length of divergent cone is 2 to 3 times that of convergent cone. To avoid cavitations, diameter of throat is kept to to that of diameter of pipe. WORKING PRINCIPLE: The basic principle on which a venturimeter works is that by reducing cross- section area of flow passage, a pressure difference gives quantity of liquid flowing through pipe.

Expression for rate of flow through venturimeter:

Consider a venturimeter fitted in horizontal pipe, through which a fluid is flowing (say water) as shown in figure.

Let d1 = Diameter at inlet or at section (1) P1 = Pressure at section at (1) V1 = Velocity of fluid at section (1) a1 = Area at section (1) And d2, P 2, V2, a2 is corresponding values at section (2) Appling Bernoullis equation at section 1 &2 + +Z1 = + +

As pipe is horizontal, Z1=Z2

+ Or But ,

= + = (1)

=Difference of pressure head at section 1&2 =h

Therefore

Equation 1 becomes, h= (2)

Applying continuity equation at 1 &2 a1V1=a2V2 Putting this value in equation 2

( )

h=
( )

h= h= h= ( ( =2gh . = . ) )

As Q= Q=

This is the discharge under ideal conditions and called as theoretical discharge. Actual discharge is less than theoretical discharge. Q act = Cd .

Where Cd is coefficient of discharge or coefficient of venturimeter and its value is less than 1.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP: 1. Sump tank -1210*410*410 mm3 2. Measuring tank with deflector 410*330*410 mm3 3. Orifice meter and venturimeter 4. Differential manometer 5. Flow control valve 6. Necessary piping and valves 7. Stand- sump tank is fitted on strong stand 8. Each pipe line is provided with flow control valve for setting of differential flow rates. PROCEDURE: 1. First open the bypass & pipe valves & close all the manometer tapings. 2. Start the motor. 3. First take the discharge through venturimeter & take the following readings: a) Manometer readings b) Time required for 100 mm rise water level. 4. For taking discharge through venturimeter: a) Close the orifice valve. b) Open the nanometer tapings of venturimeter 5. Repeat the above procedure for different discharges. 6. Take at least 6/7 readings. OBSERVATIONS: 1) Diameter of inlet of venturimeter = 2) Diameter of throat = 3) Area of measuring tank= 4) Specific gravity of mercury =

OBSERVATION TABLE: Sr.No 1 2 3 X cm of mercury h cm of water h= x(s-1) Time required for 100 mm rise in water level

CALCULATIONS: 1. Area of inlet of venturimeter= 2. Area of throat= 3. For any x= h=

4. Actual discharge= 5. Theoretical discharge= 6. Coefficient of discharge=

RESULT TABLE: Sr. No. 1 2 3 X cm of mercury h m of water Time required for 100 mm rise in sec Actual discharge Theoretical discharge Coefficient of discharge

EXPERIMENT NO: - 6 DETERMINATION OF DIFFERENT LOSSES IN PIPE FITTINGS. AIM: - To determine different losses in pipe fittings. OBJECTIVE:It comprises of the following items. 1) Test set up of pipe fittings apparatus. 2) Stop watch 3) Accessories INTRODUCTION AND THEORY:a) Loss of head due to sudden enlargement:-

Consider a liquid flowing through a pipe which has sudden enlargement as shown in figure .Due to sudden change of diameter from d1to d2 the liquid flowing from smaller pipe is not able to flow the sudden change of boundary and turbulent eddies from as shown in figure the loss of head takes place due to the formation of this turbulent eddies. Let P1= Intensity of pressure at sec.1 V1= Velocity of flow at sec.1 A1 = Area of pipe at sec. 1 P2, V2, A2 = corresponding values at sec.2 P1 = Intensity of pressure due to eddies on area (A2-A1) he = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement. Applying the Bernoullis equation at sec.1 and sec.2

We get, + + z1 = As z1 = + he = ( = )+( + + + + he

( pipe is horizontal) + he )...I

Resolving forces in x direction fx = P1A1 + P1(A2 A1)- P2.A2 Experimentally it is found that, P1=P1 fx = P1A1 + P1(A2 A1)- P2.A2 = P1A1 + P1.A2 - P1A1 - P2.A2 = P1.A2 - P2.A2 = (P1- P2) A2 .. II Momentum of liq./sec.= mass velocity At sec. 1 = A1V1 V1 = Similarly, Momentum of liquid at = Sec.2 Rate of change of momentum /sec. = A2V2 2 A1V1 2 III A2V2 2 A1V1 2

Applying continuity eqn at sec.1 & sec.2 A1V1 = A2V2 A1 = Putting this value in eqn. 3

Rate of change of momentum /sec. =

A2V2 2 = = A2V2 2 A2V1.V2 A2 (V2 2- V1.V2) .IV

Net, force acting on control volume in the direction of flow must be equal to rate of change of momentum. Equation II & III, (P1- P2) A2= Dividing by g ( ( ) ) A2= = A2 A2 (V2 2- V1.V2)

Putting the value in eqn I we get, he = he = he = he = +

b) Loss of head due to sudden contraction:-

Water is flowing from large diameter pile to smaller diameter pipe as shown in figure. The loss of head due to sudden contraction is actually due to sudden enlargement from vena contraction to sec.2 Let, Vc = Velocity of fluid of vena- contracta. Ac = area of vena- contracta. V2 = Velocity at sec.2. A2 = area of pipe at sec.2. hc = Loss of head due to sudden contraction . hc = Loss of head due to sudden enlargement. hc = hc = I

Applying continuity eqn AcVc = A2V2 = =

Where,

= Cc = coefficient of contraction.

= Put this value in eqn I hc = If Cc = 0.62 hc = hc = 0.375 hc = 0.5 if the value of Cc is not given

C) Loss of head in bend:hb = k k = coeff. Of bend and its values depends upons 1) Angle of bend 2) Radius of curvature of bend 3) Diameter of pipe D) Loss of head in Elbow hpf = k Experimental set up :1) 2) 3) 4) Sump tank :- 1210 410410mm3 Measuring tank :- 410 330410mm3 Basic piping Pipe fittings a) Sudden enlargement b) Sudden contraction c) Pipe bend d) Pipe elbow e) Flow control valve f) Differential manometer

PROCEDURE:-

1) Start the water. 2) Then fluid is allowed to flow through the pipe fittings like sudden enlargement, contraction, bend, and elbow. 3) Take manometer difference of each pipe fittings. 4) Take the time required for 100mm rise of water level in measuring tank. 5) Above procedure is repeated for different reading. OBSERVATIONS:1) Sump tank: 2) Measuring tank: 3) Diameter of enlargement = 4) Diameter of contraction = 5) Diameter of bend = 6) Diameter of elbow = Area of measuring tank = OBSERVATION TABLE:Types of loss Sr. No. 1 2 1 2 1 2 Elbow 1 2 Manometer reading H1(cm.) Sudden expansion Sudden contraction Bend H2(cm.) Difference X cm Time required for 100 mm rise mm3 mm3 mm mm mm mm 7)

CALCULATIONS:1) For sudden enlargement d= i) mm = m mm.of water.

Head lost = x (Sh -1 )=

ii) Discharge (Q) =

ii)

Velocity V =

iii)

Head lost he =

2) For sudden contraction :i) Head lost = x (Sh -1 )=

mm.of water

ii) iii) iv)

Discharge (Q) = Velocity V = Head loss Hc = 0.375

3)

For bend :i) ii) iii) iv)

Head lost = x (Sh -1 )= Discharge (Q) = Velocity V = Head loss Hc =

mm.of water

assume k=1

RESULT TABLE:Sr.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. Type of Loss Sudden expansion Sudden contraction Bend Elbow Head loss m of water.

EXPERIMENT NO:-7
STUDY OF THE LAMINAR FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR PIPES

AIM: To study the laminar flow through circular pipes. THEORY:

This theory is based on following assumptions. 1. Fluid follows Newtons law of viscosity. 2. There is no slip of fluid particles at the bound. Figure shows a horizontal pipe having laminar flow .

Let, R = radius of pipe r= radius of fluid element dx= Length of fluid element P= Pressure intensity on face AB (P+ . )= Pressure intensity on face CD

The forces acting on fluid element are, 1. Shear force = 2 dx

On the surface of fluid element. 2. Pressure force on face AB= P 3. Pressure force on face CD= (P+ P -(P+ . =2 = (1) ). . ). = 2 2 dx . ). dx =0 For steady flow the net force acting on cylinder must be equal to zero.

Equation (1) shows that flow will occur only when if pressure gradient exist in the direction of flow. (-) sign shows that pressure decreases in the direction of flow. Equation shows that, shear stress carries linearly across the section .Its value is zero at center & maximum at pipe wall. Velocity distribution:

As

= put = = But (2)

y is measured from pipe wall.

=-

in equation (2), = = Integrating w.r.t. r we get, +c (3)

The value of C obtained from boundary conditions i.e. r=R, u=0 From equation (3), +c C= - . .

Put this value in eq. (3) ,we get, = = = n eq (4) value of (4) & R are constant which means that velocity u varies with . .

square of r. i.e. eq (4) is equation of parabola & this shows that velocity distribution across a section of pipe is parabola. Ratio of max.velocity to average velocity: For maximum velocity , r =0 From equation (4),
max

(5)

equation (4)&(5), we get, = = 1(6)

is most commonly used equation for velocity distribution for laminar flow through pipe. The discharge through an elementary ring of thick dr at a radial distance of r is given by, = u.2 (7) = ( ).2

Total discharge, = =2 =2 (8) Velocity of flow, = ( * ) +

=2

(9)

Drop of pressure for a given length of a pipe (L): As per equation (5)
max

Equation (9), we get == . .

Integrate above equation from fig.

[ =L

( )

(10)

viding both sides of eq (10) by w, we get,

Power required per meter length, P = WQ

EXPERIMENT NO 8 STUDY MOODYS CHART TITLE: To study moodys chart. OBJECTIVE: 1. To find friction factor 2. To verify friction factor from moody chart is equal to that experimental found.

THEORY: Although Nikuradses experimental data on turbulent flow in smooth and artificially roughened pipes have been used to verify various theoretically developed relationships of turbulent pipe flow, Yet Nikuradses experimental curves cannot be used directly to evaluate the friction factor for commercial pipes. This is because the actual wall roughness pattern of commercial pipes is very much different from the uniform sand grain roughness used by Nikuradse. However, for commercial pipes it is possible to evaluate the surface roughness of such pipes in terms of uniform sand grain diameter k, which is called as equivalent sand grain roughness.

Equivalent uniform sand grain diameter: When the pipe is coated with these sand grains, it will give the same limiting value (for rough condition) of friction factor as that for the commercial pipe in its natural form. In order to final equivalent sand grain roughness k for any commercial pipe, a series of experiments are conducted on the pipe at sufficiently large Reynolds number and the limiting value of friction factor is determined from Darcy-Weisbach equation .This value of friction f then substituted in following equation and is solved for (R/L)from which the equivalent sand grain roughness k for the pipe may be computed.

=2

( )

Where, f= Friction factor R= radius of pipe k= Equivalent sand grain roughness In the transition region of the boundary when the value of f depends on both Re &k/D .The artificially roughened pipes would produce results totally different from those commercial pipes. Colebrook and whites empirical equation for this curve is ,

-2.0

( )=1.74-2.0

Following table gives the value of k for different pipe materials. Pipe materials (New pipe) 1. Glass, Brass, copper , lead 2. Steel, wrought iron 3. Asphalted cast iron 4. Galvanized iron 5. Cast iron 6. Concrete 7. Riveted steel k in mm smooth 0.045 0.120 0.150 0.260 0.30 to3 0.9 to9

As the pipes becomes older the roughness increases due to corrosion. Colebrook and white have shown that the boundary roughness may increase with time approximately in accordance with equation k=ko + Where ko = equivalent sand grain roughness for new pipe material. = time rate increase of roughness

1.

Calculate Reynolds no.

For circular pipe, Re = Where, mass density of water = 997.1 kg /m3 at 250 c = Dynamic viscosity of water = 0.894 103 Ns / m2 at 250 c

2. Calculate the value of k/D 3. From above calculation, find corresponding value for friction factor f from Moodys chart. 4. Compare the value of f with the experimental value. CALCULATION: 1. For Reynolds no (Re): Re = Given: 997.1 kg /m3 =0.894 103 Ns / m2 k= 0.160mm

a) For G.I. pipe (I) D1= 37.5mm v1=5.84m/s Re= Re = 2.44 For = = 0.00426

moods chart the value of friction factor= 0.033 b) For G.I. pipe (I) D1= 37.5mm V2=3.14 m/s Re= Re = 1.31 For = = 0.00426

moods chart the value of friction factor= 0.031 2) a) For G.I. pipe (II) D2= 50mm v1=3.97m/s Re= Re = 2.21 For = = 0.0032

moods chart the value of friction factor= 0.027 b) For G.I. pipe (II) D2= 50mm Re= Re = 1.684 For = = 0.0032 v2=3.02m/s

moods chart the value of friction factor= 0.029 3) a) For G.I. pipe (III) D3= 62.5mm v1=2.12m/s Re= Re = 1.47 For

= 0.00256

Moods chart the value of friction factor= 0.032 b) For G.I. pipe (III) D3= 62.5mm Re= Re = 1.11 For = = 0.00256 v2=1.6m/s

moods chart the value of friction factor= 0.033 RESULT TABLE: Sr no 1 2 3 Pipe material G.I. G.I. G.I. G.I. G.I. G.I. Diameter in m 0.0375 0.0375 0.0500 0.0500 0.0625 0.0625 k/D Re F from moods chart 0.033 0.031 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.033 F from experiment 0.012 0.0096 0.020 0.0204 0.0198 0.291

0.00426 0.00426 0.0032 0.0032 0.00256 0.00256

2.44 1.31 2.21 1.68 1.41 1.11

EXPERIMENT NO 9 NOM GRAMS FOR PIPE DESIGN TITLE: Nom grams for pipe design. Nomogram: It is graph consisting of three coplanar curves which each graduated for different variables so that a straight line cutting all three curves intersects the related values of each variable. Nomogram can also be defined as a chart consisting of three parallel lines which are scaled. The scales represent three related quantities of ten only. Two of nomogram quantity are known are used to find third quantity by joining the two known quantities by a straight line and seeing where it interments third line. How to read monogram: We have a Hazens Williams nomogram fore cast iron pipes. Lets understand how to use this nomogram for pipes design. Lets consider the following problem. Que: A pipe of diameter 230mm is discharging water at the rate of 40 liters .Determine the corresponding head loss in meter per in meter per 1000 m of pipe and velocity. Ans: 1. Draw a horizontal line passing through a point reading 400N, discharge graph, 230 on diameter graph. 2. This line will be intersected the graph for the head loss of the velocity. 3. The points of intersection of this horizontal line with above mentioned two graphs, gives these required value of h. 4. From given diagrams , we get For 40 lit discharge, Head loss=h=6.5 m / 1000m Velocity of pipe=0.945m/sec

,EXPERIMENT NO:-10

PROGRAMME NO:-1
TITLE: Program to calculate Reynolds number. PROGRAM: In this program, the value of diameter of pipe, velocity of flow and kinetic velocity are entered then program will calculate Reynolds number. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Start Declare the variable a, v, ,r, e in float. Input the value of diameter of pipe, velocity and kinematic viscosity Calculate the values of Reynolds number. Stop

//TO FIND REYNOLDS NUMBER // #include <studio.h> #include <studio.h> void main ( ) { float u , re, d, v; clrscr ( ) ; print f (enter value of dia d= ); scan f (%f, &d); print f (enter value of velocity v= ); scan f (%f, &v); print f (enter value of kinematic velocity u = ); scan f (%f, &u); re = d*v/u; print f (reynold no = %f, re); getch( ); } ********************************OUTPUT*********************************** ENTER VALUE OF d = 0.2 ENTER VALUE OF d = 0.96 ENTER VALUE OF d = 3.52 re =0.055

PROGRAM NO 2 TITLE: Program to find minor losses for the flow through pipe due to head. PROGRAM: In the given program value of velocity, gravity, and head loss are entered then program will give calculated minor losses due to head. ALGORITHM: 1. 2. 3. 4. start Declare the variable k,v,g,h,b in float Enter the value of v, g,h,b Calculate minor loss due to head K= 5. Print the minor losses. 6. Stop.

//PROGRAM TO FIND MINOR LOSS // #include <studio.h> # include <conio.h> void main ( ) { float k, v, g, h, Clrscr ( ); print f (enter the value of velocity v= \n); scan f ( %f , &v) ; print f (enter the value of gravity g= \n); scan f ( %f , &g) ; print f (enter the value of head loss h= \n); scan f ( %f , &g) ; k= h*2*g/v*v; print f (k = %f, k); get ch ***********************OUTPUT***************************** ENTER THE VALUE OF v = 0.55 ENTER THE VALUE OF g = 9.81 ENTER THE VALUE OF h = 0.98 k = 63.56.