Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A Dissertation
Submitted To The Graduate Faculty In
Candidacy For The Degree Doctor
of Philosophy
Department of Physiology
By
Edward Jerald Van Liere
Chicago, Illinois
March, 1928
PART I.
train the rabbits and guinea pigs to lie on their backs, ap-
propriate animal boards were made to which these animals
could be fastened and they were in this way both x -rayed for
control and placed into the chamber.
In the remainder of the work barbitalized dogs and
cats were used. Barbital was given in doses of 250 to 280
mgm. per kilo b ody weight. As a rule it was give n intrav -
enously, although in a fe w cases it was given by means of a
stomack tube.
I n th e b eg in nin g of th e w or k sev er al pi ctu re s w er e tak en
of th e a ni mal i n the c our se of a d ay an d o n two a n i m a l s
pictures were t a ken on d iffere nt days. I t was s o on found,
however, that the percentage of difference in the area of the
c a r d i a c si l h o u et te w a s s o s m a l l th a t i t wa s n o t d ee m ed worth
while to take more than one or two control pictures.
4
Some of the unanesthetized animals were placed in the chamber
several times so that several pictures were made on the same
animals; in the table of results, however, only the average
figure is given.
2.4 Barbital
Cat 1 9.93 11.60 16.81 4
3 14.31 16.44 14.88 3.5 Barbital
Cat 2
Cat 3 3 13.28 14.64 10.20 5.25 Barbital
Cat-2.8 k i l o s
Normal........... 14.25
Anox emia..... 8.68 14.27 0
Anox emia..... 6.89 15.09 5.89
Anox emia..... 3.31 16.44 15.41
Dog-3.5 k i l o s
Normal......... 22.09
I t h a s b ee n r e po rt e d b y d if f e r e nt w r i t e r s t h a t a nim a l s
subjected to low atmospheric pressure in a chamber are great ly
d i s t r e s sed by th e g ases i n the stoma ch a nd intestine. The
increased intra-abdominal pressure causes the diaphragm to en -
cro ac h u po n the spa ce of t he th or aci c cav it y a nd t hus d ist or ts
t h e n o r mal con tou r of th e hea r t. This er r or wa s r uled out by the
second described method of inducing anoxemia.
Conclusions
Bibliography
(1) Kaufmann and N.H Meyer. 1917. Med, Klinik, xliv, 45.
(2) Whitney, J.L. 1918. Journ, Amer, Med. Assoc., lxxi, 1382.
(3) LeWald, L.T. and G.H. Turrel, 1920. Amer. Journ. Roent., vi i.,
no. 2, 67.
(4) Barcroft et al. 1923. Phil. Trans, Roy. Soc., B, coxi,
416.
(5) Somervell, T.H. 1925. Journ. :Physiol., London, 1x,
no. 4, 282.
(6) Takeuchi, K, 1925. Journ, Physiol., 1x, 208.
(7) Jarisch, A. and H. Wastl. 1926. Ibid., lxi, 297.
(8) Greme1s, R. and E.H. Starling. 1926. Ibid., lxi, 297.
AS PRODUCED BY ANOXEMIA
1
It has been known for a long time that the pericardium
m a y i n c er t a i n co n d i t i o n s a f f e ct th e a c t i o n o f t he h e a r t a n d
a l s o m a y a f f e c t t h e c i r c u l a t i o n . T h e i n f l u e n c e o f a n i n c r e a s e in
intrapericardial pressure was first suggested by Morgagni as
early as 1761. Cohnholm (1839), Francoie-Franck (1897), Lewis
r i s e i n i n t r a p er i ca r d i a l p r e s s u r e. Th e y f o u n d t h a t a n
i n t r a p e r ic a r d i al p r e s s u r e w h i c h is a l i t tl e a b ov e th e v e n o u s
p r e s s u r e m a y i n t e r f e r e w i t h t h e d i a s t o l i c f i l l i n g o f t h e heart.
B a r n a r d (1 8 9 8 ) t o o k s t r i p s o f t h e f i b r o u s l a y e r s o f the
The cardiac silho uette was traced vith a pen and the
area measured by means of a planimeter.
R e s u l t s . T h e t a b l e o n t h e f o l l o wi n g p a g e g i v e s t h e .
results obtained.
Table 1
Cardiac area Pericardium
Cardiac area Increase Cut
Anoxemia oxygen Increase
cardiac in Anoxemia
Animal Weight Normal
in area in cardiac
Anoxemia anoxemia Normal Anox. area in oxygen
anoxemi
per a
kgm sq. cm. per cent p e r c e n t p e r c en t
sq.cm. cent
.
Dog 1 7.8 32.89 38.05 15.68 3.0 32.25 36.95 14.60 3.0
Dog 2 17. 56.43 65.14 15.43 3.50 63.85 70.62 10.61 4.0
Dog 3 3.1 19.35 20.96 8.33 4.50 22.38 24.63 10.08 4.50
Dog 4 5.1 27.09 29.99 10.71 4.45 27.41 . 29.34 7.06 5.40
Monkey 2 2.8 11.73 15.15 29.04 3.0 11.93 16.77 40.57 3.0
Monkey no.
Table 2
1; weight 2.3 kg m,
Cardiac area in sq. cm. Increase in cardiac
Date Normal Anoxemia area in per cent. Comments
5% 0 4% 0 3% 0 3% 0
5% 0 4% 0
11.15 12.06 12.64 12.64 8.06 13.26 13.26 No anesthetic
May 2
May 4 11.03 11.93 12.32 12.32 8.20 11.70 11.70 No anecthetic
t h e s e a n i m a l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n t h e e a r l y w o r k , where the
i m p o r t a n ce of th is f a c t o r w a s n ot f u l l y r ec o g n i z ed , a s u f f i c i e n t
time was not allowed for the heart to return to its normal size.
This also then in part explains the rather small increase in
c a r d i a c a r e a i n s o m e o f t h e a n i m a l s w i t h the pericardium
I n t h e a ni m a l s , fu r t h e r m o re , w it h t h e p e r ic a r d i um r e -
moved if the anoxemia was produced somewhat too rapidly or i f
t h e g r a d e o f a n o x e m i a w a s a l i t t l e s e v e r e , r e s p i r a t o r y f a ilure
o c c u r r ed earl i er, th an in the nor m a l a nim a ls, a nd in som e of
the se an im als a n an ox emi a of 7 to 10 p er ce nt
0
oxygen produced a sudden and acute cardiac dilatation from which
the heart did not recover. This was never seen with the
p e r i c a r di um i n tact. I n th e f or mer ca ses the ca r dia c silhouette
showed an enormous increase (35 to 40 per cent) above the
normal. These data were not included in the table. There is thus
considerable individual variation.
Animal 1 . . . . . . 1 8 . 6 4 % Animal 1 . . . . . . . . . 2 9 . 6 8 %
Animal4.......40.0%(cat)
Conclusions
1. Animals with the pericardium removed tend to show a
greater cardiac dilatation in severe degrees of anoxemia;
10
especially in monkeys.
2. The protective action of the pericardium as re -
gards the prevention of acute cardiac dilatation probably
never comes into play in the normal animal, except possibly i n
ins ta nce s of ex tr eme s tre ss on t h e h ea rt.
Bibliography
Barnard, H. L. 1897-98. Journ. Physiol., xxii, Proc. xliii.
Beck, C. S. and R. L. Moore. 1926. Arch. Surg., xi, 550. Cohnheim,
J. 1889. Lectures on general pathology. New
Sydenham Society, i, 21.
Felix, W. 1925. Deutsch. Zeitschr. f, Chir., oxc, 178.
Francois-Franck M. 1897. Compt. Rend. mem. Soc. Biol.,
x lix , 91.
.
Wilson, J. A and W. L. Meek, 1927, This Journal (in press).
Yamada, M. 1917. Mittlg. a. d. med. Fakult. d. 14. Univ. z.
Yokyo, xvi, 527.
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